镍基单晶高温合金对接平台内缩松缺陷的形成机制研究

目的 研究镍基单晶高温合金对接平台内的枝晶生长行为及凝固缺陷的形成机制。方法 在不同抽拉速率条件下,通过定向凝固技术制备了具有对接结构的镍基高温合金单晶铸件,采用实验与有限元模拟相结合的方法,研究了对接平台内缩松缺陷的形成机制,并讨论了抽拉速率对缺陷形成的影响。结果 缩松缺陷主要出现在各对接平台的最后凝固区,随着抽拉速率的增大,缩松缺陷的范围有所增大、数量有所增加。结论 铸件各平台中上侧位置均形成了缩孔缺陷,这与铸件特殊的对接型几何结构有关;随着抽拉速率的增大,凝固界面的下凹程度增大,平台两侧熔体过早凝固,使平台内部补缩通道受阻,最终导致各平台最后凝固区产生缩松缺陷。     

镍基单晶高温合金DD403显微偏析

采用选晶法在改进型Bridgman定向凝固炉中制备镍基单晶高温合金DD403,利用电子探针(EPMA)技术研究了DD403合金在枝晶生长条件下的显微偏析。结果表明,随着抽拉速率增加DD403的偏析程度逐渐加剧。偏析于枝晶间元素Al、Ti和枝晶干元素Co、W的偏析程度随着抽拉速率的增加而增大,而合金元素Mo和Cr的偏析比接近于1,基本不存在偏析,且偏析比随抽拉速率增加没有明显变化。研究结果同时表明,随着抽拉速率增加DD403的共晶含量逐渐增加。     

抽拉速率对SRR99单晶高温合金组织和性能的影响

用螺旋选晶法制备镍基单晶高温合金SRR99,研究了抽拉速率对其组织和性能的影响．随着抽拉速率的增大,SRR99单晶合金的铸态组织由粗枝状晶向细枝状晶演变,枝晶干与枝晶间的γ’相尺寸减小,且枝晶间γ’相的形状逐渐趋向于规则立方体形状,而γ-γ’共晶的含量增加．热处理后,在高抽拉速度下生成的共晶组织更容易固溶,形成更加均匀的组织．随着抽拉速率的增大,SRR99单晶合金的持久寿命延长．     

抽拉速率对SRR99单晶高温合金组织和性能的影响

用螺旋选晶法制备镍基单晶高温合金 SRR99,研究了抽拉速率对其组织和性能的影响.随着抽拉速率的增大,SRR99单晶合金的铸态组织由粗枝状晶向细枝状晶演变,枝晶干与枝晶间的γ'相尺寸减小,且枝晶间γ'相的形状逐渐趋向于规则立方体形状,而γ-γ'共晶的含量增加.热处理后,在高抽拉速度下生成的共晶组织更容易固溶,形成更加均匀的组织.随着抽拉速率的增大,SRR99单晶合金的持久寿命延长.     

镍基单晶高温合金杂晶缺陷的研究进展

随着单晶涡轮叶片结构的不断优化和高温合金中难熔元素添加量的增大,镍基高温合金单晶叶片在凝固过程中更易出现杂晶、条纹晶、枝晶碎臂、小角度晶界等缺陷。其中,杂晶是单晶叶片制备过程中最常见的一类凝固缺陷,严重影响单晶叶片的成品率。为了减少该类凝固缺陷的产生,提高叶片的成品率,研究镍基单晶高温合金杂晶缺陷的形成机制、影响因素及其控制措施,对提高单晶叶片的服役性能具有重要意义。因此,关于定向凝固过程中杂晶缺陷的形成机制、影响因素及其控制措施的研究,引起了国内外研究者的广泛关注。本文综述了单晶叶片的制备技术,分析了籽晶法和选晶法制备单晶叶片过程中不同位置杂晶的形成机理,分别讨论了选晶段杂晶、籽晶回熔区杂晶、缘板杂晶的影响因素和控制措施,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

镍基高温合金定向凝固过程中雀斑缺陷研究进展

本文简述了近年来定向和单晶镍基高温合金凝固过程中雀斑缺陷的研究进展,具体论述了雀斑缺陷的形成机制以及雀斑的预判模型,并从合金成分、凝固参数(抽拉速率和温度梯度)、凝固界面形态以及试样形状和尺寸等方面分析和论述了这些因素对雀斑缺陷形成的影响,最后对未来镍基高温合金中雀斑缺陷的研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

