Sustainability issues in the industrial heritage adaptive reuse: rethinking culture-led urban regeneration through Chinese case studies

Targeted at the fragility of culture-led regeneration as a result of market frustrations and policy instability, the paper proposes a sustainable perspective to re-examine the prospects of culture-led urban regeneration projects at the local level through the taxonomy of three signatures—The Beijing 798 Art Zone, The Shanghai M50 and The Guangzhou Xinyi International Club are chosen as different, yet representative cases of industrial heritage transformed creative clusters. By comparing the development trajectories and statuses of these pioneer culture-led regeneration projects, the paper reveals the mechanism and confirms the model of practice for the reincarnation of industrial heritage by creative clusters in the local context of the cities. Ultimately, the analysis of this model indicates that the reuse of industrial heritage is an effective approach in response to the cultural demands of the post-industrial era; however, it brings forth the inevitable challenges beyond economic dimension, from a sustainability perspective. The analysis further identifies those underlying reasons of unsustainability and provides recommendations in order to explore the full potential of the “cultural value” of urban regeneration.     

The Limits of Urban Heritage Tourism in South Africa: The Case of Constitution Hill, Johannesburg

Heritage tourism is a significant contemporary feature in many developing countries, particularly in Africa, and fast growing in popularity in South Africa. As many heritage sites are located in cities, heritage tourism is a potential growth segment for urban tourism. This paper analyses strategic policy and interest in heritage tourism for the South African tourism economy. The case of Constitution Hill in Johannesburg is examined as a case study to elucidate the limits of urban heritage tourism. It is argued this iconic heritage attraction is seemingly failing to attract many local visitors or tourists despite its important national heritage status. Using structured interviews with stakeholders and questionnaires with visitors and local residents, the research critically explores their understanding of heritage tourism as well as their perceptions of its influence on the physical landscape as a driver for local development.     

BEFORE AND AFTER THE CREATIVE CITY: THE POLITICS OF URBAN CULTURAL POLICY IN AUSTIN,TEXAS

ABSTRACT: This article examines the politics and practice of urban cultural policy in Austin, Texas. I demonstrate how aspects of the local context frame how local government and cultural sector interests strive to initiate the direction of policy. While larger trends—such as Richard Florida's creative city thesis—influence cultural policy and planning, specific contextual factors including prior economic development and growth management policy, departmental organization, the forum for interaction between municipal actors and non‐governmental coalitions, and the character of the city's cultural economy mediate such trends to produce policy outcomes. As this case shows, contemporary urban cultural policy is not simply due to the rise of the creative city discourse, but is an evolving product of past policy structures and shaped by local institutions and actors.     

Urban authenticity at stake: A new framework for its definition from the perspective of heritage at the Shanghai Music Valley

The field of urban heritage conservation calls for a new understanding of authenticity, given the influence of the tourism industries and the creative city ideal in the contemporary renovation of heritage areas. This has become a relevant issue after the 2011 UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape Recommendation withdrew its call for authenticity from the forefront of urban heritage conservation. This paper will develop a framework for a value-based assessment of urban heritage authenticity beginning with a review of heritage conservation theory confronting it to a study of this concept in the fields of tourism and the creative city. The proposed value-based approach to urban heritage authenticity will determine two series of attributes: the first comes from the specific field of heritage, and the second relates heritage with tourism and the creative city ideal. This framework will be used to evaluate heritage authenticity in the ongoing development of the Shanghai Music Valley (SMV) initiative in Shanghai's Hongkou district. This evaluation, from an architectural and urban point of view, will point to the inconsistencies that result when authenticity criteria based on the interests of tourism and the creative city are used for heritage conservation, especially, when it appears as a consequence of the atomization of heritage management among an unbalanced landscape of stakeholders.     

