用于防止圆形钢管轴向破坏的计算机辅助材料选择法

主要讨论了轴压作用下柱形壳的优化设计。主要由于Weaver和Ashby的综合研究[Material limits for shape efficiency.Progress in Materials Science 1997;41:61-128],引发对局部屈曲、整体屈曲和屈服作用下管设计的关注。本文添加了另外一种破坏模式,即轴向破坏。在数个相关案例中,这种破坏模式是众多材料失效的主要形式。大部分情况下,这种破坏模式的考虑会极大地影响结构的优化设计。通过分析破坏模式的公式,可以得到描述优化横截面和最小管质量的分段定义的公式。通过与计算机辅助材料选择程序如Cambridge Engineering Selector(CES)相结合,这些公式有助于选择可以构成最轻管的最合适的材料。     

Axial crushing of circular tubes with buckling initiators

This paper presents a study of the effectiveness of adding a buckling initiator which is used to reduce the initial peak force of a thin-walled circular tube under axial impact loadings. The buckling initiator is installed near the impact end of the circular tube and is composed of a pre-hit column along the axis of the tube and several pulling strips uniformly distributed around the top edge of the tube. This device functions just before the impact happens and does not affect the structural stiffness under its normal working conditions. By using two kinds of aluminum-alloy circular tubes, a series of quasi-static compression tests were conducted. The deformation mode, the initial peak force and the mean crushing force of the tubes with different number of pulling strips N, pre-hit height h and inclined angle of the pulling strips θ₀ were studied in the experiments. The results reveal that by using this buckling initiator, the large progressive deformation of the axially crushed circular tube switches from ring mode or mixed mode to diamond mode. Although specimens with N=2, 3 and 4 were tested, the stable deformation tended to diamond mode with lobe number N=3. With suitable selection of pre-hit height h, the initial peak force could be reduced by more than 30%. In addition, a simplified theoretical analysis is conducted to illustrate the reduction of the initial force as well as the energy dissipation mechanisms, leading to good agreements with the experimental results.     

Experimental and numerical study on the stability capacity of Q690 high-strength circular steel tubes under axial compression

This paper presents experimental investigation on the local and overall buckling capacity of Q690 high-strength circular steel tubes under axial compression. Coupon tests are undertaken to obtain the Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, tensile yield stress and ultimate tensile strength of Q690 steel material. Forty-two specimens under axial compression are tested to evaluate the buckling behavior and the failure mode. Test results indicate that most of the existing design standards are conservative for the design of Q690 steel tubes. The distribution model of residual stress is measured by cutting ring method. Then, a finite element model based on modified column deflection curve method (CDC) is built to assess the effects of initial imperfection and residual stress on the stability capacity of the steel tubes. Finally, design methods and recommendations are provided for estimating the stability capacity of high-strength circular steel tubes.     

Minimum weight of cold-formed steel sections under compression

This paper presents a combined theoretical and experimental study on the minimum weight and the associated optimal geometric dimensions of an open-channel steel section with given length subjected to a prescribed axial compressive load. Sections both with and without lips are analyzed. The results obtained using a nonlinearly constrained optimization method are compared with those estimated from a simple-minded optimization procedure that assumes the simultaneous occurrence of all failure modes in a minimum weight structure. The types of failure mode considered include yielding, flexural buckling, torsional–flexural buckling, and local buckling. The failure criterion is based purely on compressive strength, with other possible design constraints (e.g. bending stiffness, minimum gauge and cost) ignored. The effects of end support conditions and restraint on torsional buckling are examined. The load capacity of a C-section calculated according to the 1998 British Standard Institution’s specifications on Structural Use of Steelwork in Building is used to check the validity of theoretical predictions. Finally, two new C-sections with lips were designed and manufactured based on the optimal results, and tested. Test results confirm the analytical predictions, with the optimal C-sections performing much better than the existing ones.     

Performance-based analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns, Part I: Theory and algorithms

This paper presents a performance-based analysis (PBA) technique based on fiber element formulations for the nonlinear analysis and performance-based design of thin-walled concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns with local buckling effects. Geometric imperfections, residual stresses and strain hardening of steel tubes and confined concrete models are considered in the PBA technique. Initial local buckling and effective strength/width formulas are incorporated in the PBA program to account for local buckling effects. The progressive local buckling of a thin-walled steel tube filled with concrete is simulated by gradually redistributing normal stresses within the steel tube walls. Performance indices are proposed to quantify the section, axial ductility and curvature ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam-columns under axial load and biaxial bending. Efficient secant algorithms are developed to iterate the depth and orientation of the neutral axis in a thin-walled CFST beam-column section to satisfy equilibrium conditions. The analysis algorithms for thin-walled CFST beam-columns under axial load and uni- and biaxial bending are presented. The PBA program can efficiently generate axial load-strain curves, moment-curvature curves and axial load-moment strength interaction diagrams for thin-walled CFST beam-columns under biaxial loads. The proposed PBA technique allows the designer to analyze and design thin-walled CFST beam-columns made of compact or non-compact steel tubes with any strength grades and normal and high-strength concrete. The verification and applications of the PBA program are given in a companion paper.     

