祁门红茶多酚提取工艺优化及其组成鉴定

以祁门红茶为原料,优化了红茶多酚提取的工艺条件。通过单因素实验考察乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间、料液比、p H对红茶多酚提取率的影响,并进一步采用正交实验优化提取工艺,得到最佳工艺为:乙醇体积分数60%,提取温度70℃,提取时间2.5 h,料液比1∶50（g/m L）,p H4。在此工艺下,提取两次后红茶多酚提取率为（214.23±6.29）mg/g。采用UPLC-DAD鉴定祁门红茶的多酚组成,结果表明,祁门红茶多酚的主要成分为没食子酸、没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、儿茶素没食子酸酯、茶黄素、茶黄素-3-没食子酸酯、茶黄素-3′-没食子酸酯和茶黄素双没食子酸酯。      

长江中下游产区红茶品质分析

针对长江中下游不同产茶区的红茶进行感官品质评价,结合理化成分和香气成分分析,提取滋味和香气品质相关特征信息。结果表明:长江中下游区域红茶在感官品质上呈现甜香、薯甜香、甜醇等香气、滋味等特征。品质成分中水浸出物、咖啡碱、萜烯醇含量均较高,大部分产区茶红素与茶黄素的比例为1:10~1:13之间,是长江中下游区域红茶汤色红亮、滋味醇厚、甜香持久的物质基础。其中湖北茶区红茶的可溶性糖、茶红素等含量较高,是茶汤红亮、滋味甜醇的物质基础,湖南茶区红茶的水浸出物、茶多酚、咖啡碱、黄酮、儿茶素总量、茶黄素及茶红素含量较高,是其茶汤深红、滋味浓厚的物质基础;浙江、安徽茶区红茶的氨基酸和可溶性糖含量较高,是其茶汤甜醇的物质基础。醇类和醛类是主要的香气化合物,芳樟醇、氧化芳樟醇、香叶醇、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、2-甲基丁醛、2-己烯醛、β-环柠檬醛、水杨酸甲酯和β-紫罗酮等共同构成了红茶甜香、糖香及花香的物质基础,另外2-正戊基呋喃、2-乙基呋喃和1-乙基-2-甲酰吡咯呈现坚果、焦香等风味,对红茶的焦糖香形成有着直接影响。     

A reliable technique to identify superior quality clones from tea germplasm

Variations in the substrate level and enzyme activity of prominent south Indian tea germplasm were studied. The content of polyphenols, catechins (substrates) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) showed variation, which influenced the final black tea quality. The enzyme PPO occurs in tea shoots and catalyzes the reactions between catechins to form theaflavins in the presence of oxygen. The catechins mainly epicatechin (EC), epigallo catechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallo catechin (EGC) get mixed with PPO during the oxidation process to form quality constituents like theaflavins (TF), thearubigins (TR) and high polymerized substances (HPS). Theaflavins and their fractions such as simple theaflavin, theaflavin monogallate, (TFMG), theaflavin digallate (TFDG) in black tea are the essential quality constituents that are responsible for the liquor characteristics where as TR and high polymerized substances impart colour to the liquor. As oxidation of macerated leaves proceed through different stages of tea manufacture, a decline in PPO activity, polyphenol and catechin contents were observed. Data revealed that the oxidation reaction was faster during the initial stages of oxidation. During the period, oxygen consumption was higher and declined thereafter. Ratio between the enzyme (PPO) and its substrate (catechins) were used to characterize the quality potential of tea clones. An attempt has also been made to categorize prominent tea clones as high, moderate and average quality clones based on their enzyme substrate ratio. Theaflavin content (oxidation product) of different tea clones suggests that the ratio between PPO and catechins forms an important criterion which determines black tea quality. Results obtained were compared with standard clones of known high quality (CR-6017) and moderate quality (SA-6). The study reveals that the enzyme substrate ratio can be used to identify superior quality clones from the existing tea germplasm.     

红茶、绿茶、乌龙茶活性成分抗氧化性研究

目的与方法：通过醇提得到各种茶多酚提取液,酒石酸亚铁法测定了多酚的含量;水提得到各种茶多糖提取液,用硫酸- 苯酚法测定其中多糖的含量。通过DPPH·法、水杨酸法及邻苯三酚法测定不同茶叶中多酚、多糖含量对自由基的清除作用的影响,对比研究八种茶叶的抗氧化能力。结果：不同茶叶中多糖的含量从2.19%增大到2.89% (半发酵乌龙茶＞红茶＞绿茶),抗氧化能力：红茶＞绿茶＞乌龙茶(DPPH·法);红茶＞绿茶＞乌龙茶(水杨酸法);红茶＞乌龙茶＞绿茶(邻苯三酚法);不同茶叶中多酚的含量从1.71% 增大到9.75% (绿茶＞半发酵乌龙茶＞红茶);结论：茶多糖和多酚是茶叶的主要抗氧化成分。绿茶的抗氧化作用主要来自茶多酚,红茶的抗氧化作用主要来自茶多糖。除乌龙茶多糖提取液外,两种抗氧化成分的抗氧化能力与其含量成量效关系。     

