TC4钛合金设定m值超塑性拉伸方法

根据TC4钛合金的超塑性变形机理研究成果,结合设定m值超塑性拉伸方法的设计思路,在VISUAL BASIC环境下编写出了设定m值超塑性拉伸控制程序。在完成对该程序充分调试的基础上,对TC4钛合金进行设定m值超塑性高温拉伸试验,在TC4钛合金最佳变形温度850℃的条件下,将m值分别设定为0.3、0.35、0.4、0.45进行高温拉伸试验,获得TC4钛合金延伸率δ分别为704%、762%、819%、858%,再将应变速率敏感指数m值与延伸率δ对应后生成关系曲线并进行回归分析,最终得到TC4钛合金超塑性应变速率敏感指数m值与伸长率δ的关系式。     

TB8钛合金超塑性拉伸变形流变行为与本构方程

在电子万能拉伸试验机上对TB8钛合金进行了恒应变速率超塑性拉伸试验(变形温度为720~880℃,应变速率为0.000 1~0.01s~(-1)),研究了拉伸流变行为,计算了超塑性拉伸变形激活能和相应的应力指数,建立了TB8钛合金应力-应变本构模型。结果表明,在同一应变速率下,流变应力随变形温度的增加而减少,同一变形温度下,流变应力随应变速率的增加而增加。在变形温度为840℃,应变速率为10~(-4) s~(-1),合金的伸长率最大,为356%;超塑性拉伸变形激活能和应力指数分别为251.25kJ/mol、2.389 5。     

工业铝合金5182和6016的超塑性研究

研究了普通冷冲压成形的工业铝合金 5 182和 6 0 16的超塑性能。经超塑单向拉伸试验和自由胀形试验表明 ,铝合金 5 182在温度为 5 0 0℃ ,应变速率为 8 33× 10 - 3 s时 ,材料的伸长率达到 2 0 0 % ,应变速率敏感性指数m值达到0 2 4 ,具有一定的超塑性 ;而 6 0 16合金在 5 0 0℃时的伸长率为 89% ,应变速率敏感性指数m值为 0 13,超塑性较差     

变形工艺对TC11钛合金超塑性的影响

为了研究TC11(Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si)钛合金的超塑性变形行为,采用两种改锻工艺细化坯料原始组织,然后在电子拉伸试验机上分别以恒速、恒应变速率和最大m值法进行拉伸实验.结果表明,TC11钛合金在α+β区通过三维镦拔改锻工艺,可以获得晶粒度为6μm的细晶等轴组织,而在β区拔长改锻的组织为粗大的魏氏组织.在变形温度为900℃的条件下,TC11钛合金通过最大m值超塑变形方式获得了异常高的超塑性,最大伸长率达到2300%;而采用常规的恒应变速率和恒速超塑变形,伸长率分别为1147%和1100%.说明TC11钛合金在α+β区通过三维镦拔改锻细化晶粒后,以最大m值超塑变形是获得较好超塑性的有效方法.     

TC4钛合金板材超塑性性能研究

采用最大m值法、恒应变速率法在850~910℃下测试TC4钛合金板材的超塑性性能,分析了工艺参数对TC4钛合金板材的流动应力、应变速率敏感性指数和微观组织演变的影响。结果表明:该合金的最佳超塑性变形温度在850℃左右,在该温度下的基于最大m值法、恒应变速率法拉伸的伸长率均达到了最大且分别为1031%和631%,而在850℃下最大m值法拉伸能获得材料的最佳超塑性;当变形温度为850~910℃时,最佳变形速率0.00031~0.001 s~(-1);随变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低,该合金的流动应力降低,最大为70 MPa;该合金在850℃、应变ε=0.1条件下的应变速率敏感性指数m值最大且为0.58,并随着变形温度、应变量的增加而降低:超塑性变形中其内部发生了明显的动态再结晶,温度越高,晶粒越粗大。     

