氧化铁干凝胶结构的X光小角散射研究

纳米氧化铁具有独特的电学、磁学、光学性质,它的制备和微结构是目前研究的热点。本实验对纳米氧化铁的孔隙结构迸行研究。实验样品为氧化铁（Fe2O3）干凝胶,用溶胶-凝胶方法制得,并分别经过不同温度的热处理。实验在北京同步辐射装置小角散射法实验站进行,数据处理采用自编程序。实验数据经处理、分析后得到的结果如下:在经过150、250、350、520℃温度热处理后,样品的平均孔径分别为14.6、26.4、36.7、72.1nm,平均比表面分别为0.96、0.42、0.19、0.07nm-1。质量分形维数分别为2.12、2.30、2.62、2.73。     

基于SAXS方法的核石墨微孔结构的温度影响

X射线小角散射(Small Angle X-ray Scattering,SAXS)是研究纳米尺度微观结构的重要手段。本文利用同步辐射SAXS技术测量了25oC、100oC、200oC、300oC和400oC时,IG-110和NBG-18核石墨在纳米尺度范围内孔隙的数量分布及其分形特征的变化。实验结果表明,IG-110和NBG-18核石墨的微观结构中存在微小尺寸上的不均匀区域,且核石墨孔隙的固气结构具有明锐的界面。但随着温度的升高,固气界面的变化并没有呈现出明显的规律性。此外,在纳米尺度上,IG-110和NBG-18核石墨的孔隙数量随温度呈现增加的趋势,且IG-110核石墨孔隙数量的增加幅度大于NBG-18核石墨,其平均孔隙尺寸的减小幅度大于NBG-18核石墨。在核石墨的微孔结构内,其固气界面的分形维数随温度升高逐渐减小,且NBG-18核石墨分形维数的变化幅度小于IG-110核石墨。这表明核石墨的分形结构随温度的升高逐渐光滑。     

热处理工艺对UMo合金微观组织结构的影响

为研究UMo合金制粉前的晶粒尺寸控制,分别在900、950及1 000 ℃进行了均匀化退火热处理,分析了平均晶粒度和晶粒增长速度与均匀化退火温度及合金中Mo含量的关系。结果表明,随均匀化热退火温度和合金中Mo含量的增大,晶粒长大速度和极限晶粒度均增大。在560 ℃和570 ℃开展了长时间热处理,通过测量合金中相变程度发现,随Mo含量的增大,合金的γ相稳定性变好,UMo合金燃料的堆内服役性能也会更好。     

直流电弧等离子体点火器射流特性研究

采用光谱仪测量了等离子体点火器出口射流的发射光谱,利用玻尔兹曼曲线斜率法计算了射流的电子温度,并通过电离平衡方程计算了射流气体温度,获得点火器出口射流长度、射流速度、电子温度和射流温度随弧电流及进口氩气流量的变化规律。并分析了航空等离子体电弧射流中是否可使用电子温度来代替射流气体温度。实验表明：弧电流随着进口氩气流量的增大而减小;出口射流长度和速度随弧电流的增大而增大,随进口氩气流量的增大先增大后减小;出口电子温度、电子密度和射流温度随弧电流的增大而升高,随氩气流量的增大而降低。     

等离子体参数对中性束注入下快离子自举电流影响

本文数值研究了等离子体参数对大纵横比托卡马克装置中性束注入时产生的快离子净电流密度分布的影响。研究表明净电流密度的大小随背景等离子体温度的增大而增大,随等离子体密度的增大而减小,等离子体有效电荷对净电流密度的大小影响较小,但随有效电荷的增大净电流密度的峰值向等离子体边缘偏移。     

某地浸铀矿床低渗透性砂岩孔隙结构特征研究

为了研究低渗透性砂岩铀矿含矿岩孔隙结构特征以及对渗透率的影响,采用压汞实验的方法,并根据压汞实验的数据,分析了低渗透性砂岩铀矿岩孔隙以及孔隙比表面分布分形特征。探讨了砂岩铀矿岩孔隙结构特征与孔隙率之间的关系。研究表明,渗透性砂岩铀矿岩结构具有双重分形特征,其表现在以大、小孔径孔隙计算出来的孔隙分布分形维数值与孔隙比表面分布分形维数值不同。大孔径孔隙分布分形维数在3.687–4.255,小孔径孔隙分布分形维数各矿样基本相同为3.101–3.208。而大孔径比表面分布分形维数在2.910–3.151,小孔径比表面分布分形维数各矿样基本相同为2.466–2.342。孔隙率与大孔径计算孔隙分维值成正相关关系,与以大孔径计算的孔隙比表面分维值成负相关关系。     

载气与玻璃微球间热传递系数的影响因素

为实现干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球工艺中载气与微球间传热过程的有效控制,建立了载气与微球之间综合热传递系数的计算模型,研究了载气环境参数(组分、温度和压力)和微球几何参数(直径和壁厚)对热传递系数的影响。结果表明:在常用的工艺参数范围内,热传递系数对载气温度、压力以及微球壁厚的变化不敏感,但热传递系数随微球直径的增大显著降低、随载气中氦气含量的提高而显著增加,且这种递减趋势随载气中氦气含量的增加而趋于显著。     

