高密度居住区背景下的社区绿道建设实践 与思考：以上海市甘泉社区绿道为例

高密度居住区是亚洲许多城市广泛采用的一种居住 模式,但普遍存在诸多社会与环境问题。社区绿道在高密度城 市居住区内扮演着重要角色,它将居民与开放空间、基础设施 相连接,为居民提供日常休闲活动场所,在缓解社会与环境问 题中起着重要作用。首先,辨析高密度居住区背景下社区绿道 的内涵和特点,总结社区绿道在提升邻里聚居环境、完善绿色 基础设施、激活社区文化空间等方面的作用;其次,以上海市 甘泉社区绿道为例,探讨城市高密度居住区中的社区绿道实 践;最后,总结思考未来城市高密度居住区社区绿道建设的实 践方向。     

We Cannot Lose Rural Paradises Anymore—Building New Infrastructure for Quality Residential Tourism and Three Suggestions for Guilin Towards a World-Class Tourist City

With blessed assets in natural resources, cultural legacy, and climatic conditions, a number of regions throughout China are qualified as world-class residential tourism destinations. However, for years, single-purpose tourism-oriented development modes, extensive infrastructure construction, and generic land development strategies have irreversibly destroyed a large number of vernacular natural and cultural landscapes. The author holds that with the increased urbanization level, people’s growing demand for a good life and aesthetic opportunities will boost residential tourism in the near future. To seize the opportunities in current infrastructure construction, it is necessary to plan and build a new type of infrastructure system for vast areas of China where world-class tourist and residential destinations can be created based on vernacular natural and cultural landscapes, and to develop related rural land use strategies proactively. In this essay, the author proposes Three Suggestions to Achieve a World-Class Tourist City to the Guilin Municipal Government, and advocates that in the context of the upcoming infrastructure development and the ongoing rural revitalization, it is the time to build future world-class residential tourism destinations by constructing a new type of infrastructure system. These suggestions can also provide reference for decision-makers of other areas with the same potential.     

Transition of villages during urbanization as collective communities: A case study of Kunshan,China

China's villages as collective communities have been in drastic transition since the economic reform. Kunshan, a county in the dynamically growing Yangtze River Delta, serves as a case study to demonstrate how its villages progress in the path of urbanization with the tension between community endeavors managed by the collective and individual pursuits based on bottom-up initiatives. Community-initiated development tends to be socially inclusive to the locals, and there is observed spatial equality between village communities because of equal access to local opportunities. Mutual support within the community or collectivity built upon attachment and affiliation is crucial social capital binding the community together when it undertakes drastic social and economic changes. During the process of rural development, villages try to maintain their collectivity from collective agriculture to collective industrialization and further to collective land shareholding cooperatives in the context of progressive urbanization. Rural villagers are gradually becoming urbanites while remained connected to the village community services.     

前景理论视角下社会资本参与老旧小区增设电梯路径研究

社会资本参与对老旧住宅小区增设电梯工作推进具有重要意义,引导政府、小区居民和社会资本采用科学合理的策略,是吸引社会资本参与和提升合作效率的重要路径。以前景理论为支撑,以有限理性为前提,构建合作博弈收益感知矩阵,基于该矩阵对参与主体决策行为进行演化博弈分析,为参与主体的决策提供理论参考和改进建议。研究结果表明,小区居民意愿、政府的资金补贴和优惠政策、对低层小区居民赔偿、需求率等因素是影响参与主体决策的重要影响因素;提升小区居民意愿、需求率,科学的政府扶持,以及对低层小区居民进行赔偿有利于促进社会资本参与老旧住宅小区增设电梯的可持续发展。     

Rethinking the Cost of Traffic Congestion,Lessons from Melbourne's City Link Toll Roads

This article explores patterns of access to services, amenities and facilities in two neighbouring New Zealand cities. An area‐level indicator of community resource access, based on priorities identified by caregivers of young children, is analysed alongside census data to examine associations with community resource access in each city. Analysis reveals variations in resource access between the two cities that could not be solely explained by population density. Associations were found between resource access and patterns of deprivation, population density, age, and families with children. Of particular note was a positive association between areas of higher levels of resource access and areas of higher levels of deprivation within cities. There were, however, higher overall levels of resource access in the city with a less deprived profile. These findings support action by both central and local government to ensure equitable resource distribution to promote local well‐being.     

Who gets to what? Access to community resources in two New Zealand cities

This article explores patterns of access to services, amenities and facilities in two neighbouring New Zealand cities. An area-level indicator of community resource access, based on priorities identified by caregivers of young children, is analysed alongside census data to examine associations with community resource access in each city. Analysis reveals variations in resource access between the two cities that could not be solely explained by population density. Associations were found between resource access and patterns of deprivation, population density, age, and families with children. Of particular note was a positive association between areas of higher levels of resource access and areas of higher levels of deprivation within cities. There were, however, higher overall levels of resource access in the city with a less deprived profile. These findings support action by both central and local government to ensure equitable resource distribution to promote local well-being.     