冷弯厚壁型钢轴压构件设计可靠度分析

在材性试验的基础上对冷弯厚壁型钢进行了轴压承载力试验及有限元分析。试验中发现：对于长细比较大、板件宽厚比较小的试件,破坏模式为整体失稳;对于长细比较小、板件宽厚比较大的方管柱,其破坏过程首先是柱中部产生很小的弯曲变形,随着荷载增大,整体弯曲变形也逐渐增大,并引起方管板件的局部屈曲。采用ANSYS软件进行有限元分析,其结果与试验结果接近,表明将残余应力引入有限元模型对冷弯厚壁型钢构件进行分析具有较高的精度。在此基础上,利用收集到的26组不同牌号、不同截面冷弯厚壁型钢的试验数据建立有限元模型,并引入已有的残余应力模型进行了大量的有限元分析,得到了多组冷弯厚壁型钢轴心受力构件的承载力。对冷弯厚壁型钢构件进行了设计可靠度分析,提出了Q235、Q345冷弯厚壁型钢的抗力分项系数和强度设计值的建议值,可为相关技术标准的修编提供依据。     

Plastic buckling of dented steel circular tubes under axial compression: An experimental study

This paper examines the effect of large local imperfections, known as dents, on the plastic buckling capacity of short steel tubes under axial compression. A total of 11 tests on such short columns were carried out. The specimens were indented through a separate process and the ultimate axial capacity was subsequently obtained through compression tests. Dent imperfections with various depths were introduced to different locations on the body of the specimens. Plastic buckling modes as well as the ultimate capacity of the specimens were thoroughly investigated. The adverse effect of such a local damage on the load carrying capacity was quantified for different values and types of imperfections.     

Structural behavior of concrete filled steel tubular sections (CFT/CFSt) under axial compression

In this study, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and steel tensile coupon tests are performed to determine material properties. Sixteen hollow cold formed steel tubes and 48 concrete filled steel tube specimens are used for axial compression tests. The effects of width/thickness ratio (b/t), the compressive strength of concrete and geometrical shape of cross section parameters on ultimate loads, axial stress, ductility and buckling behavior are investigated. Circular, hexagonal, rectangular and square sections, 18.75, 30.00, 50.00, 100.00 b/t ratio values and 13, 26, 35 MPa concrete compressive strength values are chosen for the experimental procedure. Analytical models of specimens are developed using a finite element program (ABAQUS) and the results are compared. Circular specimens are the most effective samples according to both axial stress and ductility values. The concrete in tubes has experienced considerable amount of deformations which is not expected from such a brittle material in certain cases. The results provide an innovative perspective on using cold formed steel and concrete together as a composite material.     

Energy absorbtion and mean crushing load of thin-walled grooved tubes under axial compression

In the present study, crashworthiness characteristics of thin-walled steel tubes containing annular grooves are studied. For this purpose, the grooves are introduced in the tube to force the plastic deformation to occur at predetermined intervals along the tube. The aims are controlling the buckling mode and predicting energy absorption capacity of the tubes. To do so, circumferential grooves are cut alternately inside and outside of the tubes at predetermined intervals. Quasi-static axial crushing tests are performed and the load-displacement curves are studied. Theoretical formulations are presented for predicting the energy absorption and mean crushing load. It is found a good agreement between the theoretical results and experimental findings. The results indicate that the load-displacement curve and energy absorbed by the axial crushing of tubes could be controlled by the introduction of grooves with different distances. Also, grooves can stabilize the deformation behavior and thus, the proposed method could be a good candidate as a controllable energy absorption element.     

Quasi-static axial compression of concentric expanded metal tubes

Previous studies have demonstrated that the failure mechanism and energy absorption capacity of expanded metal tubes strongly depends on the orientation of the cells. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the collapse of concentric expanded metal tubes subjected to quasi-static axial compression. Square tubes with two different cell orientations are tested to failure, and the energy absorption characteristics are calculated. The results show that the combination of cell geometries lead to a complex buckling mode interaction, which enhances the energy absorption capacity of expanded metal tubes.     

