AZ31B镁合金轴对称件单点无模温渐进成形新工艺规律

研究并掌握镁合金板材在不同工艺参数条件下的渐进成形规律对完善镁合金单点温渐进成形工艺有着重要的理论和实际应用价值。以变锥角圆台件为研究对象,以有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA为工具,以成形件的等效应力、减薄率和板厚变化为研究指标,研究了不同工艺参数:成形温度、摩擦条件和工具头直径对AZ31B镁合金板材单点温渐进成形的影响。结果表明:在成形温度为250℃,静摩擦系数为0.2、动摩擦系数为0.1,工具头直径在10~12 mm范围内,AZ31B镁合金板材具有良好的单点渐进成形性能。     

AZ31B镁合金板热渐进成形的精度研究

成形精度差是限制单点渐进成形发展的重要因素,针对单点渐进成形技术难以实现对材料高温处理再加工的问题,提出一种基于液体介质加热的单点渐进成形方法,并通过依次提高温度的方法,探索了适合进行AZ31B镁合金板料单点渐进成形的实验温度。同时,研究了在该温度下采用单点渐进成形方法加工AZ31B镁合金方锥件时,成形角对精度的影响。结果表明:液体介质加热的方法对单点渐进成形有效,在加热油温达到200℃时能够完成镁合金板料的单点渐进成形过程;方锥成形件的精度影响分两种形式——侧壁鼓凸和棱边回弹,并且随成形角的增大,侧壁鼓凸和棱边回弹的回弹量都减小。     

超声振动因子对镁合金单点渐进成形板材性能影响规律研究

研究并掌握施加超声振动后镁合金板材在各成形参数下的成形规律,对解决温渐进成形带来的材料受热不均、随着温度的改变润滑薄膜在局部高温下引起的粘着、模具强度和寿命随温度升高而降低等问题,完善镁合金超声振动单点渐进成形工艺有着重要的理论和实际应用价值。以方锥盒形件为研究对象,以最大剪切应力、减薄率和成形精度为指标,分析不同参数:工具头尺寸、板厚和振幅对镁合金板材超声振动单点渐进成形性能的影响。结果表明:施加超声振动后,最大剪切应力和最大减薄率均有明显的降低,成形精度有明显的提高且在工具头直径D=10 mm,板厚h=1.0～1.3 mm,振幅A/2=0.04 mm,成形性能改善最为明显。     

AZ31B镁合金方盒形件的差温拉深成形

以AZ31B镁合金方盒形件差温拉深成形过程为研究对象,进行了单向拉伸试验,确定了本构方程中的有关参数;依据差温拉深成形的特点,对影响AZ31B镁合金方盒形件拉深成形效果的重要指标进行了数值模拟,确定了最佳的凸模和凹模温度组合为50℃和250℃,并通过试验进行了验证;对较优温度组合条件下所得的试件进行了相关区域的金相组织分析,结果表明,塑性变形后的AZ31B镁合金方盒形件的组织性能明显优于原始板料,差温导致的孪晶可有效提高成形深度。     

基于BP神经网络的单点渐进成形回弹预测

通过数值模拟与BP神经网络对单点渐进成形AZ31B镁合金方锥件的回弹进行了预测。首先采用ABAQUS数值模拟软件对方锥件成形过程进行了模拟,研究了成形角、成形温度、压下量对板料侧壁和底部的回弹的影响。再通过正交试验获取不同参数组合下的回弹数据并作为样本数据,在MATLAB软件中对BP神经网络进行训练,将预测结果与实验结果进行了对比。     

