Influence of qualitatively different diets on the reproductive capacity and function of the adrenal cortex in rats with experimental toxic hepatitis]

The effect of a diet rich in protein and the group B vitamins on the function of the ovaries and adrenal cortex, as well as on the reproductive capacity of animals with experimental affection of the liver produced by administration of carbon tetrachloride was studied on 115 mongrel albino female-rats. A high-standard semisynthetic diet devised at the Institute of nutrition of the AMS of the USSR and three isocaloric experimental diets calorifically enriched by 20, 50 and 100 per cent and containing a double amount of the group B vitamins were used in tests. The protein and vitamins enrichment of the diet, although failing to normalize the estrual cycle, neveretheless contributed to a significant reduction of the embryos' death in pregnant animals, the restoration of the reproductive capacity of the rats being directly proportional to the degree of the protein enrichment of the diet. The use of experimental diets helped normalize the adrenal cortex function in pregnant rats with toxic hepatitis, this manifesting itself in the falling amount of corticosterone in the blood serum outflowing from the suprarenals down to the control level.     

Correlation of the actual vitamin B1, B2 and B6 consumption with the biochemical indices of their body allowance

Correlation of actual consumption of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 with biochemical parameters of their utilization has been studied in two groups of workers (one group was engaged in the synthetic leather industry, the second one in the diamond treatment industry). It is shown that the actual utilization of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 correlated well with the stimulation coefficients (SC) of the basal activity of the corresponding erythrocytic enzymes. This correlation can be expressed in an equation of linear regression with a preset SC. Solution of this equation gives the values that can be used in the diagnosis of changes in the vitamins B1, B2 and B6 requirement in certain population groups. The results of the study evidence that vitamin B1 and B6 are especially necessary for workers whose activity is associated with manifest nervous-emotional stress, while the workers engaged in the synthetic leather industry being exposed to dimethyl formamide are in need of vitamin B2.     

Vitamin sufficiency to preschool and young school age children from a group at risk for emergence of bone mineralization disorders

Vitamin status of 36 children 5-8 years old (Moscow) from the decreased bone mineral density risk group has been evaluated. Only 6-14 per cent of children had deep vitamin deficit. Vitamin B1 and B2 insufficiency has been observed 1.6 fold rarely among children additionally receiving vitamin supplement. The relation between urinary calcium and vitamins B1, B2 and B6 excretion has been shown. No difference was found in calcium excretion rate irrespective of additional vitamin intake. Although no correlation between urinary calcium/creatinine excretion and urinary vitamins C, B1, B2 and B6 excretion has been found children with increased calcium/creatinine index are insufficiently supplied with four vitamins more often. The data obtained could not be regarded as negation of the vitamin sufficiency importance for calcium metabolism and osteogenesis disturbance prevention.     

Vitamin sufficiency of young basketball players

The investigation of vitamin sufficiency of young basket-ball players 14-16 years old (17 girls and 14 boys) has been carried out 59-77 per cent of the children had the deficiency of B group vitamins, 24-54 per cent--vitamin E insufficiency, most of them (82-100 per cent)--deficit of carotenoids while they were sufficiently vitamins C and A supplied. The girls were supplied with vitamins better than boys. There was no one adequately supplied with all vitamins among boys while 12 per cent of girls had adequately sufficiency. The girls had deficit of 1-2 vitamins more often whereas the combined insufficiency of 3-4 vitamins took place in 1.8-2.3 fold more frequently among boys. Daily intake of multivitamin containing 10 vitamins in daily recommended doses, lipoic acid, methionin and 9 minerals by boys lead to their blood plasma vitamin C, E, B-2 and beta-carotene level increase. Vitamin C insufficiency disappeared. Deficit of beta-carotene and vitamin B-6 became 1.5 fold rarely, vitamin B-2--2 fold, vitamin E--6 fold. Thus daily intake of recommended doses of vitamins eliminates biochemical signs of vitamin deficiency.     

Adrenal responsiveness in lactating holstein cows.

Ten Holstein cows, in second to fifth lactation, received 200 IU adrenocorticotrophin at approximately 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 wk of lactation. Blood samples were collected from indwelling jugular catheters at -60 and 0 min pre-injection and at 2, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, 540, and 720 min postinjection. Post-injection concentrations of glucocorticoids were influenced by milk yield, stage of lactation, age, and mean environmental temperature but not by pre-injection concentration of glucocorticoids or days pregnant. As milk yield, cow age, and daily temperature (range 6.4 to 26.9 C) increased, glucocorticoid response decreased whereas it increased with advancing stage of lactation. Curves of adrenal response for the six injection times during lactation were not parallel, and average response adjusted for significant independent variables increased roughly in linear fashion from 15 to 53 ng/ml between 4 and 40 wk of lactation. Adrenal responsiveness was less in cows injected on days when temperatures were above 21.1 C than in those injected below this temperature. There was no evidence that adrenal function or milk production was altered in high producing cows at higher environmental temperatures differently from in low producing cows. The change in adrenal function during advancing lactation was not associated with pre-treatment peripheral plasma glucocorticoid concentrations which did not change. There appears to be a well mainained adrenal potential and sustained adrenocortical activity throughout lactation.     

