Bending collapse of thin-walled circular tubes and computational application

This paper focuses on describing the bending collapse behavior of thin-walled circular tubes. In this paper, global energy equilibrium theory is applied to derive the relationship between the applied moment and the bending angle of circular tubes. A general bending collapse mode of circular tubes is referenced for the derivation, and it is assumed that during bending crush, all impact energy is absorbed and distributed along the hinge lines. After obtaining the relationship, it is compared to a published theory of tubular structure's bending resistance, which was obtained from analytical and experimental studies. The derived bending resistance is then applied to generate simplified circular tube models, which have different cross-sections and are made of different materials. Crashworthiness analyses are performed on these simplified models as well as detailed tube models, and the crash results are compared to verify the efficiency of the generated simplified model and the accuracy of the derived tube's bending resistance. All the problems involved in this paper are solved by means of LS-DYNA.     

薄壁圆管的弯曲屈服和计算应用

采用整体能量平衡理论,推导出作用力矩与圆管弯曲角的关系。在推导一般性的圆管弯曲屈服模式中,假定弯曲破坏时,所有能量都能被吸收,并且分布在塑性铰线上。然后将作用力矩和圆管弯曲角的关系与数值分析和试验中得到的管状结构抗弯能力对比。推导出的抗弯曲性适用于简化圆管模型,这些模型有不同的截面和材料。不但对细化管状模型,而且对这些简化模型进行了耐撞性分析,碰撞结果的对比可以验证简化模型的有效性以及推导的管抗弯能力计算方法的精确度。文中的分析结果全部由LS-DYNA软件计算得出。     

Plastic mechanism analysis of steel SHS strengthened with CFRP under large axial deformation

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening of structures has been gaining increasing interest, traditionally in application with concrete structures, and more recently in application with steel structures. This paper presents experiments and plastic mechanism analysis of steel square hollow section (SHS) tubes strengthened using externally bonded CFRP, deforming in an axi-symmetric collapse mode under quasi-static large deformation axial compression. The fold formation process of the stub column was such that the flat sides formed the well-known roof mechanism. The collapse proceeded progressively by folding about concentrated hinge lines and yielding of the four corners. An expression for the plastic collapse axial load was obtained by equating the total energy absorbed in bending and yielding to the external work carried out during deformation of the composite tube. The predicted instantaneous post-buckling and mean collapse loads are shown to compare well with the experimental results.     

Lateral compression behaviors of thin-walled equilateral triangular tubes

The paper deals with one important topic in impact engineering - the lateral compression behavior of thin-walled tubes. To study the lateral collapse modes and energy absorption behaviors of equilateral triangular tubes, quasi-static compression experiments were carried out. Crushing modes were revealed by the experiments. Three typical crushing stages characterize the lateral deformation plateaus of equilateral triangular tubes. In simulation, perfect tubes have symmetrical crushing modes. Strengths of the tubes were correctly predicted by the competition between yielding and buckling. Based on the observed crushing modes, plastic models were proposed for each stage to predict the lateral crushing behaviors theoretically. Equilateral triangular tubes have unified energy absorbing mechanisms, including five plastic hinges and one traveling plastic hinge. Plastic models have been constructed to predict the mean crushing forces and evaluate the energy absorption efficiency of the equilateral triangular tubes.     

Plastic mechanism analysis of concrete-filled double-skin (SHS inner and SHS outer) stub columns

A plastic mechanism to predict the collapse behaviour of concrete-filled double-skin stub columns is developed and analysed in this paper. Both outer and inner tubes are square hollow sections (SHS). In the analysis, the inner tube is treated the same way as that used in previous research on empty SHS stub columns. New mechanism models are developed for the outer tubes. The effect of local buckling in the outer tube is also studied. The concrete model adopted in this paper considers the effect of confinement of the concrete induced by the double skin tubes. It also considers the strength degradation of concrete for large deformation analysis. It has been found that the effect of local buckling on the collapse curve of the outer tube can be ignored. The concrete model including confinement and strength degradation should be used in order to simulate the collapse behaviour, especially for thin outer tubes. Good agreement was achieved between the plastic mechanism analysis and experimental results.     