基于响应曲面法的AZ31B镁合金油浴加热渐进成形性研究

针对镁合金室温成形性差的特性,提出了一种以油浴装置为热源,进行整体加热的渐进成形新技术。为了验证油浴加热方法的可行性,基于实验设计法,对AZ31B镁合金板材成形时的成形能力进行了实验研究,并建立了成形性和相关工艺参数之间的二次回归预测模型,通过响应曲面法及方差分析,探讨了工艺参数及两个工艺参数交互作用对其成形性的影响。结果表明:油浴辅助加热渐进成形技术能够成形镁合金板材,影响渐进成形性强弱的工艺因素依次为成形温度、层进给量、板材厚度和刀具直径。验证结果表明:AZ31B镁合金油浴加热渐进成形性的预测模型是正确的,最终得到合适的成形温度为250℃,最大成形角可达68. 1885°。     

AZ31镁合金挤压型材温热张力绕弯成形模拟及实验研究

以AZ31镁合金挤压型材为研究对象,通过数值模拟和实验方法研究了AZ31镁合金型材温热张力绕弯成形工艺,分析了温度及预拉伸量对AZ31镁合金型材成形质量及回弹的影响规律。结果表明:AZ31镁合金型材在成形温度低于110℃时无法顺利弯曲成形;随着成形温度升高,AZ31镁合金型材回弹角降低,二者近似呈线性递减关系;当成形温度从140℃升高至220℃时,弯曲成形后AZ31镁合金型材回弹角实验值由5.4°降低至3.8°,降低了1.6°,而模拟结果降低了0.693°。随着预拉伸量的增加,AZ31镁合金型材回弹角降低。当预拉伸量从0%增大至6%时,弯曲成形后AZ31镁合金型材回弹角实验值由10.9°降低至3.1°,降低了7.8°,模拟结果降低了4.459°。     

镁合金AZ31B板材热拉深成形工艺参数优化

在不同温度、不同压边力和不同拉深速度下，针对厚度为0．8mm的AZ31B镁合金板材的成形性能用有限元分析软件进行模拟与分析。在25～220℃的温度范围内，采用直径为140mm的坯料进行冲压成形，研究成形温度、拉深速度以及压边力对AZ31B镁合金板成形性能的影响。结果表明：成形温度为200℃时的极限拉深比达到了2.8；成形温度在200℃以下时，随着成形温度的升高。镁合金板材的成形性能越来越好。这证明AZ31B镁合金具有良好的热拉深性能；此外，拉深速度和压边力对AZ31B镁合金的拉深成形也有重要影响。     

镁合金板材的固体颗粒介质拉深工艺参数

提出基于固体颗粒介质成形(SGMF)工艺的镁合金板材差温拉深工艺,并展开试验研究。通过对AZ31B镁合金薄板进行差温拉深成形试验,研究了成形温度、拉深速度、压边力、压边间隙、凹模圆角和润滑条件对拉深性能的影响,确定AZ31B镁合金板料最佳成形工艺参数。结果表明:该工艺可显著提高镁合金板材的成形性能,成形温度及拉深速度对板料拉深性能影响较大,板料最佳成形温度区间为290～310℃,颗粒介质与板料理想温差为110～150℃;压边力和压边间隙对拉深性能产生联合影响;此外,凹模圆角和润滑条件也对拉深性能有一定的影响。当上述工艺参数达到最佳值时成功拉深出极限拉深比(LDR)为2.41的工件。     

成形参数对AZ31B镁合金板料渐进成形表面质量及温度的影响

介绍了镁合金摩擦生热渐进成形原理,并研究了在工具头行进速度为1000 mm·min^-1下,工具头主轴转速(1000~6000 r·min^-1)、轴向进给量(0. 5~3 mm)、成形角度、工具头半径、环境温度对厚度为2 mm的镁合金板料圆锥台零件成形性的影响。实验结果表明:随着主轴转速的增加,零件表面质量先升高后降低;零件表面质量随着轴向进给量的增加而降低;在成形极限角内,零件表面质量随着成形角度增加而提高;零件表面质量随着工具头半径增加先升高后降低;加工时环境温度对成形结果有影响。通过摩擦生热的方式对AZ31B镁合金板料加热,板料温度会随着主轴转速、轴向进给量和工具头半径递增而增加,成形角度对板料温度的影响不大。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。