Further studies on bovine muscle composition

The average occurrences of fibre types, I,IIA and IIB in the longissimus dorsi (LD) of female cattle were 18%, 59% and 23%, respectively. The IIB occurrence lay between that for bulls and steers, reported in Young & Bass (1984). Since IIB fibres were absent from the splenius (Sp) of females, its composition was more akin to that of bulls than steers. However, the relative area of I and IIA fibres in female Sp was more like that of steers than bulls since IIA fibres were not disproportionately large in females. Evidence suggests that the occurrence of type I (or II) fibres in the LD is rather static and that changes in the occurrence of IIA fibres, reciprocal to IIB, are more common, irrespective of sexual status-bull, steer or female. The route by which IIA and IIB fibres interconvert is discussed. In animals where both the LD and Sp were sampled, the fibre composition of one muscle was a poor predictor of the other's composition. The correlation between the occurrence of I fibres in Sp and succinate dehydrogenese activity in whole muscle was poor, and reasons are advanced to explain this unexpected result. When dark-cutting muscles were excluded from analysis, the average ultimate pH of LD muscles was lower than that of Sp. This result was consistent with the higher type II fibre content of the LD. Ultimate pH of Sp muscles was correlated with occurrence of I fibres, but in the LD a similar relationship could not be established. A link between occurrence of IIB fibres and proneness to the dark-cutting condition is suggested.     

Seasonal variations of vitamin sufficiency in pregnant women (Mzensk City)

The investigation of sufficiency of vitamin C, A, E, B2, B6, carotenoids and iron dietary intake has been carried out in 61 pregnant women in spring and early autumn 1998. There were no women adequately supplied with all vitamins irrespective of season and residence. Most of them (70-80 per cent) had combined deficiency of 3-5 vitamins in spring. About 50 per cent of women had combined insufficiency of vitamins and iron. Intake of vitamins improved in autumn especially due to vitamins C, A, E and carotenoids. The frequency of 3-5 vitamins deficit decreased while occurrence of combined deficiency of vitamin B6 and carotenoids still often took place. Thus, normalization of vitamin status of pregnant women is necessary all year round.     

Functional Roles of B‐Vitamins in the Gut and Gut Microbiome

The gut microbiota produce hundreds of bioactive compounds, including B‐vitamins, which play significant physiological roles in hosts by supporting the fitness of symbiotic species and suppressing the growth of competitive species. B‐vitamins are also essential to the host and certain gut bacterium. Although dietary B‐vitamins are mainly absorbed from the small intestine, excess B‐vitamins unable to be absorbed in the small intestine are supplied to the distal gut. In addition, B‐vitamins are supplied from biosynthesis by distal gut microbiota. B‐vitamins in the distal colon may perform many important functions in the body. They act as 1) nutrients for a host and their microbiota, 2) regulators of immune cell activity, 3) mediators of drug efficacy, 4) supporters of survival, or the fitness of certain bacterium, 5) suppressors of colonization by pathogenic bacteria, and 6) modulators of colitis. Insights into basic biophysical principles, including the bioavailability of B‐vitamins and their derivatives in the distal gut are still not fully elucidated. Here, the function of single B‐vitamin in the distal gut including their roles in relation to bacteria are briefly reviewed. The prospect of extending analytical methods to better understand the role of B‐vitamins in the gut is also explored.     

Vitamin status and bone mineral density at patients with adiposity and the cardiovascular pathology

It has been shown that among patients suffering from adiposity and cardiovascular diseases and osteopenia deficiency of vitamins C, E and D, estimated on their blood serum level, and also raised daily urinary excretion of vitamin B2 take place more often, than among patients with the same pathologies, but without osteopenia. The data obtained confirm the important role of these vitamins in the maintenance of a normal bone function.     

