挤压态Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE–Ca–Si合金微观组织和力学性能

目的 改善AZ91镁合金在温度超过120℃时的力学性能。方法 在AZ91合金中添加Ca、Si和La/Ce混合稀土元素。在360℃下等温挤压,平均挤压速度为1.2 mm/s,挤压比为30︰1,以探究Ca、Si和La/Ce混合稀土元素对AZ91合金力学性能、物相组成和显微组织等的影响。结果 在AZ91挤压态合金中,与添加Si元素相比,Ca元素对挤压态合金的力学性能影响更大。在室温时,Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE–Si挤压态合金的屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别是254 MPa、306MPa、7.0%,而Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE–0.5Ca挤压态合金的屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别是308 MPa、330 Ma、7.1%。Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE–0.5Ca–0.5Si挤压态合金室温力学性能最佳,其屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别是351 MPa、383 MPa、7.4%,说明Ca、Si这2种元素的协同作用可同时提高室温下AZ91合金的强度和塑性。在150℃和200℃下,Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE–0.5Ca–0.5Si合金仍然具有最佳的力学性能。在150℃下,其屈...     

等通道转角挤压Al一Mg—Si—Sc合金的低周疲劳行为

针对经过常规热挤压的Al-0．8%Mg-O．6％Si一0．3%ASc合金进行不同道次和路径的等通道转角挤压,采用的等通道转角挤压工艺为1道次和2道次A路径、＆路径和C路径。对等通道转角挤压制备的Al－0．8%Mg－0．6％Si－0．3％Sc合金进行应室温低周疲劳实验,研究了等通道挤压Al一0．8%Mg－0．6％Si－0．3％Sc合金的疲劳行为。结果表明,在低周疲劳加栽条件下,等通道转角挤压Al—Mg—Si—Sc合金可表现为持续循环硬化或初期循环硬化后期循环稳定。合金的弹性应变幅、塑性应变幅与断裂时的栽荷反向周次之间的关系可分别用Basquin和Coffin－Manson公式描述。     

含Zr、Sc的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的低周疲劳行为

利用透射电子显微镜和低周疲劳试验机研究了单级时效状态及回归再时效状态两种含Zr、Sc的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的微观组织和低周疲劳性能。结果表明:单级时效基体析出相以η′相为主,晶界析出连续分布平衡相,并伴有晶间无析出带;回归再时效基体析出相略有长大,晶界析出相长大明显,无析出带变宽。低周疲劳加载条件下,合金在0.4%~0.7%外加总应变幅范围内表现出循环稳定性;在0.8%的应变幅下,呈现先软化后硬化。在0.4%~0.6%较低的外加总应变幅范围内,回归再时效合金表现出较高的低周疲劳寿命。两种状态合金的塑性应变幅和弹性应变幅与载荷反向周次之间均成直线关系,并可分别用Coffin-Manson公式和Basquin公式来描述。两种状态的合金的疲劳裂纹均萌生于试样表面,并以穿晶方式扩展。     

Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金的高温低周疲劳行为

研究了Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金的高温(673K)低周疲行为,结果表明:Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金的循环变形表现出初始硬化、随后软化和最后二次硬化的特征。在高温和较高应变幅((Δε_t/2)1.0%)条件下,材料的疲劳寿命高于室温下的疲劳寿命。随着应变幅的提高,高温673 K材料疲劳变形后形成的位错组态由位错墙逐渐演变成成熟的位错胞。多系滑移开动和塑性变形均匀性增强是高温Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金疲劳寿命提高的原因。     

Zr–2.5Nb合金热变形行为研究

目的 研究Zr–2.5Nb合金热压缩后的应力–应变关系和合金变形激活能。方法 对Zr–2.5Nb进行高温压缩试验,分析变形条件(温度和应变速率)对该合金热变形行为的影响,研究高温压缩过程中Zr–2.5Nb合金的显微组织变化,并基于Arrhenius公式分析其变形激活能。结果 在低温、高应变速率条件下,Zr–2.5Nb合金应力由峰值快速降低直至达到稳态;在高温和低应变速率下,该合金的应力–应变曲线呈现动态再结晶特征,合金平均变形激活能为468.962 kJ/mol,硬化指数为5.41。结论 在850~1 000 ℃下进行不同应变速率的热压缩变形时,高温低应变速率有利于Zr–2.5Nb动态再结晶的发生;同一温度条件下,低应变速率时合金变形激活能较小,有利于Zr–2.5Nb合金发生塑性变形。     

