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《Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on》2009,20(6):992-1008
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《Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on》2009,20(8):1267-1280
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《Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on》2008,19(11):1896-1909
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Artificial navigation systems stand to benefit greatly from learning maps of visual environments, but traditional map-making techniques are inadequate in several respects. This paper describes an adaptive, view-based, relational map-making system for navigating within a 3D environment defined by a spatially distributed set of visual landmarks. Inspired by an analogy to learning aspect graphs of 3D objects, the system comprises two neurocomputational architectures that emulate cognitive mapping in the rat hippocampus. The first architecture performs unsupervised place learning by combining the “What” with the “Where”, namely through conjunctions of landmark identity, pose, and egocentric gaze direction within a local, restricted sensory view of the environment. The second associatively learns action consequences by incorporating the “When”, namely through conjunctions of learned places and coarsely coded robot motions. Together, these networks form a map reminiscent of a partially observable Markov decision process, and consequently provide an ideal neural substrate for prediction, environment recognition, route planning, and exploration. Preliminary results from real-time implementations on a mobile robot called MAVIN (the Mobile Adaptive VIsual Navigator) demonstrate the potential for these capabilities. 相似文献
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Knowledge-based artificial neural networks 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
Hybrid learning methods use theoretical knowledge of a domain and a set of classified examples to develop a method for accurately classifying examples not seen during training. The challenge of hybrid learning systems is to use the information provided by one source of information to offset information missing from the other source. By so doing, a hybrid learning system should learn more effectively than systems that use only one of the information sources. KBANN (Knowledge-Based Artificial Neural Networks) is a hybrid learning system built on top of connectionist learning techniques. It maps problem-specific “domain theories”, represented in propositional logic, into neural networks and then refines this reformulated knowledge using backpropagation. KBANN is evaluated by extensive empirical tests on two problems from molecular biology. Among other results, these tests show that the networks created by KBANN generalize better than a wide variety of learning systems, as well as several techniques proposed by biologists. 相似文献
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Real-time computing without stable states: a new framework for neural computation based on perturbations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A key challenge for neural modeling is to explain how a continuous stream of multimodal input from a rapidly changing environment can be processed by stereotypical recurrent circuits of integrate-and-fire neurons in real time. We propose a new computational model for real-time computing on time-varying input that provides an alternative to paradigms based on Turing machines or attractor neural networks. It does not require a task-dependent construction of neural circuits. Instead, it is based on principles of high-dimensional dynamical systems in combination with statistical learning theory and can be implemented on generic evolved or found recurrent circuitry. It is shown that the inherent transient dynamics of the high-dimensional dynamical system formed by a sufficiently large and heterogeneous neural circuit may serve as universal analog fading memory. Readout neurons can learn to extract in real time from the current state of such recurrent neural circuit information about current and past inputs that may be needed for diverse tasks. Stable internal states are not required for giving a stable output, since transient internal states can be transformed by readout neurons into stable target outputs due to the high dimensionality of the dynamical system. Our approach is based on a rigorous computational model, the liquid state machine, that, unlike Turing machines, does not require sequential transitions between well-defined discrete internal states. It is supported, as the Turing machine is, by rigorous mathematical results that predict universal computational power under idealized conditions, but for the biologically more realistic scenario of real-time processing of time-varying inputs. Our approach provides new perspectives for the interpretation of neural coding, the design of experiments and data analysis in neurophysiology, and the solution of problems in robotics and neurotechnology. 相似文献
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《Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on》2008,19(8):1313-1328
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Experimental data have revealed that neuronal connection efficacy exhibits two forms of short-term plasticity: short-term depression (STD) and short-term facilitation (STF). They have time constants residing between fast neural signaling and rapid learning and may serve as substrates for neural systems manipulating temporal information on relevant timescales. This study investigates the impact of STD and STF on the dynamics of continuous attractor neural networks and their potential roles in neural information processing. We find that STD endows the network with slow-decaying plateau behaviors: the network that is initially being stimulated to an active state decays to a silent state very slowly on the timescale of STD rather than on that of neuralsignaling. This provides a mechanism for neural systems to hold sensory memory easily and shut off persistent activities gracefully. With STF, we find that the network can hold a memory trace of external inputs in the facilitated neuronal interactions, which provides a way to stabilize the network response to noisy inputs, leading to improved accuracy in population decoding. Furthermore, we find that STD increases the mobility of the network states. The increased mobility enhances the tracking performance of the network in response to time-varying stimuli, leading to anticipative neural responses. In general, we find that STD and STP tend to have opposite effects on network dynamics and complementary computational advantages, suggesting that the brain may employ a strategy of weighting them differentially depending on the computational purpose. 相似文献
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MOSAIC: A fast multi-feature image retrieval system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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《Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on》2008,19(8):1494-1495
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In machine learning terms, reasoning in legal cases can be compared to a lazy learning approach in which courts defer deciding how to generalize beyond the prior cases until the facts of a new case are observed. The HYPO family of systems implements a “lazy” approach since they defer making arguments how to decide a problem until the programs have positioned a new problem with respect to similar past cases. In a kind of “reflective adjustment”, they fit the new problem into a patchwork of past case decisions, comparing cases in order to reason about the legal significance of the relevant similarities and differences. Empirical evidence from diverse experiments shows that for purposes of teaching legal argumentation and performing legal information retrieval, HYPO-style systems' lazy learning approach and implementation of aspects of reflective adjustment can be very effective. 相似文献
