模锻压机低速锻造的高斯加权集成在线自适应控制

为了提高模锻压机在低速锻压过程中的速度稳定性和系统鲁棒性,设计了高斯加权集成在线自适应控制器。建立了模锻压机在低速锻造过程中的状态空间方程。针对低速锻造过程中速度切换和负载突变等问题,给出了高斯加权集成在线自适应控制方案,自适应控制器由模型预测控制器和模糊PID控制器两个子控制器组成。在稳定运行阶段,模型预测控制器控制精度较高,但是鲁棒性较差,无法应对突变情况,因此,设计了模糊PID控制器应用于突变情况控制;为了防止控制器切换时引起系统振荡,给出了高斯加权集成方法。经仿真验证,与单独使用模型预测控制器和模糊PID控制器相比,当发生速度切换和负载突变时,高斯加权集成在线自适应控制器的调节时间最短,且速度跟踪误差最小,提高了低速锻造过程中速度跟踪的精确性和鲁棒性。     

基于LuGre模型的大型模锻装备低速摩擦补偿分析

由于非线性摩擦力的存在,大型模锻装备在低速运行时易出现速度不稳定、抖动、甚至爬行,致使其加工性能变差。通过对大型模锻装备低速部分进行建模并仿真分析,表明非线性摩擦力是影响大型模锻装备低速稳定性的主要因素。分别采用传统PID控制和基于Lu Gre摩擦模型建立的摩擦观测器加PID控制进行摩擦补偿,并在Matlab Simulink中进行仿真,仿真结果表明,大型模锻装备低速系统采用PID调节加摩擦补偿比单纯采用PID控制时系统的速度稳态误差降低了50%,其低速性能得到明显的改善,系统的快速性、稳定性获得明显的提高。     

直线电机摩擦力的动态补偿研究

由于非线性摩擦力的影响,高精度的直线电机滑台在低速运动时跟踪精度会受到较大的影响。从实际运用的角度出发,在传统的Stribeck摩擦数学模型的基础上引入位置参数建立新的模型,对非线性摩擦力进行补偿,并根据模型的特点设计前馈积分控制器进行系统辨识和补偿。采用Lyapunov函数和LaSalle不变性原理分析系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明:采用该模型提高了滑台的跟踪性能。     

使用主动阻力矩的摩擦补偿新方法

针对旋转伺服系统中摩擦造成低速爬行和振荡现象,提出使用主动阻力矩进行摩擦补偿的方法,其原理是当伺服系统低速运行时,通过补偿系统主动增加负载阻力矩,并提高伺服系统控制器增益系数来降低系统输出调节量对摩擦力矩的灵敏度,应用灵敏度方程和稳定性理论证明了该方法的有效性。基于该方法设计了以磁流变制动器为核心的补偿系统,并将其应用于典型位置控制系统,建立仿真模型,仿真结果显示,在给定干扰力矩作用下,从零增加主动阻力矩至与干扰力矩数值比达到8时,跟踪误差波动幅值从0.45°降低至0.025°。该方法实时性好,并克服了高增益控制器容易给伺服系统带来振荡的不足,理论分析和仿真结果均表明补偿系统能有效抑制摩擦低速爬行和振荡现象。     

直驱进给系统摩擦力特性的辨识研究

文章重点研究直驱进给伺服系统的摩擦力特性辨识问题。着重介绍了摩擦力的非线性特性,给出了其模型,定性分析其对系统的不利影响。同时,指出了在低速和高速进给时的负载力和速度对系统非线性摩檫力的作用。文章针对摩擦力非线性辨识问题,采用Var Der Pol方程求解方法进行相关分析与辨识,分析了摩擦力非线性特性的特点,给出了其非线性判据。摩擦力对系统非线性作用,主要体现在低速段,它使系统出现自激振动从而导致系统出现爬行现象,系统陷入失稳状态。负载力在高速段,对系统摩擦力的影响比较明显。通过试验,验证了摩擦力非线性特性辨识的合理性和正确性,摩擦力受速度和负载力的影响较为明显。     

巨型模锻液压机同步系统性能影响因素的分析

高性能复杂整体模锻件要求巨型模锻液压机必须具备多缸同步运行的能力,但由于锻件材质不均、形状不对称等原因,巨型模锻压机极易出现活动横梁倾斜现象。针对这一问题,本文建立了模锻液压机同步系统的数学模型,在考虑模锻压机各工况特点的基础上,对同步系统性能进行了仿真验证。通过对仿真系统的综合分析得了压机系统各参数对同步性能的影响规律,以及提高压机同步系统稳定性、控制精度、抑制最大偏转角以及缩短纠偏时间的方法。     

活塞杆非接触密封在伺服液压缸中的应用及其对

采用传统接触密封的伺服液压缸往往因为密封处较大的摩擦力以及静、动摩擦力之间的降落特性,导致其在低速运动时产生“爬行”现象,直接造成位置控制伺服系统精度差,响应速度低下。针对此问题,提出在活塞杆密封处采用双圆锥静压轴承,并且加装迷宫封油边的方式降低密封摩擦力,进而提高液压缸的低速稳定性,并且采用CFD数值模拟和AMESim仿真对其作了分析和验证。     

液压缸低速稳定性分析及合理背压值选取

在做匀速平动的动参考系中建立液压缸的运动微分方程,研究液压缸低速运行时的稳定性问题.将活塞做与动系运动速度相同的恒速运动时的稳定性问题转化为系统在动参考系中静止平衡点处的稳定性问题;并用平衡点处因系统动态分岔特性出现的极限环反映系统的"爬行"特性.分析表明:系统低速运行的稳定性取决于阻尼系数c与干摩擦力曲线对速度的导数f ′(v0)的相对大小.基于上述结果对如何合理设置油缸背压来抑制爬行进行了讨论.     

活塞杆非接触密封在伺服液压缸中的应用及其对系统低速稳定性的影响

采用传统接触密封的伺服液压缸往往因为密封处较大的摩擦力以及静、动摩擦力之间的降落特性,导致其在低速运动时产生"爬行"现象,直接造成位置控制伺服系统精度差,响应速度低下。针对此问题,提出在活塞杆密封处采用双圆锥静压轴承,并且加装迷宫封油边的方式降低密封摩擦力,进而提高液压缸的低速稳定性,并且采用CFD数值模拟和AMESim仿真对其作了分析和验证。     

基于摩擦补偿的电液作动器高精度控制

电液作动器因其集成度高、占用空间小,容易组成分布式集中控制系统,在航空航天与工程机械领域飞速发展,但是在低速运行工况下,由于摩擦力以及液压系统的非线性等因素,难以完成高精度轨迹跟踪工作甚至产生低速爬行。为此,从摩擦特性对电液作动器轨迹跟踪精度的影响出发,提出一种前馈补偿+ESO的控制策略,引入LuGre动态摩擦力中的鬃毛平均变形量,建立精确伺服系统状态空间方程,在Simulink平台上搭建摩擦力模型和泵控非对称缸模型,采用正弦位置指令对该解决方案的轨迹跟踪精度进行了仿真验证。结果表明:前馈补偿+ESO的控制策略跟踪误差仅为常规PID控制的1/4,跟踪精度达到0.2 mm。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.