双背压凝汽器对汽轮机热经济性影响分析

论述了双背压凝汽器对汽轮机热耗率的综合影响.通过计算,得出凝汽器冷却水温度在分界温度值以上,采用双背压凝汽器可以提高机组的热经济性;同时由于低背压的影响,该侧的排汽损失增大,使双背压汽轮机高背压与低背压的平均值对应的热耗率要高于单背压汽轮机的热耗率,使机组的热经济性有所下降.由此得出结论,双背压凝汽器对汽轮机热经济性的影响程度,需要综合分析达到.     

间冷机组冷端设计的有关问题

指出我国北方冬季较长,直接空冷机组不宜直接用于间接空冷系统,应该设计和制造适用于冬季背压较低情况下,排汽面积较大的间接空冷大机组,以取得较高的经济效益.相对冬季较低的背压,要注意间接空冷器的设计和布置、防冻措施、汽轮机末级排汽面积选择以及夏季轴向马赫数的限制等问题.     

火电站直接空冷凝汽器积灰监测

火电站直接空冷凝汽器积灰是影响传热性能的重要因素,研究直接空冷凝汽器积灰对传热性能的影响规律并提出监测措施具有重要意义。通过分析汽轮机背压与汽轮机排汽量、冷却空气流量、凝汽器传热系数、凝汽器总传热面积以及环境温度之间的关系,得到了空冷凝汽器在维持汽轮机排汽量和冷却空气量不变时,汽轮机背压和传热系数之间的关系以及凝汽器积灰对汽轮机背压的影响。研究表明:凝汽器积灰会导致凝汽器传热系数降低,汽轮机背压升高,机组运行经济性下降。设计工况下,当蛇形翅片扁平管结构凝汽器积灰厚度达到1.2 mm时,汽轮机背压将增加50%左右。通过监测空冷机组运行过程中汽轮机背压的变化,可预报积灰的程度,为直接空冷凝汽器清洗提供一定的理论依据。     

内陆核电站汽轮机选型及冷端优化

电站冷端优化的目的是从成本与收益方面综合考虑,确保在机组整个寿命期内获得最大效益。汽轮机、凝汽器、冷却塔及相关系统的设置影响成本,不同汽轮机排汽面积、凝汽器换热面积、冷却塔面积对应着不同的年发电量,只有合适的设计背压才能确保机组在电站整个寿命期内效益最大化。本研究根据内陆某核电站的厂址条件,通过对汽轮机排汽面积的计算、凝汽器换热面积的选择、冷却塔及循环水系统的设计,对该核电站汽轮机进行选型,并对冷端进行全面优化设计,最后确定凝汽器的最佳设计背压及冷却塔面积,确保机组在计算寿命期内获得最佳效益,可供同类型电站设计参考。     

背压式供热机组热力系统优化探讨

火力电厂的凝汽式汽轮机组为了提高循环热效率,全部采用了抽汽回热系统,利用抽汽加热凝结水和给水,回收热量,减少排汽损失.背压机组没有回热抽汽,机组做功能力增加,汽轮机排汽量增大也使对外供热量提高.通过经济性对比分析得出结论,取消背压式汽轮机组回热加热器,仍能保证机组的循环热效率,同时提高了供热机组的经济效益.     

空冷汽轮机的额定背压偏差问题及其解决方法

通过分析背压随环境条件的变化规律,指出空冷汽轮机存在额定背压普遍偏差较大、不能准确代表实际平均背压的问题,这直接影响了排汽面积的优选,导致能耗增加,造成大量损失,且难以通过技术改造加以解决。指出为解决这个问题,需要积累运行数据,在此之前,可以直接将额定背压增加50%,作为平均背压的估计值和汽轮机排汽面积优选的依据。由此优化低压缸配置,可以降低机组能耗0.8%左右,有很大的实际意义。     

1000MW直接空冷机组汽机变工况与风机的节能运行

以汽轮机变工况为基础,综合考虑多种因素,结合1000MW空冷机组热力系统运行参数,应用弗留格尔公式计算了不同机组负荷下汽轮机排汽量的变化情况以及机组的背压对汽轮机功率的影响特性。根据空冷凝汽器的变工况分析,确定了不同环境温度时汽轮机排汽背压与空冷风机所消耗功率的对应关系。通过优化分析,计算了机组运行的最佳背压。编程开发了计算机应用软件,并进一步根据风机的运行原理实现了机组的不同运行状态下通过采集当时的运行参数给出最经济风机运行转速的功能,实现了对机组运行人员的在线指导。该软件在宁夏灵武发电厂4号机得到实际应用,结果表明该系统应用效果良好,具有重要的实际意义。     