Effects of the use of a multivitamin preparation "Pikovit" (KRKA, Yugoslavia) on providing nursery children with vitamins]

Providing of children aged 3-5 years with vitamins C, B1, B2, B6 and PP was studied before and after intake (during 3 months) of multivitamin "Pikovit" (KRKA, Yugoslavia) by the excretion with urine of ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, 4-pyridoxic acid and N-methylnicotinamide. Before "Pikovit" intake the mean level of thiamine excretion was close to the lower border of the normal level, while ascorbic acid and N-methylnicotinamide levels were lower than the normal in 73 and 69% of the children studied, respectively. "Pikovit" induced an increase in the mean values of excretion of all vitamins studied except for ascorbic acid. The multivitamin prevented the impairment of children providing with vitamins C and B6, and improved their provision with vitamins B1, B2 and PP. However, the doses of vitamins used proved to be insufficient for complete normalization of the vitamin status in children, therefore it is necessary to use "Pikovit" in higher doses as it is recommended by the firm-manufacturer.     

Myosin heavy chain isoforms account for variation in pork quality

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms (I, IIB, IIA and IIX) on pork quality traits of halothane (HAL)-negative (NN) and halothane-carrier (Nn) pigs. Gilts (n=32) were assigned to a 2×2 factorial of genetic population (GP) and slaughter weight (WT; 120 and 135 kg). Classical meat quality characteristics were collected and MyHC content was determined on muscle samples. Regression equations for pork quality and carcass composition traits were determined. Only I/IIB accounted for variation in drip loss of NN gilts (R(2)=0.18), while GP related to drip loss in Nn gilts (R(2)=0.70). Type I MyHC content explained variation in ultimate (24 h) muscle pH of NN gilts (R(2)=0.09), while I/IIB, I/IIX and IIB/IIX were significant for Nn gilts (R(2)=0.99). I/IIA, I/IIX, IIB/IIX and GP accounted for variation in Hunter Color a (redness) values of NN gilts (R(2)=0.69), while IIB, IIA, IIB/IIA and GP were significant for Nn gilts (R(2)=0.97). Overall, fiber type composition accounts for a larger proportion of variation in the quality traits of Nn compared to NN gilts.     

The effect of improved rations and different doses of Glutamevitum on the vitamin status and work capacity of children who started school at the age of 6 years

The influence of qualitatively different nutrition and additional vitaminization with varying doses of "Glutamevitum" on excretion with urine of vitamins B1, B2 PP and C, as well as the presence of microclinical symptoms of vitamin deficiency and psychophysiological parameters were studied in 120 children (6 groups, 20 subjects in each) who went to school at six years of age. The children received corrected nutrition and vitamins during 6 months of the winter-spring period. It was established that the nutrition corrected by selection of food products and additional vitaminization with optimal doses of vitamins (1/2 tablet of "Glutamevitum" added by vitamins C, P and A in a dose of 10, 30, 0.25 mg, respectively) significantly lowered fatigue as a result of psychoemotional and mental stress in children of 6 years of age studying at school, vitamin excretion with urine increased, microclinical symptoms of vitamin deficiency were appreciably lowered, the working capacity and attention as well as nervous-reflectory activity were significantly improved in the critical period of early studying.     

饲养方式对苏尼特羊肌纤维组成和肉品质的影响及其调控机理

本实验以不同饲养方式下（放牧和舍饲）苏尼特羊背最长肌为材料，分析其肉品质指标的差异性，并利用ATPase染色法和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应技术对肌纤维类型进行划分，同时对相关代谢酶活力以及肌纤维转化相关调控基因mRNA表达量进行分析。结果表明，放牧组的胴体质量、L*值、剪切力和pH24值显著低于舍饲组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）；IIB型肌纤维数量比例和面积比例，I型、IIA型和IIB型肌纤维直径和肌纤维横截面积，乳酸脱氢酶酶活力均显著低于舍饲组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。而放牧组IIA型肌纤维的数量比例和面积比例、MyHC I和MyHC IIX mRNA表达量、苹果酸脱氢酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶活力、AMPKα2和COX IV mRNA相对表达量显著高于舍饲组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。PGC-1α mRNA表达量在两种饲养方式下差异不显著（P＞0.05）。综上所述，与舍饲相比，放牧饲养能提高肌纤维的AMPKα2 mRNA相对表达量，激活位于线粒体内膜上的细胞色素c氧化酶IV，提高肌肉的线粒体生物合成水平，增强肌肉的氧化代谢能力，使肌纤维类型由酵解型向氧化型转化，进而改善肉品品质。     

Vitamin status in human noninfectious chronic diseases

The data on vitamin sufficiency of adults and children suffering from chronic sickness and vitamin content in mostly common hospital diets has been submitted. Polyhypovitaminosis (combined insufficiency with several vitamins) takes place irrespective of season, age and place of residence. Deficit of B group vitamins and carotenoids has been observed more frequently. All hospital diets contain inadequate level of carotenoids, strongly reduced diets are deficiently in all vitamins. Any way of vitaminization (vitamins administration, including of vitamin-enriched food products in the ration) leads to the decrease of polyhypovitaminosis frequency, to the increase of the part of people adequately supplied with all vitamins and simultaneous improvement of patients clinic status.     

