The SEQ Regional Landscape Framework: Is Practice Ahead of Theory?

Current research into the peri-urbanisation associated with the rapid population growth of preferred Australian metropolitan regions has shown that their landscape values are put at risk and the region's quality of life (QoL) and the community's standards of liveability are consequently threatened. Whilst the concept of a landscape framework as an analytical, policy and management tool has general acceptance, there appears to be few if any working examples where this concept has been operationalised. To date, the conventional approaches utilised by regional planning agencies and local government have not been able to deliver the necessary tools to incorporate the essential landscape planning principles let alone planning processes to address the regional landscape values at risk in the peri-urban areas of rapidly growing regions. However, promising initiatives have emerged from allied planning fields such as landscape planning. Despite shortcomings in the theoretical development of this conceptual framework, a regional landscape framework has been incorporated into the recently released SEQ Regional Plan 2005-2026, a statutory planning instrument for the South East Queensland (SEQ) region, Australia's fastest growing metropolitan region. Whilst it is conceivable that in the SEQ case, practice may be ahead of theory, there is now an imperative to develop this framework in a manner that it can be utilised as a regional policy framework and as an integrating instrument to address the values of regional landscapes including the range of existing and emerging rural values of the critical urban-rural interface.     

英国乡村区域可持续发展的景观方法与工具

景观概念为解读乡村景观、思考其多功能与可持续的未来提供了综合整体的、可操作的框架、方法与工具。景观视角下的乡村区域,具有多元价值,涉及多个尺度、多元利益主体,其变化的管理是错综复杂的。聚焦英国乡村政策的景观转向以及创新的景观方法与工具,尤其是景观特征评估(LCA)的发展与应用。对英国乡村规划管理相关政策的需求与趋势,面临的问题与挑战,以及对新方法的探索历程进行系统的梳理与分析。多功能主义、景观概念的重构,以及景观特征评估的发展为乡村区域变化的规划管理提供了新的思想与方法,使我们得以迈向一个广泛、综合的乡村景观规划体系。     

Planning Rural-Urban Landscapes: Railways and Countryside Urbanisation in South-West Flanders,Belgium (1830–1930)

In the international literature on today’s urban condition, Flanders is presented as prime example of urban sprawl, generally described as unplanned incremental development induced by the quantum leap of private car ownership. The research on rural-urban landscapes in south-west Flanders qualifies and substantiates this assertion by analysing pre-war keystone processes of infrastructure planning in relation to land-use patterns and landscape transformations. The research reveals that not only the development of rural-urban landscapes reaches back far beyond the welfare state, fuelled by railways prior to highways, but also shows that the supposedly chaotic hybrid landscape has its roots in drawn-out landscape ideologies inscribed in public works policy. The analysis—which crosses the divides between disciplines (landscape and infrastructure planning), concepts (rural-urban, modern-traditional), and geographical scales (national, regional, local)—reveals consistently planned mechanisms of public works policy and landscape change underlying both the diffuse regional urbanisation patterns and local landscape transformations, which are generally perceived as spontaneous or vernacular developments. Infrastructure planning facilitated a spatial organisation that attributed centrality to the transport network rather than the metropolis, and that conceived a resilient infrastructure framework rather than a stylistic spatial constellation in order to steer and geographically root heterogeneous modernisation processes within the landscape.     

美国都市公园系统之父——查尔斯·埃里奥特

查尔斯·埃里奥特在美国风景园林发展史上具有重要地位.在以自然系统为基础,并获法律承认的美国首个风景园林区域规划--波士顿地区公园体系规划为代表的项目实践中,他在3个方面作出了巨大贡献:自然景观保护、景观系统思想和调查-分析-规划的理性规划方法,这3方面的规划设计思想被广泛应用于今天的公园设计、社区开发、新城规划、区域规划等土地利用规划的各个方面,影响深远,被称为美国都市公园系统之父.     