Creative Industries,Inequality and Social Development: Developments,Impacts and Challenges in Cape Town

Creative industries are often regarded as avenues for urban regeneration, economic development and job creation. The growth of creative industries is linked to post-Fordist economic restructuring in cities. As a result, the economic base of cities has moved away from manufacturing to knowledge-intensive and service-based industries. While countries in the Global South generally contribute marginally to the global economy, some countries are seeking to enhance their competitiveness in the global environment and gain from opportunities presented by the creative economy. Policymakers in the Global South have therefore adopted creative industry policies, and often link these to social development outcomes. However, this presents various challenges. The literature indicates that creative industries can exacerbate existing inequalities and marginalise working class residents. Furthermore, the benefits of creative urban renewal do not necessarily reach poor communities. This paper contributes to debates regarding the role of creative industries in the urban economies of cities in the Global South. This reflects on the impacts of creative urban renewal, and the implications for social development and policy. It also considers recent development and challenges around creative industry promotion in Cape Town, with specific reference to the city-fringe neighbourhood of Woodstock.     

布朗克斯在燃烧——Nitty Gritty城市艺术和音乐的诞生

"布朗克斯在燃烧"——Howard Cosell在1977年美国全美棒球比赛转播时这样说。城市规划和建设往往带来不可预见的社会效应,而这种社会效应又反过来创造性地抛出这样一个问题:"为人们——所有的人们——规划城市空间究竟是意义?为什么不能仅仅为了满足经济增长目的规划城市空间?"1963年,罗伯特·摩西设计的跨布朗     

Creative communities and the cultural economy — Insadong,chaebol urbanism and the local state in Seoul

Creative communities that arise in a cultural milieu of place-based social relationships are being targeted for cultural economy strategies to revitalize cities in Asia. The dominance of a small number of family owned conglomerates, chaebol, in the economy and politics of South Korea represents an extreme case of the corporatization of citymaking that drives cultural economy policies. The experience of the historic district of Insadong, Seoul, illustrates the resulting loss of vernacular heritage, gentrification and commodification of creative community life-spaces under the cultural economy banner. At the same time, democratization and the rise of civil society have provided openings for grassroots organizations to seek to protect and support local cultural spaces as sites for creative engagements in urban life. Recent success of grassroots mobilizations in countering corporatization by electing an activist as mayor of Seoul points to the need to give greater attention to role of the local state in sustaining creative communities.     

Paradox between neoliberal urban redevelopment,heritage conservation,and community needs: Case study of a historic neighbourhood in Tianjin,China

Today, China's inner-city redevelopment has evolved into the neoliberalism phase, which is characterized by market orientation, privatization, commodification, and short-term returns; this phase generally involves massive demolition and eviction, resulting in serious conflicts between land-based economic growth, heritage conservation, and social justice. The local community is susceptible to social, cultural, and economic impacts of redevelopment, as well as heritage conservation activities. Thereby, the perspectives of residents on these two components of the urban development agenda help to re-examine the demolition–conservation controversy from the perspective of social well-being. Based on an in-progress case in Tianjin, this study clarifies the multi-faceted paradox posed by the demolition–conservation dichotomy at the locality level. Further, the study performs an ex-ante investigation on the needs, concerns, and attitudes of the local community and dissects related contradictions with the local government's rationale for redevelopment, which is a prerequisite for facilitating responsive and democratic urban planning.     

论“文化创意”躁动下城市遗产蝶变的尴尬——兼论遗产型创意产业园区规划制度创新

随着创意产业的兴起,城市遗产与文化创意结合成为了遗产保护新类型。本文针对全国掀起的创意园区"造园"热潮所引发的一系列问题,结合上海田子坊创意园区的调研,揭示了引发尴尬的根源:一,对新兴创意产业及其相关理论认识上的偏误;二,对"经济利益"的过度追逐;三,常态的保护规划与新兴的创意产业之间的不合辙。据此,提出了突破"尴尬"的方法,即寻找文化的新坐标,探寻遗产保护与创意产业联姻发展的规划创新制度。     

