周期轧管变形区中轧件宽度的确定

<正> 周期轧管变形区中,轧件宽度是否与轧辊孔型宽度(主要与孔型半径及开口角有关,见图1)相适应直接影响到轧出钢管的质量。如果孔型宽度(开口角)比实际轧件宽度小,变形金属就会挤入辊缝内形成“耳子”,有“耳子”的毛管翻转90°进行下一次轧制时,钢管外表面就会形成周期性分布的轧制外折;如果孔型宽度比轧件宽度大,则金属的延伸变形不佳,钢管横向壁厚不均程度就会加剧。以我厂216周期轧管车间为例,1972—1973年期间轧制φ168及φ180钢管时,由于原设计轧辊孔型宽度变化与轧件宽度不相适应,     

叶片辊轧过程动力学仿真研究

研究了不同辊轧参数对叶片辊轧过程中应力、应变、金属流动规律的影响情况.建立了叶片轧制过程的力学模型,分析了叶片在塑性变形区内摩擦系数、轧制速度、压下量对轧制应力、应变的影响;利用Pro/E对叶片模具复杂曲面进行建模,再利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了叶片辊轧系统的动力学模型,将上、下模座作为刚体、叶片作为多段线性弹塑性材料模型处理,分析了叶片在辊轧过程中摩擦系数等辊轧参数对轧制力的影响.研究结果表明:由于表面层摩擦力的限制,叶片表面金属流动速度比中间层低,而产生不均匀变形;叶片曲率变化对叶片轧制应力应变有着直接影响,最大应力、应变主要集中在叶背弧面斜率较大位置处,并且轧件的轧制应力、应变随着摩擦系数的增大而增大,轧制力随着轧制速度和压下量的增加而增加.     

箔带轧机辊缝中力场的有限元计算

对金属轧制过程的弹塑性变形作了深入的分析,将箔带轧机辊系结构视为三维多体接触问题,运用有限元法求出辊缝中力场的分布规律和轧后轧件断面形状,计算结果与实测结果相吻合。     

40Cr凸轮轧槽不变轧制工艺的研究

针对凸轮常见生产方法存在的材料利用率过低、产量低、生产周期长等问题,尝试了轧制成形工艺。基于DEFORM刚塑性有限元法建立了凸轮轧槽不变,只改变辊缝的多道次轧制过程的三维有限元模型。模拟分析总延伸系数不同时轧件的孔型充满度,确定出最佳轧制道次为2;分析坯料直径不同时轧件的孔型充满度及变形均匀性,确定出最佳坯料直径为Φ72 mm。在Ф160 mm×200 mm两辊轧机上验证了在最佳轧制道次和坯料直径下,40Cr凸轮的轧槽不变轧制成形工艺。实验得到轧件横截面组织分布与模拟应变分布规律一致,证明了模拟结果的准确性。     

H型钢X-H轧制中R处缺陷的研究

采用有限元数值模拟法研究了H型钢在X-H轧制中万能孔型轧辊的磨损规律,发现,H型钢R处的折叠和刮丝是由于腹板和翼缘变形不均匀从而造成内侧金属流动所致.若水平辊R尺寸过小,轧制件的金属流动将剧烈,致使平辊R处侧面过度磨损,上部出现棱角,下部出现凹槽,后者使轧件金属凸出,再次轧制时就会产生折叠和刮丝.采用双R机构的水平辊,能有效防止轧制件产生折叠和刮丝现象.     

热连轧带钢立-平辊多道次轧制热力耦合三维有限元模拟

对热连轧Q345B窄带钢精轧立-平辊多道次轧制进行了三维热力耦合有限元模拟,分析了轧制过程中轧件温度场、等效应力-应变场及轧件表面特征点流动规律。结果表明,模拟计算的带钢断面中心点温度及平轧各道次稳态轧制压力与实测值吻合良好;宽度方向轧件边、角部与中心温差较大是导致边部金属应变不协调,上翻至带钢边部表面的主要原因;轧件角、边部由于冷缩效应存在一定拉应力,会影响轧件角部缺陷的愈合或扩展;采用立辊侧压调宽对轧件边部减薄和翻平宽展可能造成的边部缺陷有明显的改善作用。表面节点位置变化规律可为现场轧制生产中轧件边部缺陷的溯源分析提供便利。     

立辊调宽热粗轧过程三维有限元模拟

采用非线性有限元软件MARC,通过三维弹塑性热-机耦合的方法模拟了低碳钢板六道次粗轧过程,分析了粗轧过程中板坯边角部金属的流动趋势、轧件表面等效应力-应变及温度场的分布规律。模拟结果表明,在立辊调宽工艺条件下,轧件边角部金属向板坯表面流动,在原始边角部位置表现出低温、高应力应变规律,是产生裂纹翘皮等缺陷的高危区。     

入口侧辊板非对称接触轧制时的变形效应

针对中厚板轧制时前端部板形翘曲这一生产中常见的技术问题，在轧机上通过静态压缩，轧制试验，观察，分析了入口侧辊板非对称接触对轧制过程的影响，探讨了轧制时变形区几何形状系数l/h对轧件前端部翘曲的影响规律，指出入口侧辊板非对称接触轧制时，金属沿高向变形与流动，应力分布呈非对称状态，使金属沿高向上的纵向流动不均匀，这是导致轧件出辊缝后前端部翘曲的主要因素之一。     

楔横轧大断面收缩率轧制轴向金属流动特点

利用三维有限元数值模拟方法,对楔横轧大断面收缩率和常规断面收缩率轧件金属的轴向流动进行了对比分析,发现大断面收缩率轧制件的轴向金属流动有其自身特点:由于轧制接触区面积较大,所受摩擦阻力也就较大,因而在轧制接触区内形成较大的金属难变形区,使轧制过程中轧制接触区范围内表层金属轴向流动滞后于心部较多,脱离轧制接触区后表层金属轴向流动超前于心部。     

极薄带最小可轧厚度研究新进展

最小可轧厚度是轧制理论中的一个经典问题,轧件厚度逐渐减小到接近一个极限,而不能再继续减薄。异步轧制引入了异速比的概念,轧件因上下表面摩擦力不同而产生搓轧作用,使金属更容易变形,此时是否还有最小可轧厚度需要进一步研究。实验发现,搓轧区比例是影响最小可轧厚度的关键参数,在此基础上推导了异步轧制条件下的最小可轧厚度新公式。并指出接近全搓轧时,最小可轧厚度可趋近于0;是否能达到,取决于轧制过程是否因裂纹、孔洞、褶皱等原因导致的断带而终止。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.