不同等级CTC红碎茶生化成分分析

以不同等级CTC红碎茶为研究对象,通过对感官审评、生化成分和挥发性成分比较分析,探明不同等级CTC红碎茶的品质特点,为CTC红茶加工工艺的改进和品质提升提供借鉴。结果表明,不同等级CTC红碎茶中游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量没有显著差别(p<0.05),咖啡碱含量增加显著(p<0.05),茶多酚则显著降低(p<0.05)。儿茶素组分含量整体下降,茶黄素、茶红素和茶褐素总量增加,茶红素和茶褐素比值变化与汤色色泽变化一致。不同等级CTC红碎茶中以法尼基焦磷酸/牻牛儿基焦磷酸前体物形成的挥发性成分为主。因此,茶多酚、咖啡碱和茶红素含量是调节不同等级CTC红碎茶品质的主要原因。不同等级CTC红碎茶主体挥发性成分并没有改变。     

红茶萎凋处理温湿度条件对PPO、POD及茶多酚和色素的影响

通过控制不同温湿度进行萎凋,然后在较理想的揉捻、发酵、干燥条件下制成红茶。检测加工期间多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及茶多酚、茶色素含量。研究表明:不同温湿度处理萎凋期间PPO活性与萎凋叶含水量呈显著的正相关,相对湿度(RH)70%萎凋制得的红茶茶黄素含量最高,红茶发酵过程中茶多酚的氧化形成茶色素类与PPO、POD活性关系紧密,并且萎凋叶POD活性与成品茶茶黄素和茶红素含量呈极显著的负相关。      

不同茶树品种夏季鲜叶工夫红茶适制性比较

目的比较不同茶树品种夏季鲜叶工夫红茶适制性,为工夫红茶加工提供理论参考。方法通过比较10个茶树品种所制工夫红茶主要内含成分、汤色L~*a~*b~*值及感官品质,分析各因素与感官品质间的相关性。结果 10个品种工夫红茶感官品质依次表现为:蜀永2号巴渝特早蜀永1号早白尖5号四川中小叶种名山白毫131福鼎大白茶渝茶一号崇枇71-1南江1号。鲜叶中多酚氧化酶(polyphenylene oxide,PPO)活性与感官审评得分相关性不显著,过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性与审评得分呈显著负相关性,相关系数-0.660;鲜叶水浸出物、成茶酚氨比、茶汤b~*值、茶褐素、茶色素生成量(gross of tea pigment, GP)与审评得分呈极显著正相关性,相关系数分别为0.820、0.785、0.855、0.771、0.795;鲜叶茶多酚、鲜叶酚氨比、成茶茶多酚、茶汤a~*值、茶黄素、茶红素与审评得分呈显著正相关性,相关系数分别为0.649、0.637、0.668、0.731、0.760、0.698;成茶氨基酸、茶汤L~*值与审评得分分别呈显著和极显著负相关性,相关系数为-0.768、-0.782。结论在本研究中,蜀永2号、巴渝特早、蜀永1号、早白尖5号、四川中小叶种、名山白毫131夏季鲜叶表现出较好的工夫红茶适制性。茶叶中茶多酚及其氧化物含量、氨基酸和水浸出物含量、茶汤L~*a~*b~*值可作为判断夏季工夫红茶适制性的参考指标。     

Effects of potassium and magnesium nutrition on the quality components of different types of tea

In field experiments, the effects of potassium and magnesium nutrition on the quality components of different types of tea, including black tea, oolong tea and green tea, were studied. The results show that K and Mg fertilizer application increased the contents of free amino acids and caffeine of the various tea types with the maximum increase found in the treatment including both nutrients. The content of polyphenols in tea leaves was also increased by K application. The effect of Mg on polyphenol content was inconsistent. In general, Mg apparently decreased the content of polyphenols and only in case the soils were depleted of plant available K and Mg, a slight increase could be observed. The contents of theaflavins and thearubigins, important quality components of brewed black tea, were also increased by K application. Flavour compounds in brewed oolong tea were considerably improved by K and Mg application. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phenolic compounds in tea from Australian supermarkets

Phenolic compounds constitute 50–70% of tea water extract and are the main quality parameters for teas. Theaflavins (TF), thearubigins (TR) and theabrownins (TB) are the major polyphenols that determine the quality of black tea. These compounds were measured in 56 leaf teas and teabags sampled from Australian supermarkets in Queensland. The various quantities of TF, ranging from 0.29% to 1.25%, indicate a quality difference that exists among the teas studied. Low TF content in black tea may be due to over-fermenting and/or long periods of storage. The solubility of TR and TB from teabags ranged from 82% to 92%, indicating that the permeability of teabags was variable. Variable quantities of TF in Australian teas show instability and a tendency of TF to oxidize during storage. Total polyphenols in green teas ranged from 14% to 34%, indicating a large variation, which was not reflected in price. The solubility of total polyphenols from teabags has been proposed as a useful quality index of the filtering paper used for the teabags. This chemical analysis of phenolic compounds in commercial teas may be a potential tool for the quality control of Australian manufactured and imported teas in Australian markets.     

冠突散囊菌固体发酵铁观音茶的主要活性成分及其抗氧化性分析

为提高铁观音茶青的利用率,采用冠突散囊菌固体发酵铁观音茶,检测发酵前后茶叶中化学成分和抗氧化性的变化。结果表明,铁观音茶叶经发酵后,与未发酵的对照组茶叶相比,多酚、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）、表儿茶素没食子酸酯（ECG）、茶黄素,游离氨基酸、麦芽糖、蔗糖和果糖等物质的含量显著性降低（P<0.05）,尤其EGCG和ECG分别下降了92.2%和88.1%,而总黄酮、表没食子儿茶素（EGC）、儿茶素（+C）、表儿茶素（EC）、总糖、葡萄糖、三萜类物质、茶红素和茶褐素等物质的含量显著性增加（P<0.05）,尤其茶褐素增加了68.4%。经过冠突散囊菌发酵过的茶叶与对照茶叶相比总还原力和Fe3+还原能力,清除DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基、羟基自由基能力仍然很强。综上,冠突散囊菌的固体发酵降低了茶叶中具有苦涩味道的茶多酚,增加了总糖、茶红素、茶褐素、EGC、+C、EC等含量,研究为铁观音茶青的发酵利用提供了实验依据。     

The relationship between some chemical parameters and sensory evaluations for plain black tea (Camellia sinensis) produced in Kenya and comparison with similar teas from Malawi and South Africa

Reliable and accurately measurable chemical parameters that can be used to estimate black tea quality are desirable in trade, research and breeding programmes. Using plain Kenyan black tea from 11 cultivars, which gave some significant differences in their plain black tea quality parameters, the individual theaflavins composition, total theaflavins, thearubigins, theaflavin digallate equivalent, total colour and brightness were determined. The parameters were regressed against sensory evaluation scores of two tasters A and B. The theaflavin digallate equivalent (TDE) showed the strongest relationship (r = 0.71 (P ? 0.01) and r = 0.80 (P ? 0.001)) for A and B′, respectively. The simple (non gallated) theaflavin and thearubigins did not show significant relationships with sensory evaluation. Of the liquor characteristics, there were significant relationships between liquor brightness and sensory evaluation by A and B (r = 0.58 (P ? 0.06) and r = 0.59 (P ? 0.05)), respectively. In consequence, TDE and brightness can be used in tea breeding programmes as quality indicators or to estimate plain black tea quality potential in the tea trade. Optimising their levels can also help to produce good quality Kenyan black teas during processing. Comparison of these results with work published earlier indicates that, of the individual theaflavins, theaflavin-3,3′-digallate correlates best with tea taster scores for the 11 Kenyan cultivars, whereas the simple theaflavin correlates best with tea tasters’ scores for 40 Malawian cultivars. However, the derived parameter, TDE correlates very well with tea tasters’ scores for all of the above cultivars.     

Effects of tea polyphenols on the activities of α-amylase,pepsin, trypsin and lipase

Tea polyphenols (TP) possess many beneficial properties, such as reducing the risk of cancer and heart diseases, and acting as natural antioxidants for the food industry. At the same time, tea polyphenols might inhibit digestive enzymes and reduce food digestibility. To explore this possible antinutritional property, the effects of tea polyphenols on the activity of four typical digestive enzymes were investigated. HPLC analysis of the tea polyphenols extracted from Chinese green tea indicated that their catechin content was 93.6% (w/w), and that the content of ester bond-containing polyphenols was more than 82%. Measurement of the interaction of gelatin with tea polyphenols was first carried out, in order to model enzyme protein–TP interaction. It proved that tea polyphenols were capable of binding and precipitating protein, suggesting a potential ability of TP to denature digestive enzymes. In addition, the inhibitory effects of tea polyphenols on α-amylase, pepsin, trypsin and lipase were studied. In the presence of 0.05 mg/ml tea polyphenols, the inhibition ratios of α-amylase, pepsin, trypsin and lipase were, respectively, 61%, 32%, 38% and 54%, suggesting that TP might possess antinutritional properties.     

茶多酚对黑色冲调粉抗氧化及淀粉消化特性的影响

通过DPPH自由基清除率、总抗氧化、总还原力、淀粉水解曲线探讨茶多酚对黑色冲调粉抗氧化和消化特性的影响及其变化。研究结果表明:茶多酚的添加使黑色冲调粉的指标发生显著性变化(P0.05),增强了DPPH自由基清除能力、总还原力、总抗氧化,降低了淀粉水解率。当茶多酚添加量为0.040%时,黑色冲调粉的DPPH自由基清除能力、总还原力的吸光度和总抗氧化能力分别增加了4.6%,0.58,8.83U/g,黑色冲调粉的淀粉水解率下降了24.98%。     

表儿茶素没食子酸酯及表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯单体的化学氧化研究

试验对两种多酚类物质进行化学氧化，并利用高效液相色谱对其氧化产物进行了分析。同时，试验中还对来自表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酶（EGCG）的氧化产物及存在于红茶中的相应产物进行技层析，所流出的高聚合某红素成分在所用介质中的溶解性相对较差，有别于以前类似的研究报道。在相同的氧化体系中，表儿茶素没食子酸酯（ECG）的表现不同于表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯，表明其在该试验所选定的化学氧化条件下为相对稳定。表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酷氧化产物的高效液相色谱峰十分明显，在对红茶汤的HPLC分析中，大部分色谱峰都可以找到其对应峰。因此，该试验对类黄酮化学的研究提供了一个简便的实验方法。     

Membrane Clarification of Tea Extracts

The ready-to-drink (RTD) tea beverages are becoming increasingly popular owing to the health benefits associated with tea polyphenols, but instability due to development of haze and formation of tea cream is a common problem encountered in the product. Membrane technology provides a scope to produce natural, additive-free RTD teas while overcoming the major disadvantages associated with the conventional decreaming methods. Approaches employing membranes for the clarification of extracts from black and green tea have been discussed together with their relative advantages and limitations. The article also outlines the concerns to be addressed in the future attempts employing membrane technology.     

湿热和微生物发酵对陈年绿茶主要成分的影响

采用湿热渥堆和微生物接种措施,以陈年绿茶为原料,研究了加工工序中茶多酚、氨基酸、茶黄素、茶褐素、茶红素、可溶性糖等主要成分与感官品质的动态变化。结果表明:成品样中茶多酚、氨基酸分别降低了39.17%、54.45%;茶黄素、茶褐素分别升高了66.67%、116.92%;茶红素降低了12.43%,可溶性糖含量呈缓慢下降趋势,氟含量基本不变。在不同加工阶段,茶叶综合感官品质差异明显,随着加工时间的延长,茶叶的苦涩味逐渐降低,成品接近黑茶的品质。     

Beneficial effects of tea and its polyphenols against prostate cancer

Tea, next to water, is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Depending upon the level of fermentation, tea can be categorized into three types: green (unfermented), oolong (partially fermented), and black (highly to fully fermented). In general, green tea has been found to be superior to black and oolong tea in terms of antioxidant and health promoting benefits owing to the higher content of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Tea polyphenols comprise about one-third of the weight of the dried leaf, and they exhibit biochemical and pharmacological activities including antioxidant activities, inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and modulation of carcinogen metabolism. Several studies demonstrate that most tea polyphenols exert their effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) since excessive production of ROS has been implicated in the development of a variety of ailments including cancer of the prostate gland (CaP). Using cell culture and animal model systems, molecular targets for these remarkable beneficial effects of green tea drinking on CaP prevention and therapy have been defined. Geographical and case-control studies are showing that green tea drinking could afford CaP chemopreventive effects in human population. In this review we attempt to summarize the experimental as well as the epidemiological basis for the possible role of tea and its polyphenols for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of CaP.     

基于近红外光谱技术(NIRS)对工夫红茶茶色素含量测定

提出一种利用近红外光谱技术无损快速检测工夫红茶茶色素茶黄素(TFs)、茶红素(TRs)、茶褐素(TB)含量的新方法。实验样品共计240个,手动选择180个样品作为校正级,剩余60个样品作为预测集;利用OPUS7.0软件优化出各模型最佳波数段和最佳预处理方法,平滑点数17,维数1,结合茶TFs、TRs、TB含量建立预测模型,分析预测模型的预测性能。各预测模型预测精准度高,均可用于TFs、TRs、TB含量检测。其中,各模型校正相关系数(Rc)为95.11%~98.04%,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.0796~0.2320;预测相关系数(Rp)为91.41%~99.73%,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.0362~0.0762。各模型校正集和预测集均有较高的拟合度,模型预测性能TFs>TRs>TB。结论:近红外光谱图结合TFs、TRs、TB含量建立的各预测模型预测性能优,可用于工夫红茶TFs、TRs、TB含量快速无损检测。