青海地区改性夯土材料抗压性能试验研究

为改善传统夯土墙的力学性能,使用青稞秸秆、石子、聚乙烯醇、固化剂、防水剂对夯土进行改性,通过对改性夯土试件进行无侧限抗压试验,分析改性试件的抗压强度、荷载-位移曲线.结果表明,添加青稞秸秆可以改善夯土试件脆性破坏的特性;夯土中掺入0.25％青稞秸秆、20％石子和0.8％固含量的聚乙烯醇时,改性试件的抗压强度比素土试件提...     

First exploratory study on dynamic characteristics of rammed earth buildings

Rammed earth construction is attracting a renewed interest throughout the world thanks to its “green” characteristics in the context of sustainable development. Several studies have been carried out to investigate this material and evaluate its durability along with its mechanical, thermal and earthquake capacities. This paper presents a study on the parameters needed for the seismic design of rammed earth buildings in accordance with current earthquake standards. First, the dynamic parameters of buildings such as natural frequencies and damping ratios-which were necessary to determine the equivalent static seismic force-were identified using in-situ dynamic measurements. Then, these experimental values were compared with the values calculated by empirical formulas suggested in Eurocode 8 to demonstrate that these formulas were applicable for the cases of rammed earth structures. Then, modeling was done to find a simple suitable model for rammed earth structures. Laboratory experiments were developed to measure the Poisson’s ratio which was necessary for the models. The results provided by the shear-beam model were close to that of in-situ experiments, which showed a shearing behavior of rammed earth structures. Elements which influenced the dynamic behavior of this structural type were also discussed. Understanding the dynamic characteristics of rammed earth structures will help engineers in their design of new rammed earth buildings but also in earthquake analyses of existing rammed earth buildings.     

Influence of dry and wet curing conditions on compressive strength of silica fume concrete

This paper reports a part of an ongoing laboratory investigation in which the compressive strength of silica fume concrete is studied under dry and wet curing conditions. In the study, a total of 48 concretes, including control Portland cement concrete and silica fume concrete, were produced with four different water–cement ratios (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6), three different cement dosages (350, 400, 450 kg/m³) and three partial silica fume replacement ratios (10%, 15%, 20%). A hyperplastisizer was used in concrete at various quantities to provide and keep a constant workability. Three cubic samples produced from fresh concrete were demoulded after a day; then, they were cured at 20±2 °C with 65% relative humidity (RH), and three other cubic samples were cured at 20±2 °C with 100% RH until the samples were used for compressive strength measurement at 28 days. The comparison was made on the basis of compressive strength between silica fume concrete and control Portland cement concrete. Silica fume concretes were also compared among themselves. The comparisons showed that compressive strength of silica fume concrete cured at 65% RH was influenced more than that of Portland cement concrete. It was found that the compressive strength of silica fume concrete cured at 65% RH was, at average, 13% lower than that of silica fume concrete cured at 100% RH. The increase in the water–cementitious material ratios makes the concrete more sensitive to dry curing conditions. The influence of dry curing conditions on silica fume concrete was marked as the replacement ratio of silica fume increased.     

Micromorphological description of vernacular cob process and comparison with rammed earth

Past builders have developed very low-embodied energy construction techniques optimizing the use of local building materials. These techniques are a source of inspiration for modern sustainable building. Unfortunately, this know-how was orally transmitted and was lost as earth construction fell into disuse during the 20th century in European countries. The absence of written documents makes necessary to use an archaeological approach in order to rediscover these construction strategies. Micromorphological analysis of thin sections collected in earth building walls was used for the first time to describe cob construction technique and highlighted several typical pedofeatures allowing to clearly identifying this process. Finally, a first comparison of the cob and rammed earth micromorphological features permitted to identify two key factors to distinguish these two techniques, the manufacturing state (solid or plastic) and the organization of the material in the wall.     

The effect of cylindrical specimen size on the compressive strength of concrete

In this study, the influence of size and capping type of cylindrical specimens on compressive strength of concrete is investigated. For this purpose, eight series of concrete mixtures were designed to have water/cement ratios of 37%, 42%, 47%, 48%, 55%, 62%, 71% and 77% (by volume). Three hundred and eighty-four cylindrical specimens having dimensions of 150/300 and 120/200 mm were casted. At the end of 28-day standard curing period, the uniaxial compressive strength of capped and uncapped specimens was determined. Cement, gypsum and sulphur are used as capping materials. The results of the experimental study reveal that the suitable average conversion factor (the ratio of compressive strength of 100/200 mm cylinder to 150/300 mm cylinder—f_c100/f_c150) can be taken as 103%. Linear and nonlinear regression analyses were employed between f_c100 and f_c150. Linear and nonlinear regression analyses exhibited better performance.     