Optimising rural land health: From landscape policy to community land use decision-making

Implementation of sustainable landscape policy directions can be held back by various constraints. These limitations may include: an absence of reliable integrated landscape character predictions, unproductive tensions arising from poorly informed public and institutional debate, low levels of political resolve due to uncertainty, and limitations on program and project design due to either inadequate availability, or ineffective use of ecological and social data. The need for new methodologies to speed the attainment of sustainable land use is pressing when considered in the context of information indicating that the condition of the world's ecosystems remains in decline. This decline is measurable by the changes in ecosystem services. Taking an ecosystem services view offers an opportunity to address some of the limitations noted earlier. The ecosystem services concept links natural resource management more clearly to the broader functionality of natural systems. Ecosystem services like clean water, productive soils and distinct flora and fauna are generated or maintained by healthy functioning ecosystems. Dwelling on these services and the practices that alter them defines the reasons for natural resource management. Modelling these ecosystems and their services is the key way to understanding these relationships. The utilisation of land use modelling methods to inform, and be informed by community and stakeholder landscape preferences, represents a potential step forward in the evolution of approaches to deliver sustainable landscape policy objectives. This paper presents a summary of examples of a multi-criteria land use optimisation technique that has been used to envision land use combinations most likely to achieve sustainable landscapes in Germany. A number of the sustainable landscape principles arising from Victoria's rural land stewardship project, such as use of an ecosystem services framework to better inform long-term land use planning along with calls to better connect community input to landscape function and land use decisions, are also considered.     

Exploring the concept of green infrastructure in urban landscape. Experiences from Italy,Canada and Finland

Several disciplines, such as landscape architecture, species conservation and water management, have contributed to the advancement of knowledge of Green Infrastructure (GI). However, doubts remain on the best approach to embed the concept of GI and related components in planning policies and practice. This paper presents a literature review of the scientific and policy frameworks of GI as well as the knowledge gap that exists between academics and practitioners. Furthermore, a discourse analysis of planning documents was conducted in the metropolitan regions of Milan, Montreal and Helsinki. The three metropolitan regions are challenging new forms of cooperation between academics and practitioners. The results show that while studies on GI are used to support planning strategies, they struggle to address spatial, landscape and environmental issues at the local scale. Closer interdisciplinary cooperation between academics, as well as between academics and practitioners, can help to find new approaches to urban landscape.     

山西省太原市晋源区乡村风景特质识别

【目的】村庄规划是国土空间规划体系中乡村发展的重要依据,目前村庄规划存在规划理念、方法不完善等问题。以风景特质识别为理论和方法体系,探索有利于村庄分类指导目标的乡村风景特质识别方法。【方法】以山西省太原市晋源区为例,即通过系统分类,对不同乡村区域村庄提供规划设计引导。适应性调整了乡村风景特质识别的3步程序：风景特质图谱绘制、风景特质图谱信息分析、乡村风景保护利用对策制定。绘制晋源区乡村风景特质图谱,并对其进行分析。【结果】形成了晋源区乡村风景特质图谱,并以风景特质区域为分类依据提出了晋源区乡村保护及利用建议。【结论】乡村风景特质识别对乡村的分类指导、开发强度、保护利用模式等具有一定借鉴作用。在后续研究中,相关理论及技术方法等仍需深入探索。     

Defining coherence for landscape planning and management: a regional landscape strategy for North West England

The range of environmental activity in the North West of England is as diverse as its landscapes. These embrace some of the finest, but also some of the most degraded, landscapes in the UK; to date however, there has been no overall co‐ordination of initiatives aimed at their protection and rehabilitation. The emergence of regional planning guidance, a regional economic strategy and the agenda of sustainable development demands a more integrative, strategic approach to environmental action. This paper details the development of a regional landscape strategy which seeks to provide the connection between action at the regional and the neighbourhood levels through the co‐ordination, reinforcement and innovation of environmental activity. The regional landscape strategy provides a focus around which the interests of public, private and voluntary bodies can coalesce and a medium for the articulation of policy aspirations relating to the sustainable planning and management of landscapes.     

Defining coherence for landscape planning and management: a regional landscape strategy for North West England

The range of environmental activity in the North West of England is as diverse as its landscapes. These embrace some of the finest, but also some of the most degraded, landscapes in the UK; to date however, there has been no overall co-ordination of initiatives aimed at their protection and rehabilitation. The emergence of regional planning guidance, a regional economic strategy and the agenda of sustainable development demands a more integrative, strategic approach to environmental action. This paper details the development of a regional landscape strategy which seeks to provide the connection between action at the regional and the neighbourhood levels through the co-ordination, reinforcement and innovation of environmental activity. The regional landscape strategy provides a focus around which the interests of public, private and voluntary bodies can coalesce and a medium for the articulation of policy aspirations relating to the sustainable planning and management of landscapes.     