空冷汽轮机末级680mm叶片的开发

空冷汽轮机组在电力市场上所占的份额越来越大,哈尔滨汽轮机厂有限责任公司对空冷汽轮机组进行了冷端优化,设计背压由15kPa降为11kPa。为提高机组效率,需要设计一个比原有空冷末级620mm叶片排汽面积更大、余速损失更小的空冷末级叶片。     

热电厂采用汽动给水泵技术经济分析

利用锅炉富余新蒸汽驱动小型工业汽轮机拖动给水泵,排汽供热用户使用;或利用背压机组排汽驱动小型工业汽轮机拖动给水泵,排汽进入除氧器作为加热蒸汽,可以提高企业经济效益,达到节能减排目的。     

抽凝式和凝汽式汽轮机改为背压机的优势

目前我国部分热电厂拆除原有的凝汽式或抽凝式汽轮机,采用背压式汽轮机,以期提高机组运行效率及经济性。背压机组因没有低压回热加热系统,只能采用高压排汽在除氧器中加热补水,造成的热损失较大。因而考虑设计一种新型背压机,它是利用在机内做完功后的低压回热抽汽及排汽来加热补水。方案是把原有的抽凝式、凝汽式机组改造为既可向外部供气,又可用低压回热抽汽及排汽加热补水的机组。因凝汽器被改造为第一级补水加热器,没有冷端放热损失,成为了一种新型背压机,它不仅能节省大量投资,而且能降低热耗,提高机组能效,是一种既可行又经济的改造方法。     

A novel power block for CSP systems

Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) and in particular parabolic trough, is a proven large-scale solar power technology. However, CSP cost is not yet competitive with conventional alternatives unless subsidized. Current CSP plants typically include a condensing steam cycle power block which was preferably designed for a continuous operation and higher operating conditions and therefore, limits the overall plant cost effectiveness and deployment. The drawbacks of this power block are as follows: (i) no power generation during low insolation periods (ii) expensive, large condenser (typically water cooled) due to the poor extracted steam properties (high specific volume, sub-atmospheric pressure) and (iii) high installation and operation costs.In the current study, a different power block scheme is proposed to eliminate these obstacles. This power block includes a top Rankine cycle with a back pressure steam turbine and a bottoming Kalina cycle comprising another back pressure turbine and using ammonia-water mixture as a working fluid. The bottoming (moderate temperature) cycle allows power production during low insolation periods. Because of the superior ammonia-water vapor properties, the condensing system requirements are much less demanding and the operation costs are lowered. Accordingly, air cooled condensers can be used with lower economical penalty. Another advantage is that back pressure steam turbines have a less complex design than condensing steam turbines which make their costs lower. All of these improvements could make the combined cycle unit more cost effective. This unit can be applicable in both parabolic trough and central receiver (solar tower) plants.The potential advantage of the new power block is illustrated by a detailed techno-economical analysis of two 50 MW parabolic trough power plants, comparing between the standard and the novel power block. The results indicate that the proposed plant suggests a 4-11% electricity cost saving.     

Residual steam to energy: a project for Los Azufres geothermal field, Mexico

More than 500 t/h of residual steam are discharged into the atmosphere at Los Azufres geothermal field. Steam comes from nine back-pressure turbines that are at present generating 45 MW. A significant increase in output can be obtained if low pressure turbines are installed to expand residual steam from atmospheric pressure up to a vacuum pressure in condensing cycles. A net output optimization process for each unit in the condensing cycle is presented here. The exergy concept is also applied to compare efficiencies of back pressure cycles with new condensing schemes that include low pressure turbines. Results show that 27.8 MW of additional net output can be generated with the new schemes at competitive production costs and higher conversion efficiencies.     