Al-5.4Zn-2.6Mg-1.4Cu合金板材的低周疲劳行为

进行Al-5.4Zn-2.6Mg-1.4Cu合金板材的室温低周疲劳实验,对比研究了轴向平行于轧制方向(RD方向)和垂直于轧制方向(TD方向)试样的低周疲劳行为。结果表明：对于0.4%~0.8%的外加总应变幅,RD和TD方向合金试样的循环应力响应行为均呈现出循环稳定;对于相同的外加总应变幅,TD方向合金的循环应力幅值高于RD方向,而RD方向合金的疲劳寿命高于TD方向。对于RD和TD方向,Al-5.4Zn-2.6Mg-1.4Cu合金的塑性应变幅、弹性应变幅与载荷反向周次均呈线性关系。在低周疲劳加载条件下,裂纹在疲劳试样的自由表面以穿晶方式萌生和扩展。     

稀土元素对轧制Mg–Zn–Zr合金板材微观组织和力学性能的影响

目的 为了使Mg–Zn–Zr合金在热加工过后具有良好的力学性能及变形各向同性,在Mg–2Zn–0.5Zr合金中添加不同含量的稀土元素,研究稀土元素对Mg–2Zn–0.5Zr合金轧制后微观组织和力学性能的影响规律,以解决变形镁合金织构强、变形各向异性强的问题。方法 通过添加不同含量（0.2%和0.8%,质量分数）的混合稀土元素,采用轧制的方法制备镁合金板材。通过SEM（扫描电子显微镜）、EDS（能谱仪）、EBSD（背散射电子衍射）和电子万能试验机等对镁合金板材的成分、微观组织、织构以及拉伸过程中的应力–应变曲线进行分析。结果混合稀土元素的添加会明显提高Mg–Zn–Zr合金板材的轧制成形性,可以起到细化晶粒、弱化轧制织构的作用,能够提高材料的伸长率并改善力学性能的各向异性。混合稀土元素会与Mg、Zn在晶界处形成第二相,但并不会影响稀土元素的织构弱化效果。与较低稀土元素（质量分数为0.2%）时相比,当混合稀土元素含量较高时（质量分数为0.8%）,合金材料的力学性能各向异性更优,这主要是由于添加较多的稀土元素,形成了{■}织构,使添加较多稀土元素的合金材料的织构强度更强。结论 随着混合稀土元素...     

Zn—4%Al合金超塑性变形性能及添加Cu、Mg的影响

本文研究了Zn—4％Al合金的超塑性拉伸性能,板材成型性以及合金元素Cu、Mg对上述性能的影响。结果表明:在350℃以下的温度区间和1.38 ×10~(-3)/s以上的应变速率区间内,该合金的延伸率随温度的升高和应变速率的降低而提高;合金元素Cu、Mg可同时提高该合金的超塑性变形性能和室温强度;经超塑性变形后合金的室温强度明显提高。     

无铅焊料Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu的低周疲劳行为

测量了Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu无铅焊料试样的循环滞后回线、循环应力响应曲线、循环应力-应变和应变寿命关系,研究了焊料在总应变幅控制下的低周疲劳行为结果表明:该焊料合金在总应变幅较高(1%)时发生连续的循环软化,而在总应变幅较低(≤0.4%)时则表现为循环稳定.线性回归分析表明,该焊料的低周疲劳寿命满足Coffin-Manson经验关系式,由此给出了焊料在室温下的低周疲劳参数.采用扫描电镜观测和分析了焊料在疲劳前后的组织特征.     

热处理制度对含Zr的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金组织与性能的影响

本文系统研究了热处理制度(包括单级时效、不同温度和时间组合的双级时效、分级淬火)对含Zr的Al—Zn—Mg—Cu系合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,预时效+150℃/24h终时效的双级时效工艺具有比传统的峰值时效工艺T6和其它双级时效工艺更高的强度和塑性。通过对透射电镜薄膜样品的组织观察,分析了分级淬火及时效过程中合金的沉淀析出行为及ZrAl_3相对沉淀过程的影响。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...