Q420等边角钢轴压杆整体稳定性能试验研究

国内大型输电铁塔中已逐步采用Q420高强度角钢。为研究此类高强度等边角钢轴压杆的整体稳定性能,进行了轴压静力试验研究,试验包括60个试件,截面类型选取了在所有热轧角钢截面中板件宽厚比最大的5种。基于试验结果,研究了Q420高强度等边角钢轴心受压柱的失稳破坏形态和极限承载力,通过计算得到其稳定系数,并与现行钢结构设计规范的柱曲线进行了对比,同时分析了板件宽厚比超限对Q420高强度等边角钢轴压柱失稳破坏形态和稳定承载力的影响。结果表明：该类构件以弯扭失稳为主,根据试验实测得到的稳定系数明显高于现行钢结构设计规范所规定的等边角钢所在的b类截面柱曲线,甚至高于a类截面柱曲线。研究为后续的有限元计算和数值参数分析提供了重要的基础数据,为设计方法提供了参考建议。图11表4参17     

Analysis and optimization of externally stiffened crush tubes

Nonlinear finite element analysis is used to investigate the quasi-static axial collapse response of cylindrical tubes which are externally stiffened by multiple identical rings. The rings divide the long tube into a series of short thin-walled tubes. It is assumed that the size and shape of integral stiffeners are controlled through a machining process. The effects of various geometric parameters such as wall thickness, ring spacing, ring thickness and width on the collapse response, crush force and energy absorption of monolithic, integrally stiffened steel tubes are studied and used as a general framework for a design optimization study. Through design and analysis of computer experiments, global metamodels are developed for the mean crush force and energy absorption, using the radial basis function approximation technique. Using both single- and multi-objective design optimization formulations, optimum designs for different response characteristics are found. The crush mode in the form of progressive collapse or buckling is found to heavily depend on the ratio of stiffener spacing to stiffener height as well as the ratio of wall thickness to stiffener thickness. The optimization results show the viability of externally stiffened tubes as efficient energy absorbers.     

Coupled stability analysis of thin-walled composite beams with closed cross-section

For the coupled stability analysis of thin-walled composite beam with closed cross-section subjected to various forces such as eccentric constant axial force, end moments, and linearly varying axial force, the efficient numerical method to evaluate the element stiffness matrix is newly presented based on the homogeneous form of simultaneous ordinary differential equations. The general bifurcation type of buckling theory for thin-walled composite box beam is developed based on the energy functional corresponding to semitangential rotations and semitangential moments. The coupled stability equations including variable coefficients and the force–displacement relationships are derived from the energy principle and explicit expressions for displacement functions are presented based on power series expansions of displacement components. The element stiffness matrix is evaluated by applying member force–displacement relationships to these displacement functions. In addition, the finite element model based on the cubic Hermitian interpolation polynomial is presented. In order to verify the accuracy and validity of this study, numerical solutions are presented and compared with the finite element solutions using the Hermitian beam elements and the available results from other researchers. Particularly, the influence of the eccentricity and the force ratio of axial forces, the fiber orientation, and the boundary conditions on the buckling behavior of composite box beam are parametrically investigated. Also the emphasis is given in showing the phenomenon of buckling mode change.     

Optimum design of laminated composite plates to maximize buckling load using MFD method

This paper presents optimal design of simply supported laminated composite plates subject to given in-plane static loads for which the critical failure mode is buckling. The objective function is to maximize the buckling load capacity of laminated plates and the fiber orientation is considered as design variable. The first-order shear deformation theory is used for the finite element analysis. In this paper, the effects of bending–twisting coupling are also included for the buckling optimization. The modified feasible direction method is used as an optimization method. Also, computer programs are coded in MATLAB and Golden Section method is adapted in this program for the optimal design of laminated plates for maximum buckling load. The effect of width-to-thickness ratio, aspect ratio, number of layers, material anisotropy, load ratios (N_y/N_x), uncertainties in material properties and functionally graded materials on the results is investigated and compared.     

Pipeline buckling caused by axial loads

Compressive loads are commonly induced in pipelines by the frictional restraint of axial extensions due to temperature changes or internal pressure. It is shown that these forces can cause buckling in the presence of the initial imperfections which are certainly present in pipelines as laid, particularly in submarine lines. Two buckling modes which have occurred in practice (and their interaction) are considered. The first mode involves an upward movement from the sea bed while the second involves snaking lateral movements on the sea bed itself. Both modes have been reported in the literature on railway tracks. These results are reviewed, and extended in the case of the analysis of the lateral mode. For normal coefficients of friction, the lateral mode occurs at a lower axial load than the vertical mode and is therefore dominant in pipeline work unless the line is laid in a trench. In this case the lateral restraint makes a vertical buckle up and out of the trench possible, which may be followed by an interactive lateral movement and/or rolling movement of the elevated part of the pipeline.The theoretical solutions are illustrated by numerical calculations for a typical pipeline and some design implications are reviewed.     

Instability behavior and application of prismatic multi-tube latticed steel column

Multi-tube latticed steel columns without diagonal tubes and the ones with diagonal tubes are two common types of prismatic latticed columns used nowadays. Instability behavior of prismatic multi-tube latticed steel columns is studied in this paper. The focus on the problem is based on the derivation of shear stiffness for multi-tube latticed steel columns. Formulas are established to express the elastic buckling loads as well as the modified slenderness ratios, in which the effect of shear deformation is taken into account. Cases are analyzed via finite element method ANSYS to calculate the ultimate load-carrying capacity of the latticed columns for comparison with the design method in different design codes for compressive members. Formulas to estimate the design resistance for axial compressive prismatic multi-tube latticed steel columns are proposed and detailed design suggestions for the component steel tubes are presented as well.     

运用MFD方法对以屈曲为破坏标准的叠层复合板进行最优化设计

对给定平面内静力荷载作用下,以屈曲为破坏机制的简支叠层复合板进行最优化设计。目标函数是使得叠层板的屈曲荷载达到最大,纤维方向为设计变量。有限元分析中应用了一阶剪切变形理论。优化设计中考虑了弯扭力偶的作用,同时采用了以Matlab和Golden Section法编制的计算机程序进行计算。对宽厚比、纵横比、层数、各向异性材料、荷载比(Ny/Nx)等材料特性中其他一些不确定因素进行了对比和分析。     

钢管混凝土柱巨型交叉节点受力性能研究

在一超高层结构工程中,外框架采用了焊接钢管混凝土边柱和夹角为12°的斜柱交叉形成高达6层且与6层楼面梁相接的巨型交叉节点,该节点构造复杂。节点边柱的轴向荷载不平衡在节点处产生剪力,同时,由于斜柱承受的轴向荷载巨大,该巨型节点受力复杂。为研究该节点的受力性能,对其进行了大比例模型加载试验。试验在最不利工况（1.2×重力荷载+1.3×设防地震作用）下： 1) 在设计荷载作用下节点试件整体仍然处于弹性工作状态; 2) 增大边柱不平衡力,对节点试件的平面内侧移有一定的影响,而对平面外变形基本没影响; 3) 对斜柱轴向荷载进行卸载,将节点由压剪转换至更不利的拉剪受力状态,节点未破坏; 4) 施加斜柱轴向荷载超过设计承载力的2倍,节点试件最终在斜柱两端出现局部鼓起而发生破坏,说明该交叉节点的设计符合我国规范“强节点弱构件”的设计原则。在整个加载过程中,节点区域并未产生剪切破坏面,钢管内部设置的纵向内隔板和加劲环板使得钢管与混凝土协同工作,节点构造合理。通过合理的简化,对该节点试件进行了三维非线性有限元分析,其荷载 变形曲线以及破坏模式与试验结果吻合良好。     

轴向循环荷载作用下有矩形缺陷钢管的应变棘轮:数值模型

轴向循环荷载作用下,钢管易产生局部屈曲、起皱及塑性应变。由于反复的开启/关闭和温度变化,海底管道处于加载和卸载循环中。在工作中,由于受腐蚀,壁厚变薄,钢管通常发生材料损伤。建立数值模型,模拟循环荷载作用下有矩形缺陷钢管的棘轮性能。钢管首先受单轴轴向压缩,小幅起皱,随后施加持续轴向循环荷载。采用非线性各向同性/随动(混合)硬化模型,模型各参数通过小型试件的滞回试验获得。钢管棘轮性能的数值结果与试验数据基本吻合。相比于动力性能,表面缺陷对有缺陷钢管的棘轮性能影响更大。基于本模型,还可研究初始应变、应力振幅、加载制度、壁厚和材料硬化属性等因素对有矩形缺陷钢管的棘轮性能和连续塑性屈曲性能的影响。     

Multi-criteria optimal design of stiffened plates-II. Mathematical modelling of the optimal design of longitudinally stiffened plates

In the second part of these series of papers we present the mathematical modelling of the multi-criteria optimization problem of longitudinally stiffened plates. This leads to a non-linear multi-criteria optimization problem with a finite number of side-conditions. As an application we consider the optimal design of such plates where the weight should be as small as possible and the ultimate buckling load as high as possible. The chosen design variables are the number, the thickness and the height of the stiffeners for a specific plate thickness.For the computation of the optimal points the multi-criteria optimization problem is transformed to a family of ordinary optimization problems using a method developed in Ref.¹ (Segundas Jornadas Latino Americanas de Matematica Aplicada, 1983, 2, 483–495). An investigation of the special side-conditions of the considered optimal design problem leads to a simplification of the method of Ref.¹ The optimal design problem for weight minimization and for maximization of the ultimate buckling load is considered explicitly. Some numerical examples conclude the second part of the paper.