含Cs、Sr、U模拟核素的地质水泥固化体热稳定性研究

分别针对包含Cs、Sr、U模拟核素的地质水泥固化体,以热处理温度为变量,通过考察固化体热处理前后质量、体积、抗压强度以及物相等参量的变化规律,以此评价地质水泥的热稳定性。实验结果表明,当T≤300°C时,三类水泥固化体的外观无明显变化,体积收缩率控制在3%以下,抗压强度损失率低于25%,仅部分水化产物脱水引起较大失重,体现为显微结构中针状、网状特征组织减少,孔隙增加;当T700°C时,水泥外表面出现明显裂纹,水化产物已完全相变,但结构仍未见崩塌,显微组织变得更加致密并具有陶瓷结构特征,导致抗压强度随温度升高反向增大,展现出良好的高温热稳定性。新生成的硅灰石相Ca3Si3O9发生同素异构转变是导致固化体表面开裂的主要原因。     

热处理温度对蒸汽发生器管子管板连接接头性能影响

研究热处理温度对管子管板连接接头的性能影响,评估蒸汽发生器水室封头—管板环缝的设计合理性,通过试验研究发现,管子管板连接接头在承受400～500℃的热处理温度范围时,焊缝性能和密封性能不会受到影响,同时胀接接头的拉脱强度随热处理温度的升高呈现先迅速增加到稳定维持再到快速衰减的规律。     

不同初始温度下氩等离子体演化过程研究

本文对不同初始温度下氩等离子体中主要粒子随时间的演化规律进行数值模拟,跟踪各主要成分粒子的浓度随时间的变化,得到放电后氩等离子体中主要带电粒子和中性粒子浓度随时间的变化规律。计算结果表明,氩等离子体化学反应达到平衡所需时间随初始温度升高逐渐减少,活性粒子Ar⁺浓度随时间不断增大,Ar^*、Ar^**浓度随时间先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定值达到平衡状态。     

惯性约束聚变靶丸材料磁性聚苯乙烯的制备

聚苯乙烯(PS)是惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验中重要的靶丸材料,磁性聚苯乙烯材料有利于实现靶丸在辐射场中的无接触支撑。本工作以FeCl3、FeCl2和NaOH为原料,在分散剂的作用下,制得均匀分散的棕黑色Fe3O4磁流体,然后与苯乙烯聚合获得Fe3O4-聚苯乙烯磁性材料。激光粒度分布测试结果显示,所得磁流体的粒度小且分布均匀;XRD分析表明,磁流体中无其它杂相存在。此外,还对Fe3O4-聚苯乙烯磁性材料进行了DTA及FTIR分析。分析测试结果表明,采用本工作所设计的方法可合成出Fe3O4-聚苯乙烯磁性复合材料。     

Nd0.5Sr0.4Pb0.1Mn0.96Fe0.04O3微观结构的中子衍射

采用固相反应法制备了混价钙钛矿型锰氧化物多晶样品Nd0.5Sr0.4Pb0.1Mn0.96Fe0.04O3,在室温下进行了中子粉末衍射测量并用Rietveld峰形精修程序Fullprof2k对实验数据进行了拟合。结果表明:Nd0.5Sr0.4Pb0.1Mn0.96Fe0.04O3样品具有正交的GdFeO3型结构,空间群为Pnma,Nd(Sr、Pb)原子占据4c晶位,Mn(Fe)原子占据4b晶位,O原子分别占据4c和8d两个不等价的晶位,并得到了MnO6八面体中Mn—O—Mn键角和Mn—O键的键长。     

MHWRR屏冷系统缓蚀剂K2CrO4浓度确定及其缓蚀机理研究

应用经典的失重法研究确定MHWRR屏冷系统缓蚀剂K_2CrO_4的使用浓度和屏冷系统首次使用时表面预处理工艺。用表面分析技术、电化学测试法研究K_2CrO_4的缓蚀机理。K_2CrO_4为阳极型缓蚀剂。在碳钢表面形成的Cr_2O_3,Fe_2O_3或其它Fe-O-Cr化合物增补和强化了碳钢表面的抗蚀性。     

An neutron generator-based NIPGA system for on-site analysis

Utilizing NIPGA, an experimental device for cement raw material analysis has been developed, with a 2.5 MeV D-D neutron generator, BGO detector and 2048 MCA. A linear regression was developed for calculating the data. A 6-month on-site application of the system showed that the CaO, SiO_2, Fe_2O_3 and Al_2O_3 analysis results agreed well with chemical analysis, within 0.40%, 0.40%, 0.50% and 0.50%, respectively.     