循环荷载作用下空腹式交错桁架钢结构抗震性能试验研究

为研究空腹式交错桁架结构体系的抗震性能,进行了1个5层空腹式交错桁架钢结构1/3缩尺模型试验,研究了该结构体系在循环荷载作用下的抗震性能和破坏机理,并从滞回性能、刚度退化、结构延性、耗能能力及破坏模式等方面评价该结构体系的抗震性能。试验及分析结果表明:该结构具有承载能力高、变形能力较强、耗能能力好等优点,但其侧向刚度偏弱,各层层间位移延性角差别较大,结构沿高度方向侧向刚度分布不均匀。应力测试结果表明,该结构塑性铰开始形成于桁架腹杆,然后是桁架弦杆,最后在柱中形成塑性铰,地震能量主要通过桁架耗散,其破坏属于梁铰机制,满足强柱弱梁的抗震要求。     

Axial crushing analysis of end-capped circular tubes

The paper investigates collapse mechanisms and energy absorption capacity during the axial compression of the end-capped thin-walled circular aluminum tubes which are hollow or filled with polyurethane foam. An experimental technique is used to evaluate the crushing behavior of the circular tubes under compressive quasi-static strain rate. A numerical model is presented based on finite element analysis to simulate the crushing of circular tubes considering nonlinear response due to material behavior, contact boundary conditions and large deformation. The validated model using existing experimental results is used to evaluate the dynamic response in order to determine the dynamic amplification factor relating the quasi-static results to dynamic response. The experimental and numerical results are used to determine energy absorption capacity due to the plastic deformation of thin-wall tube and crushable foam. The performance of end-capped tubes is compared with non-capped tubes and it is found that maximum initial peak load can be controlled and convenient crash protection systems can be obtained using end-capped circular tubes.     

Frusta structure designing to improve quasi-static axial crushing performances of triangular tubes

To improve quasi-static axial crushing performances of thin-wallled triangular tubes, frusta structures were designed and fabricated. Quasi-static axial compression experiments were carried out to reveal the collapse mode and energy absorption characteristic of the triangular frusta tube. Peak loads and mean crushing forces (MCFs) of tubes with different taper angles were compared. In-extensible and extensible collapse modes were suggested to predict the MCF of the triangular frusta tube with small and great taper angles, respectively. A new collapse mode, inward folding, was observed in the experiments. An energy absorption stability factor was defined to evaluate the anti-crushing efficiency of the triangular frusta tube. With greater taper angles, the energy absorption stability factor is much closer to 1, denoting more stable deformation style. It is concluded that frusta structures with taper angles effectively enhance the anti-crushing efficiency and stability of thin-walled triangular tubes.     

拉筋接触方式对高轴压比钢管混凝土柱抗震性能影响试验研究

高轴压比下的钢管混凝土柱抗震性能较差,端部拉筋能够有效提高钢管混凝土柱的抗震能力,但拉筋与钢管壁焊接施工困难,不利于工程应用。为了研究拉筋笼与钢管壁间接触方式对钢管混凝土柱整体抗震性能的影响,通过对2个圆形和4个方形截面高轴压比端部带拉筋的钢管混凝土柱进行水平低周往复荷载作用下的试验研究,分析不同接触方式对其破坏形态、滞回耗能能力、骨架曲线、弹性刚度、承载力、延性系数、刚度退化和残余变形率的影响规律。结果表明：拉筋笼与钢管内壁焊接能够加强拉筋和钢管对混凝土的约束作用,从而增加构件的整体刚度。同时,塑性铰处钢管鼓曲幅值与局部屈曲长度明显降低,因此获得了更高的弹性刚度、承载力和滞回耗能能力;外径尺寸和其他设计参数相同时,常用拉筋笼约束方式下方钢管混凝土柱比圆钢管混凝土柱具有更大的抗弯刚度、承载力和塑性耗能能力,且破坏时始终表现为塑性压铰,而带拉筋圆钢管混凝土柱在破坏后往往由塑性压铰转变为拉铰。     

考虑局部屈曲影响的H形钢构件在双向压弯作用下的滞回性能研究

由于地震作用是多维的,结构构件在地震作用下将会受到双向弯矩作用,而构件在一个主轴方向的屈服或屈曲会给构件在另一主轴方向的各项性能带来退化。针对H形截面钢构件,设计了一种由万向铰与三个跟动装置组成的三维加载系统,对11个不同宽厚比、轴压比和加载方向组配下的大宽厚比H形截面钢构件进行了双向压弯的滞回试验研究,考察了其破坏模态、滞回曲线及耗能能力等滞回性能。采用ABAQUS软件建立了有限元模型,采用试验结果进行了校核。最后基于试验和有限元分析结果,分析了扭转效应对试件的影响特性。研究结果表明,板件的局部屈曲和塑性变形的相关作用是影响试件滞回响应的重要因素,而影响效果主要取决于板材宽厚比、轴压比和加载方向的耦合作用;扭转效应对所设计的试件影响较小。     

Lateral compression of a square or rectangular tube between two parallel narrow width indenters placed non-orthogonally

Collapse behavior of aluminum tubes of square and rectangular cross-sections, when compressed between two identical narrow width indenters placed symmetrically in parallel alignment, is examined. Experiments were performed wherein the angle between the axes of tube and indenters was varied from 0° to 90°. Load compression curves and deformation histories of typical specimens are presented. The collapse of the tubes was seen to be generally symmetrical, though asymmetries were observed in some tubes. Considering only the symmetrical mode of deformation, an analysis is presented for constructing the load compression curves as well as the shape of the deforming tube. The analysis considers the energy, absorbed in stationary and rolling plastic hinges which are formed in the collapsing tube. Computed results thus obtained compare well with the experiments.     

