碘化钾催化合成4-甲基邻苯二酚二乙酸二甲酯的工艺研究

以4-甲基邻苯二酚和溴乙酸甲酯为原料,经威廉森缩合反应合成了西瓜酮中间产物4-甲基邻苯二酚二乙酸二甲酯。研究发现适量KI的加入因与溴乙酸甲酯生成活性更高的碘乙酸甲酯可明显提高4-甲基邻苯二酚二乙酸二甲酯的收率,起到了催化剂的作用。研究首先通过熔点测定、NMR、IR和HLPC验证了合成产物的结构和纯度,然后研究了各种反应条件,特别是碘化钾的加入量对4-甲基邻苯二酚二乙酸二甲酯收率的影响,最后采用正交实验确定了反应的最佳条件:KI:C7H8O2(mol:mol)=0.75:1;C3H5BrO2:C7H8O2(mol:mol)=3.5:1;K2CO3:C7H8O2(mol:mol)=4:1;反应时间=6 h;反应温度=80℃。验证实验表明在此条件下4-甲基邻苯二酚二乙酸二甲酯的收率可达到94.7%,而对应的西瓜酮收率可达到67.6%。     

聚合酸性离子液体的制备及其催化合成丁二酸二甲酯

以1-乙烯基咪唑和1-丙烯咪唑为单体,首先和溴乙酸、3-溴丙酸、5-溴戊酸和三氟甲磺酸一步反应合成酸性离子液体,然后与苯乙烯共聚,合成8种聚合酸性离子液体催化剂。采用红外光谱、热重分析和扫描电镜对其进行表征。首次研究聚合酸性离子液体对丁二酸二甲酯的合成反应的催化活性,并优化了工艺条件。结果表明,聚乙烯咪唑三氟甲磺酸(P[Vim]CF_3SO_3)为最佳催化剂,催化效果和机械强度优于市售大孔酸性树脂,且易于分离,最佳工艺条件为:反应温度87℃,酸醇比为1∶5,催化剂用量为5%(质量分数),反应4 h,丁二酸二甲酯的收率为96.5%,丁二酸二甲酯的选择性100%。重复使用5次,效果没有明显下降。     

聚合酸性离子液体的制备及其催化合成丁二酸二甲酯

以1-乙烯基咪唑和1-丙烯咪唑为单体,首先和溴乙酸、3-溴丙酸、5-溴戊酸和三氟甲磺酸一步反应合成酸性离子液体,然后与苯乙烯共聚,合成8种聚合酸性离子液体催化剂。采用红外光谱、热重分析和扫描电镜对其进行表征。首次研究聚合酸性离子液体对丁二酸二甲酯的合成反应的催化活性,并优化了工艺条件。结果表明,聚乙烯咪唑三氟甲磺酸(P[Vim]CF_3SO_3)为最佳催化剂,催化效果和机械强度优于市售大孔酸性树脂,且易于分离,最佳工艺条件为:反应温度87℃,酸醇比为1∶5,催化剂用量为5%(质量分数),反应4 h,丁二酸二甲酯的收率为96.5%,丁二酸二甲酯的选择性100%。重复使用5次,效果没有明显下降。     

四氟醚菊酯的合成

优化反应条件,以四氟对苯二甲酸二甲酯、硼氢化钾、硫酸二甲酯等为原料,经还原和醚化反应制得关键中间体2,3,5,6-四氟-4-甲氧甲基苄醇,该中间体再与2,2,3,3-四甲基环丙烷甲酰氯发生缩合反应制得目标产物四氟醚菊酯。以四氟对苯二甲酸二甲酯计,3步总收率为76.7%,产品质量分数超过96%。该路线反应条件温和、收率高,适合工业生产。     

3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐的合成工艺

3,3′,4,4′联苯四甲酸二酐是合成全芳香族聚酰亚胺的重要单体.对其合成路线进行了优化:以邻苯二甲酸酐为原料,经溴化、催化脱卤偶联、脱水环化得到高纯度的3,3′,4,4′联苯四甲酸二酐.同时通过对Pd/C的循环利用进行了研究,确定了Pd/C的合理使用方案.各步反应的最佳条件(反应试剂、反应温度、反应时间、摩尔收率)分别为,溴化:水,75℃,4h,78%;脱卤偶联:水,100℃,2h,90.4%;脱水环化:乙酸酐,回流,2h,97%.优化后路线操作简单,各步反应副反应少,收率较高,总收率达68.4%,产品纯度高,金属离子含量符合要求.     

