一种用于低功耗流水线模数转换器的新型低电压运算放大器

本文提出一种新型适用于低电压的两级运算放大器。该放大器采用电平平移技术和电流镜镜像技术分别在第一级和第二级实现CLASS-AB偏置,在相同的电流消耗下,有效输入跨导相对传统的两级运放提高了一倍,从而实现了低功耗、大带宽、建立时间短的目标。采用嵌套米勒补偿技术和对称结构的共模反馈电路,运放在动态工作时可以达到很好的稳定性。在1.2伏的电源电压、0.18微米CMOS工艺下,该运放用于12位40兆赫兹采样频率的流水线模数转换器前端采样保持中,仿真结果显示,采样保持电路的无杂散动态范围达到95.7dB,总谐波失真-94.3dB,信噪失真比达到89.5dB,功耗仅为5.8毫瓦。     

一种高速高增益CMOS运算放大器的设计

设计了一种应用于采样保持电路中高速高增益运算放大器。该运放采用全差分增益提高型共源共栅结构。在输入信号通路上加入适当的补偿电容,消除了零极点对对运放建立时间的影响,同时对主运放的次极点进行了优化,改进了相位裕度。采用0.35μmCMOS工艺仿真,结果表明,运放的开环直流增益达到106dB,单位带宽为831MHz（负载电容8pF）,相位裕度为60.5°,压摆率为586V/μs,满足12位50MS/s流水线ADC中采样保持电路性能要求。     

用电位器控制电流反馈式运放

图1(a)所示电路包含了一个电位器,该电位器和一个电流反馈式运放的反相输入端串联。而对于电压反馈式运放,如果在其反相输入端串联一个电位器,就不会有好处。但是,在电流反馈式运放中,电位器却可控制运放的工作带宽,而又不改变其增益。这个电位器的功用,类似于与电压反馈式运放中的反馈电阻器并联的     

D类功放中输入斩波运放电路的设计

基于n阱0.5μm DPDM CMOS工艺,完成了D类音频功放中输入斩波运算放大器的设计.分析了D类系统对输入运放的设计要求,在此基础上确定了电路采用两级全差分结构实现.并加入斩波结构降低噪声.采用PTAT电流源提供运放的偏置电流,补偿运放跨导gm的温度漂移.在Cadence下的电路仿真表明,前级运放具有16 μV·Hz-1/2的等效输入噪声,开环增益达到117.3 dB.运放所在芯片经过PWM方式流片验证,测试结果显示,芯片THD达到0.58%(f=1 kHz、P.=1 W、VDD=5 V),电源抑制比为65 dB.     

一种带失调自校正运放的电流采样电路设计

本文介绍了一种应用在电源管理芯片中带失调自校正运放的电流采样电路设计。相对于传统的运放失调消除技术,本失调自校正运放设计无需开关电容相关技术,可节省一定的芯片面积,通过在芯片启动时自动校正输入失调,并将校正位锁存。之后,由于运放零失调,可大大提高所述电流采样电路的精度。该技术已经成功应用在数款电源管理芯片中,量产测试结果表明,采用该电路的电流采样精度小于0.2%。     

用于12 bit 40 MS/s低功耗流水线ADC的采样保持电路

设计了一个可降低12 bit 40 MHz采样率流水线ADC功耗的采样保持电路。通过对运放的分时复用,使得一个电路模块既实现了采样保持功能,又实现了MDAC功能,达到了降低整个ADC功耗的目的。通过对传统栅压自举开关改进,减少了电路的非线性失真。通过优化辅助运放的带宽,使得高增益运放能够快速稳定。本设计在TSMC0.35μm mix signal 3.3 V工艺下实现,在40 MHz采样频率,输入信号为奈奎斯特频率时,其动态范围(SFDR)为85 dB,信噪比(SNDR)为72 dB,有效位数(ENOB)为11.6 bit,整个电路消耗的动态功耗为14 mW。     