交错桁架延性段双槽钢组合截面弦杆往复弯曲性能试验研究

为研究交错桁架钢框架结构中采用双槽钢组合截面的桁架弦杆延性区段的抗震性能,对8个双槽钢组合截面足尺试件进行往复弯曲荷载作用下的滞回性能试验。重点研究了填板间距、侧向支撑设置、加劲肋设置等因素对该类型截面构件滞回性能的影响。试验结果表明：减小填板间距可减小单肢槽钢平面外长细比,防止组合截面试件发生单肢槽钢失稳,保证双肢槽钢共同工作;塑性铰处设置侧向支撑可有效限制塑性铰区域槽钢发生平面外变形,保证试件不发生整体弯扭失稳,提高构件耗能能力;在塑性铰区域设置加劲肋可限制板件的局部屈曲,保证试件在循环加载过程中的耗能机制为“屈服耗能”,提高构件的耗能及转动能力。研究成果可为交错桁架钢框架中双槽钢组合截面桁架弦杆的工程应用提供参考。     

薄柔截面构件屈曲铰及钢框架破坏机构分析

对H形薄柔截面构件组成的钢框架结构的极限承载性能及变形性能进行研究。首先对H形薄柔截面钢构件的破坏机制、承载能力、变形及耗能能力等特性进行总结,表明薄柔截面构件延性虽弱,在抗震设计中仍可以被用于耗散能量。针对薄柔截面构件的承载和变形特性,阐述屈曲铰的特征和实现条件。通过引入屈曲铰,对薄柔截面构件钢框架的非线性发展过程进行数值分析。分析结果表明,由“弱延性”构件组成的超静定框架可以实现非线性变形发展条件下的内力重分布,并使框架结构表现出一定的延性。基于结构的最终破坏机构模型,对薄柔构件利用屈曲铰模型,采用极限状态分析法预测框架结构的极限承载能力,并通过2个框架试验验证该方法的可行性。     

Experimental investigation on seismic performance of corroded steel columns in offshore atmospheric environment

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on seismic performance of corroded steel columns in offshore atmospheric environment. Indoor artificial‐climate accelerated tests on six steel columns and 48 tensile coupons were implemented first. And then the tensile tests were performed to obtain the functional relationships between mechanical properties and mass loss rate for Q235B steel subjected to corrosion. Low‐cyclic reversed loading tests were conducted on six steel columns with different corrosion levels. The influence of corrosion level and axial compression ratio on the failure modes, hysteretic behavior, ductility, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation capacity, the moment–curvature relationships of the plastic hinge region, and equivalent plastic hinge length of the samples were analyzed and discussed. The test results indicate that within a certain range, an increase in corrosion level or axial compression ratio tends to decrease the bearing capacity, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation capacity of steel columns. The axial compression ratio plays an important role in determining the plastic hinge length of steel columns, but the corrosion level has no regular influence on the plastic hinge length. Furthermore, a finite element mode was established. The finite element predictions are in good agreement with the corresponding test results.     

不同刚度比下防屈曲支撑钢筋混凝土框架抗震性能试验研究

为研究不同刚度比防屈曲支撑(buckling-restrained brace,BRB)钢筋混凝土框架的抗震性能,设计并制作了3榀BRB水平刚度与主体框架抗侧刚度比值分别为3、5、7的减震框架,通过低周往复荷载试验,对比研究其耗能减震能力、破坏形态、BRB连接节点及节点板性能、BRB转动变形性能、BRB端部附加弯矩产生机制等,探讨与BRB连接的梁、柱构件设计方法。研究结果表明：3榀框架滞回曲线饱满,耗能能力稳定,随着刚度比的增加,屈服荷载及极限荷载提高,BRB连接节点破坏越严重;BRB连接节点板的存在使框架柱塑性铰位置由柱端移至节点板趾部附近区域;水平荷载作用下,各框架中BRB端部由于转动变形产生附加弯矩,转动变形与层间位移角近似呈线性变化关系;加强消能子结构的延性构造措施是实现大变形下BRB充分耗能的有效途径。     