论中国乡村景观及乡村景观规划

在快速发展的城市发展过程中，乡村景观研究是景观科学和景观规划研究的一个前沿领域，该文运用景观规划学，景观地理学和景观生态学的综合观点，系统探讨了乡村景观，乡村景观规划的概念，乡村景观规划的原则和意义，并在此基础上进一步探讨了现阶段我国乡村景观意象，景观适宜地带，景观功能区，田园公园与主题景观和人类聚居环境等乡村景观规划的核心。     

The role and evolution of boundary concepts in transdisciplinary landscape planning

In this paper we address two challenges that are faced by scientists who engage in transdisciplinary landscape planning. In building a common understanding and application of the knowledge they bring in, they face the need to integrate knowledge from a range of scientific disciplines to create comprehensive solutions, while aligning the diverging values and perspectives on the future of involved actors. Boundary management has been proposed as a strategy to support the decision-making of actors by reconfiguring the boundaries between different forms of academic and non-academic expertise and between facts and opinions, interests and values. In this paper we investigate how landscape concepts can play a role as a boundary concept in transdisciplinary landscape planning. By analysing three Dutch case studies, we conclude that collective views and coordinated actions within the local planning groups grew during the planning process. We argue that the characteristics of the landscape concepts contributed to this emerging collaboration by creating a discursive space for actors with different values and knowledge bases. We find that this role evolved during the planning process, from conceptually binding, via broadening the planning focus and the coalition, towards facilitating the implementation of collective action to adapt the landscape. Thus, whereas in the early phases of the planning process the concept linked landscape value to landscape functioning, later on it connected landscape functioning to landscape structure.     

畅倚山林、乐享竞技——贵阳奥林匹克体育中心景观设计

以贵州的地域文化为设计创作的源泉,景观规划尊重自然、现状、文脉,尊重场地已有肌理,传承地方历史文脉。从城市尺度的景观空间布局,到微观尺度的景观细部设计,充分研究与分析了建筑与现状环境、城市空间、场地尺度、地域文脉的关系,很好的实现了设计理念从宏观景观规划到微观景观设计的一致性和贯穿性。     

新型城镇化发展趋势下乡村景观规划的构成要素研究——以江苏省地区部分乡村为例

传统的乡村景观环境有自然之美。新型城镇化虽然是当前乡村的发展趋势,但不应以粗暴的方式干预乡村景观环境规划,应从自然环境、地域文化以及景观聚落形态三个方面促进乡村景观良性发展。这三个方面也是乡村景观规划的继承传统文化、发展区域产业经济、提升村民生活品质的重要保障。     

大尺度景观规划项目的实施保障机制 研究——以珠三角绿道网为例

大尺度景观规划项目是涉及多方利益的社会-生态 实践,需要强有力的保障机制。珠江三角洲绿道网作为区域性 生态实践的典范,为大尺度景观规划项目的开展积累了宝贵经 验。目前尚缺乏对珠三角绿道网规划实施及建设保障机制形成 过程的研究,因而限制了该项目建设经验的推广。通过对珠三 角绿道网发展过程中的关键工作文件进行梳理,认为该项目实 施保障体系包括规划文件、技术文件、管理文件和地图汇编, 涵盖了规划设计、建设、管护和成果推广工作,有助于项目的 顺利建设、长效管理和效益发挥。最后,指出珠三角绿道网实 施保障体系应完善法规的制定和建设成果的推广,其中,主管 部门是影响项目实施效果的重要因素。从成功的生态实践案例 中为大尺度景观规划项目的实施保障体系总结出指导性框架, 在实践层面具有重要意义。     

Ecological and social evaluation of landscape in a rural area with terraced paddies in southwestern Japan

Since the 1960s, improving socio-economic conditions in rural Japan have led to the rise in man-made or man-shaped landscapes, which has in turn resulted in formerly abundant species becoming endangered. In order to conserve biodiversity in rural areas, former agricultural landscapes must be conserved. The problem is that ecologically appropriate landscapes are not always compatible with the needs of local residents or land owners. Prior to carrying out any particular conservation measures, regional landscape management must consider both ecological and social approaches and present acceptable approach-specific management goals in an open and transparent manner. This study, undertaken in the Ohaga district of southwestern Japan, a typical rural area with terraced paddy fields, sought to develop a framework for evaluating regional resources from a landscape ecology perspective. Monitoring the temporal change of landscape structures and vegetation revealed the presence of habitats, such as the pine forest and grasslands bordering the rice paddies, which harbour specific plant species or populations, some now endangered. From a social standpoint, questionnaires revealed that local inhabitants wanted landscape management options which would conserve the pine forest, paddy fields and levee grasslands. Local farmers thought that the landscape should be used and managed as a rural park, rather than for agricultural purposes. These desirable landscape element types can serve as targets for conservation, but ultimately a new system of agricultural management must be developed to sustain the rural landscape.     