Melbourne—Is there Life after Florida?1

This article reports on participation in local community groups from a postal survey of residents of four socio-economically contrasting suburbs in metropolitan Adelaide. A hierarchical logistic regression model was fitted to examine the socio-economic and neighbourhood-related determinants of participation in community groups within the local neighbourhood. In the final model, higher level of education, being female, longer length living in the neighbourhood, not being employed full time and having children under age 15 were significantly associated with local community group participation. Perceived social cohesion and higher ratings for local shops and recreational facilities were also associated with an increased likelihood of local community group participation. The implications for policies and initiatives that are designed to build ‘social capital’ within neighbourhoods are discussed.     

基于DEMATEL-ISM的社会资本参与老旧小区改造项目影响因素分析

为了促进社会资本积极参与老旧小区改造项目,加快推进城市更新,在研究各省老旧小区改造政策并结合实地调研基础上,构建影响社会资本参与老旧小区改造的影响因素体系,通过决策实验室法（DEMATEL）耦合解释结构模型（ISM）对因素体系进行分析,确定影响社会资本参与改造的根源影响因素及因素之间的层级结构和影响路径。结果显示:影响因素划分为5个层级,政府激励力度及合作模式是影响社会资本参与改造的根源影响因素;中心度排名前三的影响因素分别是法律法规健全程度、市场准入门槛及市场机制。并提出加大政府激励力度、建立多种合作模式及适当降低市场准入门槛等促进社会资本参与老旧小区改造项目的建议,为加快全面推进城镇老旧小区建设提供参考。     

新城市街区营造——都江堰灾后重建项目"壹街区"的规划设计思想与方法

城市新区开发与建设的现状不得不令规划师反思.特别是那些在几年内建成的大规模居住区,其建成以后并没有能在较短的时间内形成具有活力的地区.除了选址、交通和配套设施之外,还有更本质层面的问题需要规划师去思考.以都江堰"壹街区"规划项目的实践为基础,以营造城市街区的方式尝试去解答这类新居住区规划与设计层面的几大问题.     

Predicting residential ozone deficits from nearby traffic

Oxides of nitrogen in fresh traffic exhaust are known to scavenge ambient ozone. However, there has only been little study of local variation in ozone resulting from variation in vehicular traffic patterns within communities. Homes of 78 children were selected from a sample of participants in 3 communities in the southern California Children's Health Study. Twenty-four hour ozone measurements were made simultaneously at a home and at a community central site monitor on two occasions between February and November 1994. Homes were geo-coded, and local residential nitrogen oxides (NOx) above regional background due to nearby traffic at each participant's home were estimated using a line source dispersion model. Measured home ozone declined in a predictable manner as modeled residential NOx increased. NOx modeled from local traffic near homes accounted for variation in ozone concentrations of as much as 17 parts per billion. We conclude that residential ozone concentrations may be over- or underestimated by measurements at a community monitor, depending on the variation in local traffic in the community. These findings may have implications for studies of health effects of traffic-related pollutants.     

'Dig In' to Social Capital: Community Gardens as Mechanisms for Growing Urban Social Connectedness

This article reports on research undertaken with members of a Melbourne urban community garden to explore the extent to which such a natural amenity provides opportunities for enhancing social capital. It is apparent even from this small qualitative study that membership of 'Dig In' community garden offers many benefits to its members. These benefits include increased social cohesion (the sharing of values enabling identification of common aims and the sharing of codes of behaviour governing relationships), social support (having people to turn to in times of crisis) and social connections (the development of social bonds and networks). However, the study indicates that, at least in the early stages of development, such benefits do not necessarily extend beyond the garden setting. This raises a question about the time required to develop high levels of social capital, and points to the need for further research into 'time' and 'space' aspects of community gardens.     

Everyday life patterns and social segregation of expatriate women in globalizing Asian cities: cases of Shanghai and Seoul

Shanghai’s ‘planned’ and Seoul’s ‘evolved’ expatriate communities represent contrasting approaches to housing the highly skilled professionals and their families. The study shows how the two distinctive environments produce different spatial patterns in everyday life, and also how they affect the social segregation of the expatriate women in the two cities. Shanghai’s gated compound entails an introverted, self-contained lifestyle with little contact with the local people. Seoul’s naturally evolved community is integrated with local neighborhoods leading to the wider range of daily destinations and more everyday contact with local people. Although the inter-expat social relations appear stronger within Shanghai’s walled residential areas, the daily interaction with host city locals is more pronounced in Seoul’s mixed foreign quarters. The study suggests that, among expats and locals, residential form which allows small-scale, everyday routine social interactions may be more conducive to building a sense of community in increasingly globalizing Asian urban centers.     