变形及热处理工艺对GH4169合金超塑性的影响

针对GH4169合金进行了不同变形工艺的超塑性拉伸和热处理试验,研究变形及热处理对合金塑性的影响。结果表明,锻态合金分别经过890℃×10h+950℃×1h和890℃×10h+950℃×3h的退火热处理后,发现延长第二次退火时间可有效细化晶粒;利用最大应变速率敏感指数法(最大m值法)进行不同温度的超塑性拉伸试验,在950℃时合金的伸长率最佳;延长第二次退火时间可显著提高试样的伸长率;采用基于最大m值法的应变诱发超塑性法对合金进行超塑性拉伸试验,可知预变形拉伸后,保温20min后其伸长率最佳;在890℃×10h+950℃×3h热处理后合金伸长率达566%,较单纯m值法拉伸后合金的伸长率显著提高。     

多道次温轧TC4钛合金超塑性变形行为与断裂机制

在温度为700~870℃和应变速率为0.001~0.01s~(-1)条件下对多道次温轧TC4钛合金板材进行超塑性拉伸试验,研究该合金的低温超塑性变形行为与断裂机制。发现最佳超塑性变形条件为800℃,0.001s~(-1),试验获得的最大伸长率为1 550%。在温度为700℃、应变速率为0.001s~(-1)和0.01s~(-1)时,伸长率分别为576%和356%。多道次温轧形成的细小晶粒、破碎弥散分布的β相以及变形过程的动态再结晶均有利于提高合金的超塑性。合金的应变速率敏感系数m值随温度升高而增加;在800℃和870℃超塑性变形时的激活能分别为226.8和220.2kJ/mol,在700℃时激活能增大到377.5kJ/mol。合金超塑性断裂是由内部孔洞长大连接和外部缩颈共同作用导致的。     

TC21钛合金超塑性拉伸变形流变行为

通过恒应变速率超塑性拉伸试验,研究了TC21钛合金在变形温度为1 153~1 193K,应变速率为3.3×10-4~3.3×10-2 s-1条件下的拉伸流变应力行为。计算了TC21钛合金超塑性拉伸变形激活能和相应的应力指数,建立了TC21钛合金应力-应变本构模型,并通过1stopt软件对其进行修正。研究表明,在同一应变速率下,TC21钛合金流变应力随变形温度的升高而减小;在同一变形温度下,流变应力随着应变速率的增大而增大。当应变速率较高,变形温度较低时,动态再结晶为主要软化机制;当应变速率较低,变形温度较高时,加工硬化与软化达到动态平衡,软化机制以动态回复为主;当变形温度为1 153K,应变速率为3.3×10-4 s-1时,TC21钛合金具有较好的超塑性(408.60%);超塑性拉伸变形激活能和应力指数分别为329.20kJ/mol、2.367 7。     

应变速率循环法构建TC21钛合金超塑性本构方程

采用应变速率循环法在超塑拉伸机上对TC21钛合金进行5组高温超塑性拉伸实验,变形温度范围860℃~940℃,应变速率循环范围10-5s-1~10-3s-1。通过对拉伸实验数据分析,计算出TC21钛合金动态再结晶激活能Q,利用Arrhenius模型构建TC21钛合金高温条件下的超塑性本构方程,并通过1stOpt软件进行非线性回归拟合进行修正,得到了更为精准的超塑性本构方程。实验结果表明,当变形温度不变时,流动应力随着应变速率的增大而增大,且高应变速率时,流动应力对应变速率的敏感性要大于低应变速率时,可判定TC21钛合金属于正应变速率敏感材料。TC21钛合金在860℃附近时的超塑性较好,综合延伸率可达366.6%。     

应变速率对Ti1023合金室温拉伸性能的影响

研究了在室温拉伸试验过程中,不同应变速率对Ti1023钛合金力学性能的影响。结果表明,抗拉强度、断后伸长率和断面收缩率受应变速率变化的影响较小。屈服强度对应变速率比较敏感,随着应变速率增加,屈服强度不断提高,本试验条件下的屈服强度变化范围超过15%。并根据不同应变速率下的屈服强度,得到了应变速率和屈服强度的关系。根据应力-应变曲线以及拉伸前后试样的显微组织变化,发现Ti1023合金拉伸过程伴随应力诱发马氏体相变。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。