长杆弹超高速侵彻砂浆靶临界速度的实验和计算

为了研究高强度合金钢长杆弹超高速侵彻砂浆混凝土靶时侵彻深度发生逆减的临界速度,开展了30CrMnSiNi2A长杆弹以初速度1 381~1 879 m/s侵彻半无限砂浆混凝土靶的实验。实验结果表明：靶板的开坑直径、开坑深度、开坑体积以及弹道孔径与侵彻速度呈近似线性关系;当侵彻速度小于1 724 m/s时,侵彻深度随速度的增大而增大;当侵彻速度大于1 724 m/s时,侵彻深度随速度的增大而减小;当速度为1 724 m/s时,侵彻深度达到最大。靶板的剖分结果显示:当长杆弹超高速侵彻靶板时,弹体着靶时微小的倾角会导致侵彻弹道发生严重的偏转,呈现为“J”字形弹道。基于实验结果,在考虑长杆弹头部变形的基础上利用修正的A-T模型,得到了长杆弹超高速侵彻砂浆混凝土靶时侵彻深度发生逆减的临界速度,分析了不同的弹靶参数对临界速度的影响,并结合实验数据,验证了理论模型的可靠性。     

陶瓷/金属复合靶受12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹侵彻时弹靶破碎特征

弹靶破碎特征对陶瓷/金属复合装甲的抗弹性能有明显的影响,针对这一现象,进行12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹垂直侵彻不同陶瓷材料下的陶瓷/金属复合靶板的实验研究。通过观测回收的弹芯及靶体陶瓷宏观破坏形貌,分析不同陶瓷材料与弹芯及陶瓷主要破坏特征之间的关系;通过对碎块的多级筛分称重,开展对不同陶瓷材料下弹芯及陶瓷面板的碎块尺度分布规律的研究。试验结果表明不同断裂韧性对陶瓷和弹的破碎形态及碎块粒径分布有明显影响：当陶瓷的断裂韧性增大时,弹芯小碎片的质量减小,大质量碎片增加,破碎程度减小;陶瓷半锥角增大,径向裂纹减少,陶瓷锥内破碎区碎块尺度呈增大趋势,故整体陶瓷锥破碎区占比提升;弹芯碎块及破碎后的陶瓷碎块粒径累计质量分布符合幂律分布模型。其中弹体碎裂主要分为两个部分,较大的碎块主要是由压剪断裂及应力卸载所导致的拉伸断裂所致,细碎化只发生在弹体头部,主要是由应力波产生的微裂纹与冲击诱发的粒间裂纹相互作用所致;径向裂纹及陶瓷锥是陶瓷冲击破坏的主要表现形式。     

影响测量侵彻过程减加速度因素的探索

将93钨合金材料制成模拟弹体,用37mm口径火炮发射, 打击603装甲钢,进行穿深实验,研究弹体结构、弹速、靶板状态对壳体状态的影响.结果发现,当弹速在400 m/s以上时,弹体在侵彻过程中均发生破碎,这表明,在这种实验条件下,不能采用弹内装动态参数存储计的方法测量侵彻过程中的减加速度.     

不同硬度弹丸对中厚靶板作用的试验研究

弹体材料的热处理硬度对弹丸的侵彻性能有着重要的影响。通过3种不同硬度的30CrMnSiNi2A弹丸,在低速下对船用钢板进行侵彻试验。试验结果表明:弹材硬度在HRC41~47范围内,弹头部的破碎程度随着其硬度的提高而降低;下限硬度弹丸的动能主要消耗在弹头部自身的破碎过程中,基本上不能在靶板上形成侵彻孔道;上限硬度弹丸动能主要消耗在对靶板的扩孔过程中,并且弹体的破碎主要发生在弹靶碰撞初期,当弹丸头部进入靶板后,基本不会再发生破坏,弹丸的侵彻能力也随着弹体硬度的提高而提高。研究结果可为弹靶作用分析和相关设计提供重要的参考价值。     