Urban Consolidation: Beyond the Rhetoric

Abstract

This paper addresses the question of urban consolidation within the context of the Perth Metropolitan Area in Western Australia. Findings from one western suburbs survey of residents' attitudes towards higher density residential development indicate high levels of community disapproval towards the prospect of increased residential densities. These findings, together with others drawn from similar surveys, suggest that local governments and urban planners need to pay much greater consideration to factors such as suburban character and residential stability when scheduling areas for increased residential development.     

‘Dig In’ to Social Capital: Community Gardens as Mechanisms for Growing Urban Social Connectedness

This article reports on research undertaken with members of a Melbourne urban community garden to explore the extent to which such a natural amenity provides opportunities for enhancing social capital. It is apparent even from this small qualitative study that membership of ‘Dig In’ community garden offers many benefits to its members. These benefits include increased social cohesion (the sharing of values enabling identification of common aims and the sharing of codes of behaviour governing relationships), social support (having people to turn to in times of crisis) and social connections (the development of social bonds and networks). However, the study indicates that, at least in the early stages of development, such benefits do not necessarily extend beyond the garden setting. This raises a question about the time required to develop high levels of social capital, and points to the need for further research into ‘time’ and ‘space’ aspects of community gardens.     

Integrating “standard” residents into “non-standard” communities: a longitudinal analysis of social capital in a new urbanist development

This article examines how levels of social capital in a new urbanist community change over time. We collected demographic and social capital data in a new urbanist community in 2001 and then again in 2010. The findings indicate that this community experienced an overall decline in social capital over this nine-year period. Additionally, we found that while residents new to the community were less concerned with social capital than long-term residents in the community, the latter group had also declined significantly in their levels of social capital. Overall, the results suggest that planners of new urbanist and other intentional communities should consider the impact of changing demographics when designing new subdivisions. Most importantly, residents and community leaders need to consider alternative means by which social capital can be retained as new residents are integrated into established communities.     

“It wasn’t about public housing,it was about the way it was done”: challenging planning not people in resisting the Nation Building Economic Stimulus Plan,Australia

In response to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 the Australian Federal Government introduced the Nation Building Economic Stimulus Plan (NBESP) to halt possible descent into recession. The NBESP mobilised a number of economic triggers, such as family and business payments. However, the bulk of funds were allocated to large capital works programs focused on building educational infrastructure and new sociaxl housing. This paper explores the planning and delivery of the Social Housing Initiative (SHI) in New South Wales. The SHI rests at the centre of a series of complex and competing objectives of the Federal government responding to global economic conditions, State governments operating within timeline and budget constraints established by the Federal government, and councils and residents responding to local contexts. Global economic conditions acted as the catalyst for the most significant expenditure on social housing in decades. Nevertheless, support for construction was far from universal as a series of localised conflicts arose around the planning and implementation of the SHI. Using a series controversial development sites, this paper traces community and council concerns over social housing provided under the NBESP. These positions are contrasted by State government employees charged with implementing the program. The paper explores the major areas of local concern. What is apparent is that communities opposed to social housing development mobilised complex points and modes of resistance which extend beyond NIMBYism and anti-social housing rhetoric. This resistance encompass concerns around planning processes, urban design, local democracy, infrastructure provision and the character of place.     

Why and How Urban Residents Resisted a Proposed Gas-Fired Power Station

New urban infrastructure including lower-carbon energy facilities are increasingly met with community resistance during the public participation phase of planning. Resistance can confound the implementation of government climate change and energy policies. A qualitative case study using social capital and place-attachment analytical lenses is conducted to build knowledge about the social factors involved in a Canberra community's resistance to a gas-fired power station. Analysis reveals that while social capital explains how resistance occurred, a threatened disruption to place attachment explains why. We conclude that public participation processes informed by community social capital and place attachment characteristics would help developers and planners pre-empt resistance.     

雅——人居经典，优雅生活

住宅是形成城市面貌的基底．量大面广,极大影响了城市空间形态的性格和品位。城市在建设标志性建筑,经营商业街区的同时,期待着更多的住宅社区能够成为人居经典”安得广厦千万家”。住宅是昂贵的商品．承载了多少家庭对美好生活的梦想,人民渴望安定身心．优雅生活。     

The contribution of human and social capital to building community well-being: a research agenda relating to citizen participation in local governance in Australia

This paper discusses the interrelationships between concepts such as human and social capital, community well-being, citizen participation, community capacity building and community engagement. Working from this discussion a research agenda is presented relating to citizen participation in local governance with particular emphasis on the role of local government in building human and social capital, thereby contributing to the well-being of communities.     

The contribution of human and social capital to building community well-being: a research agenda relating to citizen participation in local governance in Australia

This paper discusses the interrelationships between concepts such as human and social capital, community well-being, citizen participation, community capacity building and community engagement. Working from this discussion a research agenda is presented relating to citizen participation in local governance with particular emphasis on the role of local government in building human and social capital, thereby contributing to the well-being of communities.