La1-xCaxMn0.96Fe0.04O3（x=0.31、0.5、0.6）的中子衍射研究

利用Rietveld分析方法对钙钛矿锰氧化物La_1-xCa_xMn_0.96Fe_0.04O₃（x=0.31、0.5、0.6）室温下中子衍射实验数据进行拟合。结果表明，La_1-xCa_xMn_0.96Fe_0.04O₃化合物具有MnO₆八面体，空间群为Pnma，La（Ca）原子占据4c晶位，Mn（Fe）原子占据4b晶位，O原子分别占据4c和8d晶位。根据拟合结果，计算出Mn-O键的键长和Mn-O-Mn的键角，并对该系列样品结构和磁性能间的关系进行了简单讨论。     

Properties of phosphate glass waste forms containing fluorides from a molten salt reactor

Radioactive fluoride wastes are generated during the operation of molten salt reactors(MSRs) and reprocessing of their spent fuel.Immobilization of these wastes in borosilicate glass is not feasible because of the very low solubility of fluorides in this host.Alternative candidates are thus an active topic of research including phosphatebased glasses,crystalline ceramics,and hybrid glass-ceramic systems.In this study,mixed fluorides were employed as simulated MSRs waste and incorporated into sodium aluminophosphate glass to obtain phosphate-based waste form.These waste forms were characterized by X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.Leaching tests were performed in deionized water using the product consistency test A method.This study demonstrates that up to 20 mol%of simulated radioactive waste can be introduced into the NaA1 P glass matrix,and the chemical durability is much better than that of borosilicate.The addition of Fe_2O_3 in the NaAlP glass matrix results in increases of the chemical durability at the expense of fluoride loading(to 6.4 mol%).Phosphate glass vitrification of radioactive waste containing fluorides is a potential method to treat and dispose of MSR wastes.     

Evolution of porosity in the high-burnup fuel structure

The evolution of the high-burnup structure (HBS) porosity is investigated. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements of UO₂ fuel with ≈105 GWd/tHM rod average burnup show the formation of an ultra-high burnup structure with a local burnup of 300 GWd/tHM in the proximity of the fuel-cladding interface. Such structure is characterized by gas pores of sizes up to 15 μm. A large population of pores with 3-5 μm pores is also observed in more inner regions of the HBS. An analysis of the pore size distributions indicates predominance of 3.5 μm and 7.5 μm pores. A simple model accounting for vacancy diffusion kinetics and coalescence is used to interpret the observations: the 3.5 μm pores are obtained by growth of 1 μm pores with an initial overpressurization of 50-70 MPa. The extra-large pores with diameters ≈7-8 μm result by coalescence of the intermediate size pores, assuming that: (1) such pores are only slightly overpressurized and that (2) the coalescence process occurs at constant porosity, as observed experimentally.     

Neutron diffraction study of Er_2Fe_(15)Al_2 and Er_2Fe_(12)Al_5

The crystallographic and magnetic structures of Er2Fe15Al2 and Er2Fe12Al5 have been refined in Gaussian peak-shape by Rietveld analysis of Neutron diffraction data.The refined results indicated that Er2Fe15Al2 compound has Th2Ni17-type hexagonal structure (space group:P6 3/mmc) and Er2Fe12Al5 has Th2Zn17-type rhombohedral structure (space group:R3m),The Al atoms prefer 12j and 12k sites with occupancies 0.21 and 0.13 ,respectively,in Er2Fe15Al2 and prefer 18f,18h and 6c sites with occupancies 0.35,0.36 and 0.37,respectively ,in Er2Fe12Al5,The magnetic moments of all Fe atoms display ferromagnetically arrangement and the moments of Eratoms couple ferrimagnetically to the moments of the Fe atoms .The moments lie in the plane perpendicular to the six-fold axis and exhibit planar magnetic anisotropy in both samples,The values of Tc were given and the neutron refined results coincide with that of the magnetic measurements .The relation between magnetic properties and structures was discussed.     

Initial stage of etching through pores in PET films irradiated by Ar ions

Changes in the diameters and depths of pores were studied in the process of etching polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) films irradiated by Ar ions having an energy of 1 MeV/n. Information about the pore diameters and lengths was obtained with JSM-840 and TEM-125 electron microscopes. The solutions of NaOH (0.5 mol/dm³ and 2 mol/dm³) were used as etchants. Etching was performed at 55 °C and 70 °C. Two methods of sensitization were used: the first one by UV illumination and treatment in dimethylformamide (DMF), the second method just by UV illumination. It was found that the diameters and the depths of pores are larger in films treated according to the first sensitization method. Etching duration (breakthrough time), which leads to through-going pores of the minimal radius, was established. After sensitization according to the first method the track etch rate grows quicker than the transverse etch rate. This gives a possibility to obtain through pores with diameters ranging from 50 nm to several micrometers.     

介孔氧化硅的分形特征

介孔氧化硅广泛应用于催化、吸附、分离中。将介孔氧化硅进行有机官能化则可改善其孔道表面性能。应用同步辐射小角x射线散射(SAXS)研究了纯介孔氧化硅和有机官能化介孔氧化硅的分形特征,结果表明它们均具有两种分形结构,即表面分形和孔分形。同时探讨了分形维数随样品制备条件的变化规律。