镍基单晶高温合金凝固缺陷研究进展

镍基单晶高温合金的凝固缺陷对其力学性能有很大的影响,减少和控制凝固缺陷对提高合金性能和降低成本具有重要意义。综述了镍基单晶高温合金定向凝固过程中可能出现的几个重要缺陷,包括缩松、雀斑、晶体取向的偏离和杂晶,重点讨论了这些缺陷的特点和产生的机理,并从合金成分、工艺参数、铸件结构等方面分析了凝固缺陷的影响因素,指出了减少单晶高温合金凝固缺陷的措施。     

镍基单晶高温合金小角度晶界的形成机制、影响因素与控制措施

镍基单晶高温合金被广泛用于制备先进航空发动机及工业燃气轮机的关键热端部件,随着铸件结构的复杂化和大型化以及合金中难熔元素的增多,凝固缺陷的形成倾向增大。其中,小角度晶界是定向凝固制备单晶高温合金铸件过程中经常出现的一类缺陷,它会破坏单晶的完整性,一旦超过容限就会对铸件的力学性能造成恶劣影响,随着单晶高温合金服役温度的不断提高,小角度晶界对性能的损害会更为严重。因此,小角度晶界日益成为镍基单晶高温合金发展和应用中需要解决的重要课题,受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。单晶中的小角度晶界与传统意义上的小角度晶界有所不同,是指相邻枝晶间的取向偏离。研究者们在不同晶界偏离角及不同温度条件下就小角度晶界对合金持久性能、蠕变性能及疲劳性能的影响进行了研究,结果发现:当偏离角较小时,小角度晶界对合金性能的影响并不明显,但是随着偏离角的增大及温度的升高,合金的性能均会降低。为了探寻有效的预防和控制措施,研究者们就小角度晶界的形成机制及影响因素进行了研究。关于小角度晶界的形成机制,被大家普遍认同的观点是:枝晶在分枝生长过程中发生了塑性变形,从而导致了枝晶的取向偏离,当枝晶再次汇聚时就会产生小角度晶界。但是,关于枝晶变形的原因则没有一致看法。另外,关于小角度晶界影响因素的研究还不是很系统,主要集中在合金成分及晶界强化元素、凝固参数及取向、铸件尺寸等方面。镍基单晶高温合金中的小角度晶界归根结底是由枝晶的取向偏离导致的,而取向偏离的影响因素复杂,因此小角度晶界的出现很难完全避免。目前,主要通过取向控制以减少小角度晶界的产生,并通过晶界强化以提高合金对小角度晶界的容限。本文阐明了单晶高温合金中的小角度晶界的概念,总结了小角度晶界对合金力学性能的影响,综述了小角度晶界形成机制的研究进展,分析了合金元素、微量元素、凝固条件和铸件结构等因素对小角度晶界形成的影响,在此基础上,提出了减少小角度晶界的措施和强化晶界的途径,最后就未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

抽拉速率对DD6单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响

研究了不同的抽拉速率对第二代单晶高温合金DD6凝固组织的影响.结果表明,随抽拉速率的增加,DD6合金凝固界面由粗枝状组织向细枝状组织演变,枝晶干和枝晶间的γ'相尺寸减小,且枝晶间γ'相的形状越来越趋向于规则的立方体形状,γ-γ'共晶含量增加,粗大的初生γ'相减少.     

抽拉速率对一种镍基单晶高温合金凝固参数和凝固组织的影响

研究了不同的铸型抽拉速率对镍基单晶高温合金DD98的凝固参数及显微组织的影响，结果表明，随着抽拉速度降低，固－液界面前沿的温度梯度显著提高，糊状区宽度减小，抽位速度较低时，温度梯度在整个凝固过程中变化比较平稳，提高抽拉速率使DD98合金由胞状凝固转变为枝状凝固，γ′相尺寸减小，并且由不规则形状逐渐变为规则的立方体形状，γ／γ′共晶量增加，共晶中的初生γ′相尺寸逐渐减小。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.