“美丽乡村”建设背景下的乡村景观规划设计方法研究——以桂林市阳朔县新寨村景观规划设计为例

相比城市,乡村在交通、经济、技术、意识等诸多层面上落后很多,乡村景观规划设计在客观上具有极大的挑战性,城乡一体化作为新型城镇化的核心内容,将乡村建设提到了非常重要的位置、“美丽乡村”的理念为新时代的乡村建设提供了新的内涵．走访调查了解乡村景观规划设计的现状和问题,通过景观规划实例分析,并结合相关的理论加以归纳,提炼出符合“美丽乡村”内涵的乡村景观规划设计方法     

陆海统筹视角下海岸带界定的景观方法 与工具：基于英格兰SCA实践研究

当前,中国海岸带界定体系尚不完善,海岸带保护与利用之间的矛盾尤为严峻,亟待探索适用于国土空间规划背景下海岸带界定的综合方法与工具。景观的跨尺度性、整体性与综合性为理解海岸带提供了新的途径。在系统梳理国际海岸带界定方法的基础上,总结了英格兰海景特征评估工具在多尺度海岸带界定工作中的创新应用与实践,即SCA方法可为落实不同尺度海岸带的核心目标提供相适宜的空间范围,其划分结果纵向可为不同层级海岸带政策的联动提供实体媒介,横向可建立跨陆海界面的空间与视觉链接,为海岸带保护与利用提供了综合的信息背景与空间框架,以期为我国国土空间规划体系下海岸带边界界定提供参考。     

结合专业知识背景的城乡规划专业植物景观课程内容设计——以北京林业大学为例

园林植物是构建城市生态或区域风貌的重要内容之一,也是城乡规划从业者需要掌握的基础知识。但传统城乡规划教学体系尚未对此模块有较为完善的设置。以北京林业大学为例,从城乡规划植物景观课程的变迁和实践探索入手,结合课题项目与教学经验,不断改进课程设置。以期从城乡规划知识背景为出发点,通过对“城乡规划植物景观”课程教学组织的优化,达到加强学生对树种类型及空间分布、植物生境及生长状态、树种类型与文化背景、居民生活与优势种植、历史发展与城市变迁以及植物景观与区域风貌等方面的认知和应用能力,实现从课堂教学到实践应用的转化。     

中国国家公园自然教育规划理念与 框架

中国已正式设立5处国家公园,自然教育直接响应国家公园三大理念,是联系国民和国家公园的最重要纽带,将成为国家公园设立后的重要工作之一,亟待构建相关规划框架。系统回顾了中国国家公园的自然教育规划探索和世界代表性国家的国家公园自然教育与生态体验发展历程,总结了其经验与不足。辨析了生态体验、自然教育的相关国际通用术语,提出中国国家公园自然教育的定义和内涵。在此基础上,提出中国国家公园自然教育三大规划理念、5点规划思路,提出了前置分析、生态体验规划、解说教育规划、管控规划和保障规划五大板块的规划流程及其技术方法。明晰了中国国家公园自然教育的性质和定位,提出了规划框架构想,对于政策制定、相关研究与实践具有借鉴意义。     

布景·在场·共享：滨水工业遗产作为 城市景观的演进

从景观体验的角度,探讨滨水工业遗产体验方式的演变,及其对景观设计手法的影响。基于历史研究、类型学和案例比较的方法,提出滨水工业遗产作为城市景观的演进有3个阶段:布景-在场-共享。布景式的如画"景观"与在场式的体验"观景",是滨水工业遗产景观体验中相互交织的2条重要线索。进入信息时代,虚实交互的"共享"成为滨水工业遗产新的体验方式,改变了空间认知、组织和形式的塑造。通过对景观体验演化的技术驱动、价值转换和空间特征进行剖析,为设计师在处理滨水工业遗产景观体验方式和景观设计方法提供新的思路。