一种伪随机开关动作的自稳零运算放大器

设计实现了一种低失调、高增益的轨到轨运算放大器(运放),整体电路主要包含带隙基准、环形振荡器、伪随机信号发生器、主运放以及调零辅助运放。采用时间交织结构的自稳零技术降低了运放的输入失调电压,通过主运放与辅助运放增益相叠加的方式获得高增益。为了改善自稳零运放开关动作所引起的互调失真现象,设计了一种伪随机信号发生器,用于控制自稳零运放的开关动作,以一种非固定周期的伪随机时序信号代替传统的周期性时序信号,避免了由MOS开关管周期性动作引入的二次谐波甚至多次谐波,改善了运放的调零效果,消除了输出信号中的互调失真。基于0.5 μm CMOS工艺完成了整体电路的设计与流片,电路仿真与芯片实测数据均达到较好效果。在电源电压5 V,环境温度25 ℃条件下,实测输入失调电压为0.6 μV,输入偏置电流小于10 pA,开环增益为140.8 dB,共模抑制比为138.4 dB,电源抑制比为142.9 dB,该电路可用于高精度信号采集和调理。     

模拟电子新技术讲座(三)——超高精度集成运放分析

集成运放的运算精度主要取决于其直流或低频参数:输入失调电压V_(os).及其温漂αV_(os)、输入失调电流I_(os)、开环电压增益A_(vd)、共模抑制比K_(CMR)、电源电压抑制比K_(SVR)、噪声电压e_n或噪声电流i_n.通常把V_(os)≤50～300μV(可调零到V_(os)≤10μV)、2V_(os)≤(0.3～2)μV/℃、I_(os)≤(10～15)nA、A_(vd)=(110～120)dB、K_(CMR)=(110～120)dB、K_(SVR)=(110～120)dB和在(0.1～10Hz)内e_(np-p)≤(0.5～2.0)μV_(p-p)(0.1～10Hz内)的运放,称为高精度运放;优于上述指标一个数量级的运放,称为超高精度运放.本文对高精度运放的基本电路形式、超低失调漂移的版图布局与内部动态调零技术、外部超低漂移调零网络和偏流抵消电路作详细的分析讨论,并对超高精度运放的原理电路作了说明.     

红外读出电路中低功耗列读出级电路的设计

提出了一种用于红外读出电路的新型低功耗列读出级结构。该结构在传统主从列读出级电路的基础上,引进电压检测电路,通过检测相邻列中主运放的输出电压,动态地调节从运放工作电流,避免了传统结构中从运放需要始终工作在大电流下(>Imax)的限制,从而显著地降低了功耗。具体电路采用CSMC DPTM 0.5μm工艺实现,Hspice仿真结果表明,新型主从列读出级中从运放功耗与传统主从列读出级中从运放功耗相比,从运放的平均功耗最大可以节省75%。     

一款适用于高速读出电路的输出级运算放大器设计

〖JP+1〗CMOS运算放大器是红外探测器系统读出电路的重要模块,其性能直接影响红外读出电路性能。本文设计了一款适用于高速读出电路的输出级运算放大器,在负载电阻100 kΩ,负载电容25 pF的条件下,使读出电路的工作频率大于20 MHz。输出级运算放大器由折叠共源共栅差分运放和甲乙类推挽反相运放级联构成。折叠共源共栅差分运放可以实现电路高增益、大输出电压范围和高输出阻抗,同时可以有效减小放大器输入端的米勒电容效应。甲乙类推挽反相运放具有高电压电流转换效率,可以灵活地从负载得到电流或者向负载提供电流,实现高电流增益,驱动大负载。两级运放之间通过米勒电容实现频率补偿,保证运放的稳定性。本文设计的高速输出级运算放大器基于SMIC 018μm工艺设计,最终实现指标:功耗不大于10mW,运放增益>84dB,相位裕度79°,单位增益带宽>100 MHz,噪声78 μV(1～500 MHz),输出电压范围1～5 V,建立时间<15ns。通过设计高速输出级运算放大器,红外读出电路的读出速率和帧频得到有效提高。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks