果蔬及其制品中真菌毒素的污染与检测研究进展

果蔬在生长、贮存、运输及加工等一系列过程中,极易受到各种病原菌的侵染而发生腐烂,腐烂果蔬不仅造成巨大的经济损失,而且导致果蔬积累大量的真菌毒素。真菌毒素可通过食物链的传递对人或动物的健康带来巨大威胁。本文就果蔬中常见真菌毒素的种类、产毒菌株、侵染途径、产毒条件、毒性作用、检测方法和限量标准等方面进行详细的总结,旨在为果蔬中真菌毒素的控制提供参考。     

粮食真菌毒素污染的预防与脱毒

粮食真菌毒素的预防包括预防粮食作物田间生长及收获后储藏过程中毒素的生物合成及代谢。真菌毒素的脱毒主要指除去、破坏及减少毒素作用的收获后处理。田间及储藏中没能有效控制真菌毒素的合成必将导致对人类健康的危害及经济损失，而有效的监控将避免真菌毒素成为威胁人类健康的污染源。应用综合预防措施将是控制真菌毒素的有效策略。本文强调的收获前后措施将依特别年份的特定的气候条件而定。弄清适于真菌污染、生长和产毒环境因素是有效控制食物及饲料中真菌毒素的关键措施。有很多新的有效的收获前预防策略正在开发，如利用转基因技术创造粮食作物抗性新品种及利用非产毒真菌菌株生物防治等。收获后的防止真菌毒素产生主要依赖于收获前后的良好的管理措施。脱毒策略可分为物理、化学或微生物脱毒技术，这些脱毒技术主要通过破坏、修饰或吸附真菌毒素，从而达到减少或消除毒素作用。     

啤酒及其生产原料中的真菌毒素

真菌毒素是由真菌产生的一类次级代谢产物,而啤酒及其生产原料的真菌毒素感染则对人们饮用啤酒的安全性造成了威胁。本文综述了赭曲毒素A(Ochratoxin,OTA)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)、伏马毒素(Fumonisin,FB)和黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxin,AFB)对啤酒及其生产原料的感染情况、分析方法和限量标准,并简要介绍了谷物中真菌毒素感染的预防措施和脱毒技术。     

果品中真菌毒素的污染、毒性、生物合成及影响因素研究进展

真菌毒素是危害果品质量的重要因子。果品中重点关注的真菌毒素有展青霉素、链格孢霉毒素、赭曲霉毒 素A和黄曲霉毒素,其形成、转化、消解规律和控制技术是果品质量安全研究的重要内容。本文从果品中真菌毒素 的污染种类、产毒菌株、毒性毒理、产毒基因、合成途径、影响因素等方面综述了相关研究进展。     

天然植物成分防控农产品中真菌毒素的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌生长过程中产生的次生代谢产物,其对农产品的污染直接威胁人类和动物的生命健康。真菌毒素的预防和脱除是实现食品和饲料工业高质量发展亟待解决的关键问题之一。目前研究者采用了多种策略来防控真菌毒素污染避免健康问题和经济损失,包括抑制真菌生长及真菌毒素生成、去除和降解污染农产品中的真菌毒素、降低真菌毒素生物活性等。利用天然植物成分（Natural plant compounds,NPC）防控真菌毒素污染表现出稳定性强、安全性好和抑制效率高等优势,业已成为研究新趋势。本文综述了近年来NPC防控农产品中真菌毒素污染的不同策略,讨论了相应的作用机制,分析了现阶段采用NPC防控真菌毒素的优势和不足,并展望了在食品工业的应用前景,为开发新的真菌毒素防控试剂提供科学参考。     

果品及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A污染的发生、控制和检测

赭曲霉毒素A（ochratoxin A,OTA）是由赭曲霉、炭黑曲霉和青霉属等真菌产生的聚酮类次生代谢产物,广泛存在于果品及其制品中,特别是葡萄及其制品中检出率较高。由于OTA具有毒性强、可致癌且结构非常稳定、难以去除等特点,世界各国都制定了果品及其制品中OTA的限量。本文就OTA的生物合成、果品及其制品中OTA检测技术、OTA污染状况和控制策略分别进行阐述,并对其快速检测、绿色安全防控等方面进行展望,以期为OTA污染的高效分析和有效控制提供理论依据和指导。     

Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective

Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.     