Urban amenities for creativity: An analysis of location drivers for photography studios in Nanjing,China

Urban amenities have been an increasing concern in recent scholarly discussion for their crucial role in promoting local economic development, especially for the rapid rise of the creative class. However, due to the Anglophone dominance in current discourse on this issue, the urban amenities for creativity in the particular context of China remain under-explored. This paper focuses on the location drivers for a specific sector of creative industries, photography studios, based at city level in Nanjing, China. It is suggested that urban amenities for creativity present great power to explain the spatial concentration of photography studios in the old downtown area of Nanjing. In general, photography entrepreneurship is closely associated with landscape amenities, leisure and networking amenities, and accessibility, whereas it is only slightly related to educational amenities. More specifically, the urban amenities for creativity for photography in Nanjing refer in particular to city gardens, cultural heritage, catering places, subway stations, locations which are relatively different from the attractions for creativity that are highlighted by the studies based in West. We therefore propose a contextualized and categorized approach for the urban policy of creative cities.     

工业遗产保护的功能定位与研究方法探索——以“汉阳造”文化创意产业园区为例

近年来,工业遗产的保护与开发已成为了热门话题,其中已有一些对于这类地块的功能定位和设计方法的探索。本文将以武汉市汉阳区“汉阳造”文化创意产业园区为例,通过对工业遗产功能定位的研究,进一步探讨这类城市设计的方法,并对“汉阳造”文化创意产业园区的未来发展提出一定的建议。     

近代城市文化遗产保护的理论与实践问题

分析了开展近代城市文化遗产保护研究的历史背景，阐述了当今开展这项研究的目的与意义。就如何推进城市文化遗产保护，科学建构城市文化遗产保护的体系框架提出了见解。     

城市公园生态系统文化服务的公众感知研究—以济南市主城区城市公园为例

城市公园作为连接人与自然生态系统的纽带,提供着重要的生态系统服务.研究不同使用者对生态系统文化服务的感知,对优化公园设计和提升服务质量具有重要的指导意义.以济南市主城区城市公园为例,利用重要性-满意度分析方法,研究了济南市本地居民与外地游客对城市公园文化服务的感知.从公众感知结果来看,主城区城市公园的教育和知识、文化遗...     

工业遗产推动城市可持续更新的杰出 案例：马萨诸塞州当代艺术博物馆 MASS MoCA

中国正面临工业遗产保护和城市可持续更新的双重挑战。分析美国工业遗产再利用与城市复兴相结合的成功案例——马萨诸塞州当代艺术博物馆MASS MoCA。MASS MoCA是通过当代艺术,推动位置偏远的中小型后工业城市成功转型为区域文化创意产业集群发展中心的经典案例。认为MASS MoCA成功的方法在于共享遗产理念下城市遗产与城市更新的相互促进,即基于价值共享、空间共享、利益共享下的可持续更新路径。MASS MoCA的案例研究将为我国以文化创意为导向的工业遗产再利用和中小型工业城市转型提供借鉴。     

天津发展创意城市的途径探讨——以近现代工业遗产为基点

天津是中国北方以工业起家的代表城市之一,在今天又走在了经济开发的最前沿．其面对的众多近现代工业遗产的去留问题．在这一时期显得尤为突出。在一个以创意经济为主要力量带动城市发展的国际大背景下,天津能否探索出一条契合自身发展的改革创新之路,能否在这样一个历史性时刻正确定位工业遗产的价值,能否寻求一条可实施的再利用之路,都是我们面对的紧迫课题。笔者就这一个论题展开探讨．望能够抛砖引玉引发更多学者的思考和关注。     

城市历史景观的启示——从“历史城区保护”到“城市发展框架下的城市遗产保护”