卵形弹体超高速侵彻砂浆靶的响应特性

为研究砂浆靶目标在动能弹超高速撞击下的破坏响应,利用2级轻气炮开展卵形头部钢杆弹以1 200Symbol~A@2 400 m/s速度侵彻砂浆靶的实验。根据侵彻实验结果,分析得到：靶体开坑直径和开坑深度与撞击速度呈线性关系;随着撞击速度的增加,侵彻深度呈现先线性增加、后逆减、再缓慢增加的趋势,分别对应刚性侵彻、半破碎侵彻和破碎侵彻3种截然不同的侵彻机制。基于前述分析,以内摩擦理论为基础,结合弹体质量损失函数,推导得到刚性侵彻和半破碎侵彻深度计算公式,并与实验结果进行对比。结果表明：考虑弹体质量损失的侵彻深度计算模型理论计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,解释了超高速侵彻过程中侵彻深度逆减的特殊现象,揭示了砂浆靶中侵彻深度变化规律的内在机理。     

高速长杆弹对陶瓷复合靶侵彻的数值模拟

利用有限元程序描述了高速钨弹对陶瓷复合靶侵彻过程中的有关物理和力学现象,讨论长杆弹对不同材料靶板的侵彻能力,并重点讨论多层陶瓷靶在高速长杆弹侵彻作用下发生的一系列现象。另外,还对陶瓷多层结构靶的层间效应进行初步的有益探讨,计算结果与试验结果进行对比,吻合较好。所得结论对进一步研究复合靶防护及弹体侵彻具有一定的参考价值。     

弹药侵彻混凝土过载性能的数值模拟

通过建立弹靶系统,分析侵彻模型及弹体内部炸药所受冲击载荷的动态响应,旨在揭示弹药在侵彻混凝土冲击环境下的过载特性,进而运用ANSYS/LSDYNA模拟软件,采用相应的弹药以及靶板数学模型,对弹药侵彻一定强度混凝土靶板进行了仿真计算,分别得出了弹体与内部炸药的过载曲线.并将弹体的过载曲线与Forrestal模型进行对比,仿真结果表明,弹体过载曲线峰值及总体趋势与该模型吻合较好.而且进一步预测了弹内装药的过载特征,说明模拟结果具有较高的可信度,可为同类弹药侵彻混凝土的过载特性方案设计提供参考.     

35CrMnSi穿甲弹侵彻45钢靶板的微观组织观察

研究钢弹体侵彻韧性钢板的侵彻机理有理论意义和工程应用价值。用金相显微镜、扫描电镜研究了35CrMnSi穿甲弹侵彻45钢靶板后靶板和残余弹体的微观组织,并用显微硬度仪对试样的不同部位进行了硬度测试。结果表明,从界面到靶板内部其显微组织可分为:再结晶层,细晶层,形变层及基体组织。细晶层中的铁素体和珠光体的硬度最高。在侵彻过程中,弹靶相互作用,弹体边破碎、边穿甲,破碎主要是由绝热剪切带引起,靶板破坏形式主要为韧性扩孔。     

斜侵彻薄靶板过程中弹体偏转的姿态修正方法

弹体斜侵彻靶板后姿态发生偏转,是常规武器侵彻类战斗部研制过程中必须面临和解决的问题,而弹体发生偏转的影响因素很多.在准定常条件下,通过分析弹体侵彻薄靶板时受到的作用力及其偏转角加速度,明确偏转力和偏转力矩的来源和方向.针对不同靶体材质,比较金属靶和混凝土靶侵彻过程中弹体偏转角加速度的异同,结果表明通过调整质心位置和改变弹尾形状能修正弹体过靶姿态.采用数值模拟方法验证了上述结论,该结论可为侵彻弹体的设计和外形优化及提高侵彻弹道的稳定性提供参考.     

空心侵彻弹侵彻金属靶板的细观损伤行为研究

本文研究了三种钢制截卵形空心侵彻弹侵彻45#钢板的细观损伤机制.靶道试验后对侵彻弹的细观观察结果表明:当侵彻弹以较低速度撞击靶板并保持弹体结构的完整时(发生小变形),其主要细观损伤控制机制为微孔洞机制;当侵彻弹以较高速度撞击靶板,在弹体头部或头部与弹身交接处发生大变形或断裂破坏时,绝热剪切损伤机制为其细观损伤机制.材料的绝热剪切敏感性是侵彻弹毁伤威力和变形破坏的主要细观控制参量.透射电镜(TEM)观察发现绝热剪切带为转变带,带内发生了动态再结晶转变.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.