Distribution of size in steam turbine power plants

This paper shows that the mass inventory for steam turbines can be distributed between high‐pressure (HP) and low‐pressure (LP) turbines such that the global performance of the power plant is maximal. This is demonstrated for two design classes. For an HP turbine in series with an LP turbine, the optimal intermediate pressure (IP) is a geometric average of HP and LP. The total mass is distributed in a balanced way based on the total mass of turbines. For a train consisting of many turbines expanding the steam at nearly constant temperature, the pressure ratio between consecutive IP should be constant, and more mass should be distributed at HPs. This approach to discovering the configuration of the power plant should be used in conjunction with classical approaches that account for vibration, centrifugal force and blade length. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高参数大容量汽轮机选型若干问题探讨

目前高参数大容量机组的项目越来越多,电厂用户在汽轮机选型时会提出很多技术要求,本文结合与用户多年的交流体会,对大容量汽轮机设备选型时的几个关键问题阐述了自己的看法,提出在大容量汽轮机设备选型时,在参数选择、抽汽机型、末级叶片、给水泵驱动方式、二次再热等问题上,应尊重设备制造厂家最成熟的设计,注重设备的可靠性,不必过于强求最佳。     

调节抽汽汽轮机动力特性分析模型研究

基于“循环函数法”和汽轮机变工况分析理论，建立了适于有二次调节抽汽的单抽，纯凝等各种工况下汽轮机动力特性分析数学模型，设计了合理的模型求解过程，并编制其软件包。研究结果表明，该模型及软件不仅适用于上述工况，而且适用于一次调节抽汽及背压机组、纯凝机组的动力特性分析。     

Energy consumption by multi-stage flash and reverse osmosis desalters

Kuwait and most of the Gulf countries, depend mainly on desalted water from the sea for satisfying their fresh water needs. These countries are using the multi-stage flash (MSF) desalting system, as the ‘work horse’ for their water production. This system is less efficient in energy consumption as compared to the reverse osmosis (RO) system. Moreover, large units based on the MSF system have to be combined with steam or gas turbines power plants for better utilization of steam supplied to the MSF units at moderately low temperature and pressure (as compared to steam produced by large steam generators). The value and the cost of the thermal energy supplied to the MSF desalting system depends on the method of supplying this energy. This steam can be supplied directly from a fuel operated boiler or heat recovery steam generator associated with a gas turbine. It can also be supplied from the exhaust of a steam back pressure turbine or bled from condensed extraction steam turbine at a pressure suitable for the desalting process. Any energy comparison should be based on simple criteria, either how much fuel energy is consumed to produce this energy or how much mechanical energy is needed per unit product. The energy consumed in the light of the practice used in most Gulf countries are discussed here. In this study, reference desalting and power plants are used for comparison purposes. This study shows that shifting from MSF desalting system to the RO system can save up to 66% of the fuel energy used to desalt seawater.     

中、小汽轮机采用空冷的可行性研究

通过对海勒(HELLER)系统、哈蒙(HAMON)系统以及GEA系统的分析比较,得出中、小汽轮机空冷采用GEA系统比较理想的结论。同时还从设计角度探讨了中、小汽轮机采用空冷方式时汽机本体的影响及解决方案,对中、小汽轮机采用空冷和湿冷的经济性也进行了时比分析。     

船用内旁通流道的压损特性研究

对某船用汽轮机内旁通流道特性试验进行了数值计算分析：基于可压缩N-S方程,利用Spalart-Allmaras湍流模式及有限积分法,采用四面体非结构性网格,对内旁通流道进行了数值模拟.预测了内旁通流道不同开度及旁通流道不同入口Ma的全压损失系数,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好.通过数值计算,得到了对内旁通流道广泛适用的计算方法,为慢速机组内旁通流道及旁通阀的设计和性能分析提供了重要依据.     

Backstepping-based nonlinear adaptive control for coal-fired utility boiler–turbine units

The control system of boiler–turbine unit plays an important role in improving efficiency and reducing emissions of power generation unit. The nonlinear, coupling and uncertainty of the unit caused by varying working conditions should be fully considered during the control system design. This paper presents an efficient control scheme based on backstepping theory for improving load adaptability of boiler–turbines in wide operation range. The design process of the scheme includes model preprocessing, control Lyapunov functions selection, interlaced computation of adaptive control laws, etc. For simplification and accuracy, differential of steam pipe inlet pressure and integral terms of target errors are adopted. Also, to enhance practicality, implementation steps of the scheme are proposed. A practical nonlinear model of a 500 MW coal-fired boiler–turbine unit is used to test the efficiency of the proposed scheme in different conditions.