联合国教科文组织于2011年采纳了《关于城市历史景观的建议书》,在保存遗产和管理历史名城的创新方式上,城市历史景观方法被认为具有重要意义。城市历史景观是在近年世界各国城市所面临的城市发展挑战下而产生的新的城市遗产保护理念,它以所有城市遗产为保护对象,特别强调城市发展框架下的城市遗产保护,提出了将城市历史景观纳入地方发展进程和城市规划的手段和对策。城市历史景观方法为中国现在所面临的大量普通历史城区的保护提供了非常有益的参考。本文首先阐述城市历史景观的产生背景及其特点,之后以日本的景观法及东京都内某地区保护为例,论述城市遗产景观规划新实践的具体措施和特色。     

适地而生的老社区公共中心构建探索--以浦东新区白莲泾两侧地区城市设计为例

面对传统老社区如何构建公共中心的新问题,以浦东新区白莲泾两侧地区城市设计为例,对老社区公共中心构建进行了一次“立足本土居民、注重本土文化、依托本土空间”的探索性实践。规划秉承“适地而生”的设计思路,利用后世博旧区改造的契机,以唤回老浦东记忆为手段,重塑滨水空间为重点,创造性的融合了“莲溪岸、南码头、东堂屋”等3个体现历史与现代、本土与外来文化交融的城市意象,将白莲泾两侧地区打造成为后世博时代的“水岸会客新空间”,实现了区域文化的复兴,提升了地区公共服务品质,为上海其他滨水地区和老社区公共中心的建设提供了借鉴。     

“文化引导型”城市更新下的谢菲尔德的工业遗产保护

英国谢菲尔德市作为较早经历城市衰退和城市更新的城市,通过充分发掘工业遗产的无形与有形价值,把它当作提升城市文化的基本理念,进而推动城市更新和经济发展。从该城工业遗产保护与发展实践的手段和特色入手,促进可适性的旧空间再利用的融合方式,塑造文化生态型的工业文化景观的形象,实现可持续的文化创意产业的转型方向,推行多层次的政府管理机构的政策行动四个方面展开探讨。此模式为国内工业遗产保护、开发利用提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

GENTRIFICATION AND THE GRASSROOTS: POPULAR SUPPORT IN THE REVANCHIST SUBURB

Abstract: Most existing research on neighborhoods facing gentrification has portrayed residents as resistant or politically quiescent. Drawing from a year of fieldwork in Dundalk, MD, I argue that developers and the neoliberal state will probably find popular support for gentrification as they reinvest in the politically divided industrial suburbs of the United States. Local homeowners and community associations have emerged as gentrification supporters for three interrelated reasons. First, many of them have drawn from a resurgent national conservatism to explain decline as an effect of government subsidies and “people from the city;” their desire to reclaim suburban space—a “suburban revanchism”—although avoiding accusations of racism makes gentrification‐induced displacement appealing. Second, the rebirth of urban neighborhoods and other industrial suburbs provides visual evidence of gentrification's success. Third, the neoliberal state's retreat from social programs and its emphasis on private‐sector redevelopment allay suspicion of government and enable collaboration between the local state, developers, and homeowners. The redevelopment efforts of two local organizations illustrate how residents have become indispensable partners in Dundalk's emergent pro‐gentrification coalition.     

杭州运河旧工业建筑再利用的文化创意空间设计研究——以杭丝联166为例

随着城市化进程的推进,城市对新型空间的需求不断增长。近些年来,由于城市扩张有限,城市更新则成为城市新型空间开发的重要途径,这也使当下历史建筑保护与再利用成为城市发展的重要议题。杭州运河旧工业建筑的更新利用既是对杭州新型城市空间的一种开发也是对运河历史建筑的一种复兴。而运河旧工业建筑与更新再利用为文化创意空间,是工业遗产复兴的新模式。该文以杭州丝联166为例,从环境、美学、技术以及情感四个方面分析再利用的文化创意空间的设计要素,旨在为旧工业建筑再利用的文化创意空间设计方法提供更多的思路。