Natural Occurrence of Undecaenes in Some Fruits and Vegetables

1-(E,Z)-3,5-undecatriene and 1-(E,Z,Z)-3,5,8-undecatetraene were isolated under enzyme inhibition from edible parts of peach, passion fruit, and kiwi; the triene only was found in celery, parsley, mandarine, apple and pear. Capillary gas chromatography, sniffing-capillary gas chromatography, and combined “live”-capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the concentrated liquid-liquid extracts were used to establish their identity. Owing to their ultra-low odor detection thresholds and the proposed biogenesis, these trace compounds may be “character impacts” in a wide variety of food flavors of plant origin.     

肉制品加工企业产品安全风险及其防范

食品加工已成为高风险行业,风险的关键是产品安全性。企业通过风险评估揭示可能存在的不安全因素,并有效实施HACCP管理和栅栏控制,可将存在的风险降低至最小限度。本文通过分析肉类加工企业可能存在的风险,对企业构建产品安全风险机制进行探讨。     

利用生物技术防控、消减粮食及其制品中的真菌毒素

近年来生物技术在粮食生产、储藏、加工、粮油食品检测等环节得到广泛应用,相对于传统技术表现出了独特优势.主要综述了利用生物技术在消减、防控粮食及其制品中真茵毒素方面的最新研究进展.生物技术在毒素消减方面的应用主要是通过微生物吸收、转化降解和酶制剂的专一性降解真茵毒素;利用微生物防治产毒真菌和利用生物技术培育拮抗真菌、分解毒素新品种也是当前研究的热点.     

番茄中交链孢菌及其产毒的防治技术研究进展

交链孢属真菌是导致番茄采后病害的主要病原菌,腐烂的番茄不仅造成巨大的经济损失,而且会在其腐烂部位及其周围健康组织中积累大量的真菌毒素。目前加工工艺的限制导致番茄制品也可能受到真菌毒素的污染,进而对人类和动物健康造成潜在的威胁(包括致癌、致畸、致突变等作用)。因此,本文综述了国内外番茄及其制品中交链孢毒素的污染情况,以及交链孢菌及其毒素污染防治技术的研究进展,以期为降低番茄及其制品的风险隐患提供参考。     

果蔬及其制品真菌毒素的控制研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌在生长过程中所产生的一些次级代谢产物,广泛存在于谷物和饲料中,对人畜健康危害极大。近年研究表明果蔬在采后与加工环节中也易污染真菌毒素,已经引起了公众的广泛关注。本文主要从物理方法、化学方法、生物方法等方面综述了果蔬及其产品中真菌毒素控制方法的研究进展,其中生物防治果蔬及其产品中真菌毒素的方法由于安全、高效及环境友好,具有潜在的应用前景。      

低温等离子体在食品中杀灭微生物与降解真菌毒素研究进展

低温等离子体作为一种新型的食品加工处理方法,在提高产品安全性、延长食品保质期方面具有广阔的应用前景。低温等离子体的作用机制决定其可以在低温状态下快速杀灭微生物、降解各类真菌毒素且不会留下任何已知的化学残留物。因此,该文重点概述低温等离子体的作用机理与方式,对微生物和真菌毒素的杀灭与降解效果及作用机制,并总结其在新鲜农产品、液体食品、粮食和肉类等多个产业中杀菌及降解真菌毒素方面的研究进展,以期为现有研究工作提供方法与思路。     

梨果实及其制品中真菌毒素的污染、检测及控制方法研究进展

梨果实营养丰富, 水分含量较高, 在生产、采收和贮运过程中易受病原菌侵染, 特别是在贮藏期间发生真菌性病害后腐烂霉变, 产生并积累各种真菌毒素。本文首先介绍了链格孢毒素、展青霉素、橘霉素和黄曲霉毒素的毒性和在梨果实及其制品中的污染状况, 其次, 对在梨和其制品中应用的薄层色谱法和液相色谱-质谱联用法的特点和应用实例进行了综述, 最后, 总结了果品中真菌毒素的降解方法, 并对有效防控真菌毒素的重点研究方向进行了展望。当前国内对于梨果实及其制品中真菌毒素的研究报道很少, 今后应加强这方面研究, 明确当前真菌毒素的种类以及污染水平, 并重点开展有效防控真菌毒素的研究, 提高我国梨果实及其制品的质量安全水平。     