甲基肼合成新工艺

以亚磷酸二甲酯为甲基化试剂 ,一步合成了单取代的一甲基肼。在优化反应条件下 ,水合肼的转化率高于 63.68% ,甲基肼的收率高达 5 1 .5 8%。优化反应条件如下 :水合肼和亚磷酸二甲酯的摩尔比为 1 .0∶ ( 1 .2～ 1 .3) ,反应时间 3～ 4h,反应温度为 1 30～ 1 40℃ ,实验结果表明此工艺反应条件温和、方法简单易行、收率较高 ,为工业化生产提供了依据。并通过实验证明了加料方式对合成反应的影响较大。     

七氟菊酯合成方法改进

以四氟对苯二甲酸二甲酯为起始原料,通过2步清洁还原反应制得关键中间体2,3,5,6-四氟-4-甲基苄醇,其再与3-(2-氯-3,3,3-三氟-1-丙烯基)-2,2-二甲基环丙烷甲酰氯发生酯化反应制得目标产物七氟菊酯。以四氟对苯二甲酸二甲酯计,3步总收率为71%,产品质量分数为95.6%。该路线三废少,成本低,适合工业生产。     

2,5-双去氢枞基-1,3,4-噻二唑和2,5-双去氢枞基-1,3,4-(噁)二唑的合成

以去氢枞酸为原料,经PCl3或SOCl2酰化得到去氢枞酰氯,与水合肼进行酰肼化反应得到N,N-二去氢枞酰基肼,再分别经过闭环和缩合反应得到目标化合物。研究了各化合物的反应条件;其中N,N-二去氢枞酰基肼的合成可在室温下完成,收率86.2%;合成2,5-双去氢枞基-1,3,4-噻二唑的最佳闭环剂是POCl3,在POCl3既做闭环剂又做溶剂的条件下,收率83.2%;2,5-双去氢枞基-1,3,4-噁二唑的合成中,在P2S5的作用下,以吡啶作为溶剂,收率可达到85.5%;整个合成路线中各步反应的收率都在80%以上,高收率得到目标化合物;其结构经IR、1HNMR和元素分析进行表征和确证。     

3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐的合成工艺

3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐是合成全芳香族聚酰亚胺的重要单体.对其合成路线进行了优化：以邻苯二甲酸酐为原料，经溴化、催化脱卤偶联、脱水环化得到高纯度的3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐.同时通过对Pd/C的循环利用进行了研究，确定了Pd/C的合理使用方案.各步反应的最佳条件（反应试剂、反应温度、反应时间、摩尔收率）分别为，溴化：水，75 ℃，4 h，78％; 脱卤偶联：水，100 ℃， 2 h，90.4％;脱水环化：乙酸酐，回流， 2 h，97％.优化后路线操作简单，各步反应副反应少，收率较高，总收率达68.4％，产品纯度高，金属离子含量符合要求.     

4-氨基二苯胺重氮硫酸氢盐的合成

以 4-氨基二苯胺为原料合成了 4-氨基二苯胺重氮硫酸氢盐。研究了原料配比、反应温度、反应时间的影响 ,确定了合成反应最佳工艺条件。结果为 :第一步 ,重氮化 95 %乙醇 1 80mL ;2 2%盐酸 1 3 8g;亚硝酸钠 5 .3g;温度 0～ 5℃ ;反应时间 1h。第二步置换反应 ,98%硫酸 5 0mL;反应时间2 .5h ;温度 5～ 1 0℃ ,通过精制、干燥得产品 ,产品收率 64.6% ;质量分数 >95 % ;分解点 1 5 9～ 1 60℃。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。