微生物浸出深海多金属结核中有价金属

对氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出深海多金属结核中有价金属的可行性进行了实验,着重研究了矿浆浓度、接种量、温度、浸出过程中pH值对结核中有价金属钴和镍浸出率的影响,同时对氧化亚铁硫杆菌进行了驯化.实验表明:采用Leathen培养基,加入适量黄铁矿作为菌种的营养基质和浸出过程中的还原剂,多金属结核,在常温、酸性环境下,可直接浸出金属铜、钻、镍、锰和铁.     

海洋锰结核的综合利用

海洋锰结核是今后提取锰、钴、镍、铜等有色金属的重要矿产资源。本文讨论锰结核的主要矿物学特征及其冶金处理原则， 简要介绍国内外已试验、研究过的各种处理方法， 如选择性还原熔炼， 还原焙烧氨浸出， 各种还原剂的直接还原浸出， 以及锰结核的直接电解法、离析法和生物浸出法     

Leaching of marine manganese nodules by acidophilic bacteria growing on elemental sulfur

This article describes the bioleaching of manganese nodules by thermophilic and mesophilic sulfuroxidizing bacteria, in which oxidized sulfur compounds are biologically produced from elemental sulfur added to liquid medium and are simultaneously used to leach nodules. The thermophile Acidianus brierleyi solubilized the manganese nodules faster at 65 °C than did the mesophiles Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans at 30 °C. Leaching experiments with A. brierleyi growing on elemental sulfur were used to optimize various process parameters, such as medium pH, initial sulfur-liquid loading ratio, and initial cell concentration. The observed dependencies of the leaching rates at a pH optimum on the initial amounts of elemental sulfur and A. brierleyi cells were qualitatively consistent with model simulations for microbial sulfur oxidation. Under the conditions determined as optimum, the leaching of nodule particles (−330+500 mesh) by A. brierleyi yielded 100 pct extraction of both copper and zinc within 4 days and high extractions of nickel (85 pct), cobalt (70 pct), and manganese (55 pct) for 10 days. However, the iron leaching was practically negligible.     

从深海多金属氧化矿中提取关键金属技术研究现状与分析

铁锰结核、富钴结壳等深海多金属氧化矿富含钴、镍、铜、锰、稀有金属元素等,从其被发现就被认为是未来重要的关键金属原料,尤其是全球绿色经济发展的需要,对从深海多金属氧化矿中获取绿色关键金属成为鼓励深海采矿的重要驱动力。概述了绿色经济发展对关键金属的需求、陆地资源供应及价格趋势,分析了结核和结壳中各关键金属价值构成;对从深海多金属氧化矿中提取镍、钴、铜、钼、稀土、铂、锰等技术分别进行回顾和分析;最后从绿色低碳、最大化综合利用角度,分析深海关键金属提取冶金技术的发展趋势。     

低温煅烧—强化细菌浸出废旧手机板中有色金属

研究煅烧预处理温度对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出废旧手机板中多种有色金属的影响。结果表明,预处理温度越高,零价金属的浸出效率相对越高。生物浸出15天后,铜、镍和锌的浸出率分别达到95.14%、96.53%和98.45%,锡先溶解而后以沉淀形式存在于浸出残渣中。低温煅烧预处理不仅缩短了浸出周期,还提高了部分有色金属的浸出率。     

大洋多金属结核氨浸工艺影响因素研究

在低温水溶液条件下,以亚铜离子为催化剂,一氧化碳为还原剂,在氨性体系中,对日处理10 kg大洋多金属结核扩大试验的浸出行为影响因素进行研究。试验考察了浸出体系电位、金属离子浓度、温度、液固比等因素对有价金属浸出率的影响。结果表明,控制浸出体系的电位对维持较快的反应速度和较高的金属浸出率十分重要;溶液中的钴离子浓度对钴浸出率影响较大,随着溶液中钴离子浓度的增加,钴浸出率下降,镍离子浓度对镍浸出率的影响很小;液固比对镍、钴、铜浸出率的影响不显著;温度对有价金属浸出率有一定影响,最好控制在40~50℃。     

Pressure leaching of copper converter slag using dilute sulphuric acid for the extraction of cobalt, nickel and copper values

In our earlier studies [1–4], conditions were optimized for leaching converter slag with ferric chloride/dilute sulphuric acid for the recovery of cobalt, nickel and copper. By using both leachants most of the copper, nickel and cobalt values could be solubilized. Subsequent treatment of the leach liquors for separation and recovery of metals was difficult due to the presence of large quantities of iron in relation to other metal concentrations. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop a process based on pressure leaching of the slag with dilute sulphuric acid in which iron contamination could be minimized by oxidation and hydrolysis. Various parameters including leaching time, pulp density, particle size, concentration of acid and oxygen partial pressure were studied to optimize the solubility of metal values. Under optimum conditions about 90% copper and more than 95% each of nickel and cobalt could be extracted with only 0.8% extraction of iron.     

高冰镍浸出渣冶金过程多金属走向行为探究

高冰镍浸出渣是镍湿法冶金过程的重要中间产物,含有铜、镍、钴和金、银、铂、钯等有价金属,具有重要的综合回收价值。探究高冰镍浸出渣冶金过程多金属的走向行为对于提高金属综合回收率、优化系统物料平衡和推动工艺技术升级具有重要意义。基于新疆阜康冶炼厂高冰镍浸出渣的典型冶金工艺,结合文献调研和工业生产实践,阐释高冰镍浸出渣中主要金属铜、镍、钴、铁和贵金属金、银、铂、钯的迁移走向,揭示各金属形态变化历程,分析各金属在渣相和液相的分配行为,为工艺设计和优化提供支撑。     

Organic acid leaching of base metals from copper granulated slag and evaluation of mechanism

A hydrometallurgical method is discussed to selectively extract base metals such as copper, cobalt, nickel and iron from the copper granulated slag (0.53% Cu) at atmospheric pressure. It involves first-stage leaching of slag with organic (citric acid) to selectively recover cobalt, nickel and iron. The residue containing high copper was subjected to second-stage leaching with inorganic (sulphuric) acid. Leaching parameters such as acid concentration, pulp density, temperature and time were optimised to extract metals from the granulated slag. A maximum recovery of 4.47% Cu, 88.3% Co, 95% Ni and 93.8% Fe were obtained in first-stage leaching with 2?N citric acid at room temperature using 10% pulp density (w/v) in 8–9?h. On subjecting the leach residue to the second-stage leaching with 2?M sulphuric acid, 66–72% Cu was recovered in 4?h. The kinetics of the metal leaching from the slag was established by the XRD and SEM–EDAX studies of the residues.     

Sulphuric acid leaching of cobalt-bearing manganese wad

Manganese wad from the Mt. Tabor region of Queensland, Australia, contains in excess of 1% cobalt with lesser amounts of nickel and copper. As such, it presents a significant cobalt resource, particularly in terms of Australia's cobalt requirements. Because of the remote location and the lack of infrastructural facilities, potential processing routes need to be kept as simple as possible. There are many similarities between terrestrial manganese wads and deep-sea manganese nodules, and so routes developed for the processing of the latter should be applicable to the wad. Of these routes, sulphuric acid leaching at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature appears to have considerable potential.This paper describes the results obtained with sulphuric acid leaching using the pug, agitated tank and column techniques. Even with excess acid, dissolution of the cobalt, copper and nickel from the wad was found to be extremely slow, with reaction times of weeks and months required for more than 50% dissolution. No conditions could be found where selective dissolution of cobalt, copper and nickel over manganese occurred. Comparative tests were carried out with Pacific Ocean deep-sea manganese nodules.Because of the low leaching rate found with sulphuric acid at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, commercial exploitation of the Mt. Tabor wad with this leachant under these conditions seems unlikely. Previously reported work indicates that a better approach will be to use sulphur dioxide as the leachant, even though this is a considerably more expensive leachant.     

氧化锰矿直接还原浸出溶液的净化电积

针对氧化锰矿还原浸出反应的特点，探讨了浸出液中铜、钴、镍和胶体硫的除去方法并提出了溶液净化工艺．净化液的锰电积结果表明：金属锰的杂质硫含量最低可降至００１％以下．     

三相氧化法富集分离大洋多金属结核中有价金属

大洋多金属矿是以铁锰氧化物为主相的复杂矿物,利用大洋多金属矿三相氧化法提取锰,并使铁铜钴镍富基于渣中的方法是富集分离有价金属的新途径．最佳反应条件是：温度240℃;时间2h;碱锰的物质的量的比为45;通气量0．5m³·h^-1;锰粉粒度为-200目．铁镍的固相富集率接近100%,铜钴大于93%．液相氧化反应后Fe,Cu,Co,Ni等金属基本上被分配到渣中。赋存在矿物中的变价金属氧化物对锰酸钾的反向分解有促进作用,初步实现了这些金属与Mn的分离．     

低品位硫化镍铜矿生物浸出工艺研究

研究了某低品位硫化镍铜矿的生物浸出工艺矿物学,考察了接种量、初始pH、矿石粒度、浸出周期对该矿摇瓶浸出过程的影响。在矿石粒度-0.074 mm占90%、矿浆浓度2%、细菌接种量30%、初始pH 1.5、浸出周期30天、摇床转速150 r/min的条件下,可获得最大的镍铜浸出率,分别为89.79%和41.80%。     

Kinetics of the extraction of metals from deep-sea manganese nodules: Part I. the pore diffusion controlling case

The rate of dissolution of metal ions from two different deep-sea manganese nodule samples in dilute sulfuric acid solutions was studied. The addition of high concentrations of sodium and calcium salts was observed to increase the apparent kinetics of extraction and this has been interpreted in terms of the physical and chemical nature of nodules and their component minerals. The dissolution of copper and soluble cobalt was found to be very sensitive to the acid concentration and to be controlled by pore diffusion, while nickel dissolution was found to be controlled by chemical reaction. A pore model has been developed for the leaching of copper and cobalt. Formerly with the University of California, Berkeley.     

Leaching of manganese nodules in ammoniacal medium using glucose as reductant

Polymetallic Indian Ocean nodules can be leached in ammoniacal solution in the presence of glucose. The various parameters chosen for leaching studies were: amount of glucose, time, pH, temperature, concentrations of ammonia and ammonium salt, and particle size. The percentage extraction of copper, nickel and cobalt decreases when the glucose concentration is increased to more than 0.4 gramme per gramme of nodule at 338 K and 0.2 g/g at 358 K. The dissolution of copper has been found to be dependent more on the pH of the solution than on the total molarity of ammonia and the ammonium ion. Leaching temperatures above 373 K are disadvantageous for the extraction of copper and cobalt, whereas nickel extraction is about 95% even at 433 K. The rate of leaching for all three metals is independent of the particle size in the range studied. All the copper, about 90% of the nickel and 60% of the cobalt can be extracted under the following leaching conditions: temperature 358 K, time 4 h, initial ammonia concentration 2.5 M, ammonium chloride concentration 0.37 M and glucose 0.2 gramme per gramme of nodule.     

Separation of iron and manganese from sulphate solutions obtained from indian ocean nodules

Leach liquors obtained by sulphuric acid pressure leaching of Indian Ocean manganese nodules were treated for iron and manganese separation. This separation was carried out by sequential precipitation. Iron was precipitated by pH adjustment using lime slurry. The separation is 99.5%, with about 6.7% loss of copper and 2% loss of cobalt. From the iron-free solution manganese was precipitated as manganese dioxide in the presence of an oxidising agent, potassium perdisulphate. Under optimum conditions manganese precipitation is quantitative. There is a loss of about 27% of the cobalt due to adsorption on the manganese dioxide matrix. Kinetics of precipitation and specific reaction rates have been determined. The loss of cobalt by adsorption has been shown by fitting the data to the classical adsorption equation due to Freundlich.     

稀贵金属加压浸出技术现状及展望

加压浸出属于湿法冶金过程强化技术,与常规湿法浸出相比,具有反应速度快、浸出率高、环境友好等优点,自1887年工业化以来,已在铀、铜、铝、锌、镍、钴、钼、黄金等行业得到推广应用。总结了加压浸出技术在稀贵金属行业的应用和研究现状,包括钼、黄金和铂族金属等原生矿产,以及铜阳极泥、镓锗富集渣、含砷固废等二次资源。在总结归纳技术现状基础上,对加压浸出技术在稀贵金属行业未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Reduction-roasting and ferric chloride leaching of copper converter slag for extracting copper,nickel and cobalt values

In a previous investigation the optimum conditions for recovering copper, nickel and cobalt from converter slag through ferric chloride leaching have been described. The study of various parameters revealed that nickel and cobalt recovery could not be improved beyond 24 to 26% respectively from converter slag, though more than 90% of the copper could be extracted. Further attempts were made to bring the metal values completely into solution through reduction-roasting followed by ferric chloride leaching of the slag. The present work comprises a study of various experimental conditions such as concentration of ferric chloride, duration of leaching, duration of reduction-roasting, temperature and nature of reducing agent, to arrive at the optimal recovery of the metal. Under identical experimental conditions a decrease in copper recovery, but an increase in nickel and cobalt recovery has been observed above a roasting temperature of 750°C. The decrease in copper recovery has been attributed to copper ferrite formation which has been confirmed both by leaching experiments with synthetic mixtures and by X-ray diffraction studies with both slag samples and synthetic mixtures. Recovery of nickel has also shown little decline when solid reductants were used above 850°C whereas cobalt recovery remains nearly the same even above 850°C. Under optimum conditions 80% copper, 95% nickel and 80% cobalt could be recovered by reducing the slag at 850°C with 10 wt % furnace oil, followed by leaching with ferric chloride.     

铜锰渣酸浸及选择性硫化沉淀法回收铜工艺

系统开展了铜锰渣的H2SO4浸出及酸浸液Na2S2O3选择性沉铜研究,通过单因素实验,分别探究了2个工艺过程的影响因素.实验结果表明:铜锰渣酸浸的较优条件为:H2SO4用量200 g/L,液固体积质量比(mL/g)7:1,反应温度80℃,反应时间2 h,该条件下铜、钴、锌、锰的浸出率分别为99.81％,99.54％,9...     

Enrichment of REEs in polymetaUic nodules and crusts and its potential for exploitation

Polymetallic nodules and crusts are two of the most important mineral deposits in the ocean.They are rich in rare earth elements (REEs),iron,manganese,copper,cobalt,nickel,and other useful metals.This paper discussed the analysis of 25 nodule and crust samples collected from the South China Sea,the Pacific,Atlantic,and Indian Oceans.The samples were analyzed for REE content by ICP-MS/AES. The average REE concentration was found to be 1096.96×10-6 in the nodules and 1623.88×10-6 in the crusts.Both of these values are much higher than those recorded in Earth’s dry-land crust and sedimentary rocks.This REE enrichment is mainly controlled by the absorption of ferromanganese oxides and clay minerals in the nodules and crusts and the high levels of REEs in seawater and sediments.High cerium enrichment in the nodules and crusts may lead to more effective exploitation of REEs in the future.