现浇柱预制梁混凝土框架结构抗震性能试验研究

为研究装配整体式混凝土框架结构的滞回性能、延性和耗能能力等抗震性能,并考察其在罕遇地震作用下进入弹塑性阶段的受力性能,进行了2个1/2比例的2层2跨现浇柱预制梁框架试件的低周反复荷载试验。2个试件分别为对比装配式框架试件和预制梁端底部钢筋带套管的框架试件,试验中结构的最大层间位移角达到1/25。试验结果表明：现浇柱预制梁框架结构具有稳定的滞回性能及良好的延性;整个试验过程中结构刚度退化明显,且刚度退化主要发生在屈服之前;梁端钢筋的套管很好地发挥了作用,套管将接缝处钢筋变形平均到套管中,增大了梁端塑性铰长度,进而提高了结构的变形能力。研究成果可为装配整体式混凝土框架在抗震设防区的推广和应用提供参考。     

方钢管焊接空心球节点的承载力与实用计算方法研究

国家游泳中心“水立方”采用了一种新型的多面体空间刚架结构,杆件形式包括圆钢管、方钢管和矩形钢管,节点则主要采用焊接空心球节点。本文系统研究在轴力、弯矩及两者共同作用下方钢管焊接空心球节点的受力性能与承载能力。建立了采用理想弹塑性应力-应变关系、Mises屈服准则,同时考虑几何非线性的有限元分析模型,并对承受轴力、弯矩及两者共同作用的方钢管焊接球节点进行了大量的有限元参数分析。对轴力和弯矩共同作用的焊接球节点,其轴力-弯矩相关关系与节点的几何参数(包括空心球的球径、壁厚及钢管边长)无关。对若干典型节点进行了试验研究,直观了解节点的受力性能和破坏机理,并验证了有限元模型的正确性。还推导了基于冲切面剪应力破坏模型的节点承载力简化理论解,从而得到节点承载力计算公式的基本形式。最后,综合简化理论解、有限元分析和试验研究的结果,建立了轴力、弯矩及两者共同作用下方钢管焊接球节点承载力的实用计算公式,其中,对轴力和弯矩共同作     

Crashworthiness investigation of kagome honeycomb sandwich cylindrical column under axial crushing loads

For the classic thin-walled energy absorber, the energy dissipation during a collision is concentrated over relatively narrow zones. This means that a great deal of materials of the columns do not participate in the plastic deformation or not enter into the large plastic deformation stage. To expand the plastic deformation zones and improve the energy absorption efficiency, a new type of kagome honeycomb sandwich bitubal circular column is presented in this paper. This innovative impact energy absorber is made of two circular aluminum tubes filled with core shaped as a large-cell kagome lattice. The interaction effect, deformation mode and energy absorption characteristics of the composite structure are investigated numerically. Observing the collapsing process, it is found that the kagome lattices buckle first, which triggers the outer and inner skin tubes to fold locally. This behavior increases the plastic deformation areas. Moreover, the presence of the outer and inner tubes strengthens the buckling capacity of kagome cell. Furthermore, the folded tube walls intrude into the gap of the honeycomb cell, which further retards the collapse of the honeycomb cell. So the interaction effects between the honeycomb and column walls greatly improve the energy absorption efficiency. In addition, the effects of geometrical parameters of the kagome honeycomb on the structural crashworthiness are studied. It is found that the cell wall thickness and cell distribution (cell number in the circumferential direction) have distinct effects on the specific energy absorption. Besides, we also studied the foam-filled column with the same foam density as the kagome honeycomb and compared it with the kagome sandwich structure. It is found that the kagome sandwich column has higher mean crash force and better energy absorption characteristics.     

钢管铅阻尼器的性能试验研究

提出一种新型的钢管铅阻尼器,介绍其构造形式、工作机理及特点。设计制作两个钢管铅阻尼器试件,对其进行低周反复荷载试验和有限元模拟分析,研究钢管铅阻尼器的工作性能、耗能能力和破坏特征。研究结果表明:钢管铅阻尼器工作性能和耗能性能稳定;滞回曲线对称且饱满,近似于平行四边形,耗能能力强,屈服后等效阻尼比在0.45~0.50之间;阻尼器能在很小位移下屈服耗能,屈服位移小于1mm,而屈服后的变形能力很强,延性比大于20;钢管中部合理削弱能有效控制阻尼器的应力分布,使得阻尼器的变形和耗能集中在中部,避免阻尼器由于端部连接破坏而使阻尼器过早退出工作。     

开长孔式叠层钢管屈曲约束支撑试验研究

设计一种开长孔式叠层钢管屈曲约束支撑,该种屈曲约束支撑采用三种不同尺寸的Q235钢管型材进行组合,并对承受轴力的芯材钢管进行开长孔削弱|通过对5个试件进行轴向低周往复加载试验,研究了不同开孔率,开孔数量对其承载力,变形性能,滞回耗能性能,骨架曲线以及破坏形态的影响。研究结果表明：此种开长孔式叠层钢管屈曲约束支撑的构造合理,在开孔率合理的情况下,支撑变形能力强,低周疲劳性能好,滞回曲线饱满,可以提供30%~42%的附加等效阻尼比。