Silage review: Mycotoxins in silage: Occurrence,effects, prevention,and mitigation

Ensiled forage, particularly corn silage, is an important component of dairy cow diets worldwide. Forages can be contaminated with several mycotoxins in the field pre-harvest, during storage, or after ensiling during feed-out. Exposure to dietary mycotoxins adversely affects the performance and health of livestock and can compromise human health. Several studies and surveys indicate that ruminants are often exposed to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, and many other fungal secondary metabolites, via the silage they ingest. Problems associated with mycotoxins in silage can be minimized by preventing fungal growth before and after ensiling. Proper silage management is essential to reduce mycotoxin contamination of dairy cow feeds, and certain mold-inhibiting chemical additives or microbial inoculants can also reduce the contamination levels. Several sequestering agents also can be added to diets to reduce mycotoxin levels, but their efficacy varies with the type and level of mycotoxin contamination. This article gives an overview of the types, prevalence, and levels of mycotoxin contamination in ensiled forages in different countries, and describes their adverse effects on health of ruminants, and effective prevention and mitigation strategies for dairy cow diets. Future research priorities discussed include research efforts to develop silage additives or rumen microbial innocula that degrade mycotoxins.     

微生物挥发性有机化合物在农产品中的分析及应用研究进展

本文对近年来微生物挥发性有机化合物（microbial volatile organic compounds,MVOCs）在农产品中的分 析和应用的相关文献报道进行了回顾。对农产品中MVOCs的捕集、仪器检测、数据分析方法进行简介,着重论述 了MVOCs在农产品微生物污染检测、发酵食品品质监控、微生物资源开发利用等方面的应用情况。     

线材制品生产及使用中形变马氏体的产生与防止

介绍线材制品在使用过程中可能出现形变马氏体的情况。对钢丝生产过程中出现形变马氏体的情况进行探讨 ,在中高碳钢丝的大压缩率 (大于 30 % )拉拔时 ,钢丝表面如果润滑不好 ,会出现表面横裂 ,其低倍金相为白亮层 ,测量白亮层的硬度和SEM分析认为该白亮层为形变马氏体。对钢丝产生形变马氏体原因进行讨论 ,并提出了避免形变马氏体产生的技术措施     

拮抗酵母菌控制水果及其制品中展青霉素研究进展

展青霉素是由部分曲霉、青霉产生的有毒的代谢产物,主要污染水果及其制品,对人、畜危害较大。水果及其制品中展青霉素的常用控制方法是物理方法和化学方法,但物理方法和化学方法都存在一些弊端,限制了其在实际生产上的应用。近年来,采用拮抗酵母菌控制水果及其制品中展青霉素已成为学术研究的热点。本文对拮抗酵母菌控制水果及水果制品中展青霉素的研究进展进行了综述。     

Blocked Lysine in Dairy Products: Formation,Occurrence, Analysis,and Nutritional Implications

Lysine residues in milk proteins become “blocked” when they react with reducing sugars, particularly lactose, in the Maillard reaction. The blocked or glycated lysines reduce the biological availability of the lysine to metabolic processes and also hinder hydrolysis of the parent protein by digestive enzymes. Heating and storage of milk and milk products are the major promotants of the Maillard reaction and resulting chemical damage to the proteins. Several methods have been proposed to estimate the extent of this protein damage. Two major compounds, furosine, a product of acid hydrolysis of lactulosyl‐lysine, the 1st stable product of the Maillard reaction, and carboxymethyl‐lysine are used for assessing the early and advanced stages of the Maillard reaction, respectively. In addition, several methods are used for assessing the bioavailability of lysine in a protein; these include chemical, enzymic, and animal‐based methods. This review discusses the Maillard reaction and its significance in milk and dairy products, methods of assessing the extent of the reaction and of the bioavailability of lysine, and the nutritional significance of blocked lysines and associated Maillard reaction products in milk proteins.