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Partially‐observable stochastic hybrid systems (poshss) state estimation and optimal control
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This paper discusses the state estimation and optimal control problem of a class of partially‐observable stochastic hybrid systems (POSHS). The POSHS has interacting continuous and discrete dynamics with uncertainties. The continuous dynamics are given by a Markov‐jump linear system and the discrete dynamics are defined by a Markov chain whose transition probabilities are dependent on the continuous state via guard conditions. The only information available to the controller are noisy measurements of the continuous state. To solve the optimal control problem, a separable control scheme is applied: the controller estimates the continuous and discrete states of the POSHS using noisy measurements and computes the optimal control input from the state estimates. Since computing both optimal state estimates and optimal control inputs are intractable, this paper proposes computationally efficient algorithms to solve this problem numerically. The proposed hybrid estimation algorithm is able to handle state‐dependent Markov transitions and compute Gaussian‐ mixture distributions as the state estimates. With the computed state estimates, a reinforcement learning algorithm defined on a function space is proposed. This approach is based on Monte Carlo sampling and integration on a function space containing all the probability distributions of the hybrid state estimates. Finally, the proposed algorithm is tested via numerical simulations. 相似文献
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Recently, hybrid dynamical systems have attracted considerable attention in the automatic control domain. In this article,
a theory for recurrent neural networks is presented from a hybrid dynamical systems point of view. The hybrid dynamical system
is defined by a continuous dynamical system discretely switched by external temporal inputs. The theory suggests that the
dynamics of continuous-time recurrent neural networks, which are stochastically excited by external temporal inputs, are generally
characterized by a set of continuous trajectories with a fractal-like structure in hyper-cylindrical phase space.
This work was presented, in part, at the 7th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January
16–18, 2002 相似文献
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The channel gating process of neural cells is the first step of neural information transmission. We have proposed a kinetic
model for state transitions for a sodium (Na) ion gating channel under H2 control. The channel state consisted of an open
state, three closed but activated states, and four inactivated but not closed states. This modeling was based strictly on
molecular biological observations. Three charged amino acid helixes of the specific subunits of the Na channel hole act as
activating gates. Another helix of the subunit having membrane voltagesensing properties behaves as an inactivating particle
that invades the Na channel hole after membrane depolarization. This particle blocks the free movements of the three activating
gates and inactivates the Na channel gating function. In total there are eight channel states, which consist of four inactivated
states, three closed states, and one open state. We expressed the transitions among these states by eight linear differential
equations using the law of conservation. For the control principle, the channel system is always exposed to a biological mimetic
that is a false transmitter and competes for the channel sites with Na ions. Hence, we regarded such biological agencies as
noises in the system that disturb the effective transmission of information, i.e., rapid transitions through the channel gating
systems. The physiological Na gating is understood to minimize influences from the disturbing noises on the transition of
the channels states, and we have proposed the H2 control principle. The computed results of temporal changes in the amount
of channel species per unit membrane area showed rapid changes and then termination. This behavior was strongly dependent
on the membrane potential. Our modeling could describe the rapid excitation and resetting of the Na ion channel gating function
of the neural system. These results strongly reflect the digital nature of the neural system. The present investigation could
be used to evaluate the function of neural systems that minimizes the influences of noises on the information transmission
process by the transitions of the Na ion channel gating state. 相似文献
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This paper proposes an algorithm for the model based design of a distributed protocol for fault detection and diagnosis for very large systems. The overall process is modeled as different Time Petri Net (TPN) models (each one modeling a local process) that interact with each other via guarded transitions that becomes enabled only when certain conditions (expressed as predicates over the marking of some places) are satisfied (the guard is true). In order to use this broad class of time DES models for fault detection and diagnosis we derive in this paper the timing analysis of the TPN models with guarded transitions. In this paper we also extend the modeling capability of the faults calling some transitions faulty when operations they represent take more or less time than a prescribed time interval corresponding to their normal execution. We consider here that different local agents receive local observation as well as messages from neighboring agents. Each agent estimates the state of the part of the overall process for which it has model and from which it observes events by reconciling observations with model based predictions. We design algorithms that use limited information exchange between agents and that can quickly decide “questions” about “whether and where a fault occurred?” and “whether or not some components of the local processes have operated correctly?”. The algorithms we derive allow each local agent to generate a preliminary diagnosis prior to any communication and we show that after communicating the agents we design recover the global diagnosis that a centralized agent would have derived. The algorithms are component oriented leading to efficiency in computation. 相似文献
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In this paper we analyze a fundamental issue which directly impacts the scalability of current theoretical neural network models to applicative embodiments, in both software as well as hardware. This pertains to the inherent and unavoidable concurrent asynchronicity of emerging fine-grained computational ensembles and the consequent chaotic manifestations in the absence of proper conditioning. The latter concern is particularly significant since the computational inertia of neural networks in general and our dynamical learning formalisms manifests itself substantially, only in massively parallel hardward—optical, VLSI or opto-electronic. We introduce a mathematical framework for systematically reconditioning additive-type models and derive a neuro-operator, based on the chaotic relaxation paradigm whose resulting dynamics are neither “concurrently” synchronous nor “sequentially” asynchronous. Necessary and sufficient conditions guaranteeing concurrent asynchronous convergence are established in terms of contracting operators. Lyapunov exponents are also computed to characterize the network dynamics and to ensure that throughput-limiting “emergent computational chaos” behavior in models reconditioned with concurrently asynchronous algorithms was eliminated. 相似文献