Studying the mechanism of antioxidant effect of vitamins and flavonoids

In work antiradical activity of vitamins and flafonoids in relation to hydroxyl radical is established. The most antiradical activity is established for flavonoids quercetin, routin, daidzein, biochanin A and luteolin-7glucosid, Among vitamins of group in the most antiradical activity have shown vitamins B12, B2, B5, Bc. In group of fat-soluble vitamins ascorbic palmitat, vitamin K1, vitamin A and beta-carotin have shown activity above, than a known antioxidant vitamin E. The carried out work allows to draw a conclusion that antiradical activity in the relation hydroxyl radical shows the broad audience of vitamins that probably is one of aspects of their therapeutic action.     

Dependence of vitamin composition of breast milk on multivitamin intake during pregnancy and lactation]

Investigation of vitamin status of 14 women 20-38 years of age has been carried out. All the women were adequately supplied with vitamins A and E. B group vitamins insufficiency among women receiving no vitamins during lactation takes place more often than among those who receive vitamins. Human breast milk vitamins content and percentage of women secreting enough milk quantity are higher in the group receiving vitamins. Thus, regular vitamins administration during pregnancy and lactation is necessary for milk vitamin content improvement.     

Vitamin status of patients with respiratory tract diseases

Of the with infringement of the acidity--basic condition the tendency to Decrease of a level of vitamins B6 and C is marked in comparison wits those at the patients without infringement of the specified condition.     

Effects of prophylactic vitamin administration of physical fitness of schoolchildren in the Arctic Regions]

The effectiveness of prophylactic vitamin administration to schoolchildren in the Arctic region was evaluated in the biochemical investigation of schoolchildren by the assay of vitamins C, A, E, B1, B2, B6, B12 and folic acid in their blood serum before and after "Undevitum" intake. Deficiency of a number of vitamins was detected. It was shown that regular consumption of multivitamin "Undevitum" produced a positive effect on the parameters of their physical activity, the highest effect was observed in children with the normotensive reaction to loading, and it was less expressed in those with pathological hemodynamic reactions to the loading.     

Histochemical properties of fibre types in muscles of wild and domestic pigs and the effect of growth rate on muscle fibre properties

This study reports the results of a comparison of the histochemical properties of various types of porcine muscles in wild and domestic pigs. In domestic pigs, the influence of growth rates on these properties were studied in five muscles: longissimus dorsi (LD), semimembranosus (SM), gluteus superficialis (GS), infra spinam (IS) and masseter (MAS). The growth rate was expressed as: (i) live weight (LW) at 165±2 days and (ii) daily LW gain from day 88 to day 165 (DG) on the experimental diet. LD, SM, GS and IS of wild pigs were found to contain a higher area percentage of oxidative type IIA fibres (type IIA%(area)) and a lower percentage area of glycolytic type IIB fibres (type IIB%(area)) than the same muscles of domestic pigs. The capillary density in the light muscles (LD, SM, GS) of wild pigs was twice that of domestic pigs, indicating higher oxidative capacity. In domestic pigs the cross sectional area of type IIB fibres (CSA(IIB)) was markedly larger than the cross sectional area of type I (CSA(I)) and IIA (CSA(IIA)) fibres. The average fibre cross sectional area (CSA(fibre)) was about the same in the muscles of wild and domestic pigs except in LD and SM, where the average fibre cross sectional area was approximately 25% smaller in wild pigs than in domestic pigs. This difference was caused by the large cross sectional area of type IIB fibres in the light muscles of domestic pigs. In the light muscles of domestic pigs, the cross sectional area of type IIA fibres increased most with increasing growth rate. Growth rate influences muscle fibre properties only in light muscles, not in dark muscles.     

Scientific rationale for the use of vitamins in the prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Report 2. Vitamin deficit as a factor complicating the course disease and reducing the efficiency of medical and prophylaxis measures

Vitamin insufficiency disrupting metabolism, enhances the course of any disease and hinders successful treatment. In this connection the treatment of any patient should include a correction of the existing polyvitaminic deficiency and maintain of optimal provision by all micronutrients. Using vitamins in the treatment of primary avitaminosis, correction of secondary metabolism and function of vitamins, as well as medicamental therapy and various restrictrions in a diet is undisputed. Congenital genetically defects in the metabolism and function of vitamins form a special group of diseases that require high doses of vitamins and its parenteral injection.