Wet and dry cured compressive strength of concrete containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag

This paper reports a part of an ongoing laboratory investigation in which the compressive strength of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) concrete studied under dry and wet curing conditions. In the study, a total of 45 concretes, including control normal Portland cement (NPC) concrete and GGBFS concrete, were produced with three different water-cement ratios (0.3, 0.4, 0.5), three different cement dosages (350, 400, 450 kg/m³) and four partial GGBFS replacement ratios (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). A hyperplasticizer was used in concrete at various quantities to provide and keep a constant workability. Twelve cubic samples produced from fresh concrete were de-moulded after a day, then, six cubic samples were cured at 22±2 °C with 65% relative humidity (RH), and the remaining six cubic samples were cured at 22±2 °C with 100%RH until the samples were used for compressive strength measurement at 28 days and three months. Three cubic samples were used for each age and curing conditions. The comparison was made on the basis of compressive strength between GGBFS concrete and NPC concrete. GGBFS concretes were also compared within themselves. The comparisons showed that compressive strength of GGBFS concrete cured at 65%RH was influenced more than that of NPC concrete. It was found that the compressive strength of GGBFS concrete cured at 65%RH was, at average, 15% lower than that of GGBFS concrete cured at 100%RH. The increase in the water-cementitious materials ratios makes the concrete more sensitive to dry curing condition. The influence of dry curing conditions on GGBFS concrete was marked as the replacement ratio of GGBFS increased.     

夯土建筑土料工程特性的试验研究

通过击实试验、直接剪切试验和轴向抗压试验得到了3种夯土建筑土料的压实性、抗剪强度、抗压强度等工程特性指标,可作为夯土建筑设计的技术参考指标,为编制村镇夯土建筑规范提供基础资料。     

高强混凝土芯样抗压强度试验研究

针对采用不同粗骨料配制的50～90 MPa混凝土,分别钻取尺寸为φ100mm和φ70 mm两种芯样,测定其抗压强度,并与同条件养护的混凝土立方体抗压强度进行比较.试验结果表明,骨料品种对不同尺寸芯样的抗压强度影响不大,φ100mm芯样抗压强度（f10cor）与同条件养护的100mm立方体试件抗压强度（f10cu）相当,φ70 mm芯样抗压强度（f7cor）平均高出100mm立方体试件抗压强度约13%.因此,采用小芯样评定高强混凝土抗压强度时,需要进行修正.     

Long term study on compressive and bond strength of coconut shell aggregate concrete

Effects of three types of curing on coconut shell aggregate concrete have been studied for long term performance. The pore structure of coconut shell has been studied through scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pore structures in coconut shell behave like a reservoir. Intermittent curing produced the highest coconut shell aggregate concrete strength, followed by full water, and then by air-dry curing. Biological decay was not evident as the concrete cubes gained strength even after 365 days. Up to an age of 90 days, the samples under all types of curing conditions showed improved response on the pulse velocity and subsequently an insignificant drop. The ultimate bond strength of coconut shell aggregate concrete under all types of curing conditions was much higher compared to the theoretical bond strength as per BS 8110 and IS 456. Bonding between the cement paste and the coconut shell aggregate has been studied by measuring fissure between the coconut shell and the cement paste through SEM analysis. It shows a tendency of narrowing the fissure due to its age, which shows that the bond appears to be better between the coconut shell and the cement paste.     

混凝土芯样抗压强度尺寸效应研究

鉴于桥梁垮塌事故现场混凝土材料破碎的特点,混凝土取芯鉴别面临着尺寸效应的问题,通过对混凝土芯样尺寸效应的研究,总结分析了国内外针对非标准芯样抗压强度的换算系数,并根据破碎特点设计了针对性试验,混凝土非标准芯样抗压强度试验主要考虑准100、准67、准49、准32等4种直径范围和1.5、1.2、1.0、0.8、0.5等5种高径比范围,数据回归分析得到尺寸效应统计公式,并与相关规范做了比较,试验结果对事故鉴别和工程实践具有借鉴意义。     

Influence of bacteria on the compressive strength, water absorption and rapid chloride permeability of fly ash concrete

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the influence of Sporoscarcina pasteurii bacteria on the compressive strength and rapid chloride permeability of concrete made without and with fly ash. Cement was replaced with three percentages (10, 20 and 30) with fly ash by weight. Three different cell concentration (0, 10³,10⁵,10⁷ cells/ml) of bacteria were used in making the concrete mixes. Tests were performed for compressive strength, water absorption and rapid chloride permeability at the age of 28 days. Test results indicated that inclusion of S. pasteurii in fly ash concrete enhanced the compressive strength, reduced the porosity and permeability of fly ash concrete. Maximum increase (22%) in compressive strength and four-times reduction in water absorption was observed with 10⁵ cells/ml of bacteria. This improvement in compressive strength was due to deposition on the bacteria cell surfaces within the pores.Calcite deposition in concrete observed nearly eight times reduction in chloride permeability of fly ash concrete. The present work highlights the influence of bacteria on the properties of concrete made with supplementing cementing material such as like fly ash. Usage of bacteria like S. pasteurii improves strength and durability and strength of fly ash concrete through self-healing effect.     

Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the unconfined compressive strength of straw fiber-reinforced soil

Although natural fibers can improve the strength behavior of frozen-thawed soil, the reinforcing mechanism is still not fully understood. To investigate the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the strength of natural fiber-reinforced soil, unconfined compression tests, single-fiber pull-out tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests under 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 freeze-thaw cycles were conducted on cotton straw fiber-reinforced soil. It was found that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of fiber-reinforced soil decreases exponentially with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, fiber reinforcement weakens the softening degree of frozen-thawed soil under unconfined states. The UCS reduction in fiber-reinforced soil under freeze-thaw conditions is smaller than the strength reduction at the fiber-soil interface because fiber reinforcement is mainly governed not only by the fiber-soil interface but also by the spatial stress network established by discrete fibers. The complex spatial stress network, which improves the reinforcement of the fibers, is monitored by SEM after freeze-thaw cycles.     

回弹法检测砌体中普通粘土砖抗压强度试验研究

本文对现有回弹法检测普通粘土砖抗压强度技术规范中的换算曲线在福建地区的适用性进行了试验研究,论证了对于回弹法检测砌体中普通粘土砖抗压强度,必须采用砌体试件建立专用曲线,并介绍了回弹法检测影响因素的试验研究结果,以及福建地区回弹法检测砌体中普通粘土砖抗压强度换算曲线的建立过程。     

浅析夯土建筑材料的耐久性

针对夯土建筑的历史和夯土建筑所用夯土材料的力学性质、耐久性质以及夯土材料的改性问题进行了研究,以期更好地推广夯土这种生态环保的建筑材料和唤起人们对夯土建筑的重视。     

Nondestructive evaluation of in-place cement mortar compressive strength using spectral analysis of surface waves

This paper presents a modified experimental SASW method for nondestructive evaluation of the cement mortar compressive strength in in-place single-layer mortar slabs with a rather finite thickness. The tests were conducted on 3′ × 3′ × 4″ (91.44 × 91.44 × 10.16 cm) cement mortar slab specimens using steel balls as the impact source to generate surface waves at various frequencies. The boundary reflection effects were removed in this study by collecting only the wave forms before the time when the reflected compressive waves reach the receivers. The correlation between the surface wave velocity and the compressive strength was obtained by conducting the SASW tests at different ages of the slab specimens. The results can be applied to the quality control of early age concrete during the construction phase.     

纤维加筋土坯的蒸发过程及抗拉强度特性

土坯作为一种生态、低碳和环保的建筑材料,其力学性能是学界和工程技术人员关注的重点.为了提高土坯的综合抗拉特性,提出采用纤维加筋技术对土坯进行改性处理.通过模拟土坯的形成过程,制备了一系列不同纤维掺量(0～0.2％)、初始含水率(16.5％～20.5％)和干密度(1.50～1.70 g/cm3)的压实土坯试样,进行自然干...     

Influence of applying overburden stress during curing on the unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized clay

In the case of cement-stabilized soils cured under the influence of overburden stress, it is necessary to consider two different timelines of cementation and consolidation, along which the structures of stabilized soils evolve. These two timelines are interrelated and ought not to be considered separately, especially in the early stage of curing when significant structural changes occur. In this study, the strength and deformation characteristics of cement-stabilized clay subjected to overburden stress during curing was investigated using an unconfined compression test apparatus. For this purpose, three types of specimens were prepared by stabilizing very soft clay with different amounts of cement. Overburden stress was applied for three different time durations during curing. In the series of unconfined compression tests conducted on the specimens with no overburden stress applied during curing, the axial stress initially increases rapidly, then was maintained before finally dropping. In the series of tests with overburden stress applied during curing, the axial stress continues to increase gradually before rapidly declining. The values of unconfined compressive strength are larger for the specimens subjected to overburden stress during curing. The values of the unconfined compressive strength also increase linearly as the duration of applied overburden stress increases. The increase in strength apparently occurs due to increasing dry density accompanied by a decrease in the water content due to the drainage of pore water during the application of overburden stress.     

水泥土强度的试件形状和尺寸效应试验研究

对不同形状、尺寸、端部边界约束条件以及龄期的水泥土试件进行了无侧限抗压强度试验 ,探讨了水泥土强度的试件形状和尺寸效应。     

基于SH加固材料的土遗址夯土试样室内滴渗试验研究

表面严重风化是中国西北干旱地区土遗址的主要病害之一。目前解决防风化问题的主要方法是通过研制的防风化加固材料进行工程加固和修复,然而防风化加固材料的研制尚无法满足实际工程的要求。系统研究了不同浓度SH滴渗夯土试样表面渗透半径和渗透速率的分布变化规律,及渗透加固后试样波速和崩解性的变化。试验结果表明,单孔最优注浆量为30~40 m L,此时滴渗时间约为300 min,最终表面渗透半径为3~4 cm。渗透后试样波速升高,抗崩解性能明显提高,以1.0%SH渗透后最为明显。