Influence of sucrose solution's pH on hydrothermally synthesized carbon microspheres

Using the hydrothermal method, carbon microspheres (CMSs) were prepared in sucrose solutions of different pH values by adding different amounts of HCl and NaOH. The surface structure and properties of the CMSs were characterized by SEM coupled with XRD, and the CMS particle size was analyzed using Nano Measurer 1.2.5. The results show that pH affects the shape, surface smoothness, dispersion, and particle size uniformity of the CMSs. The CMSs are larger for pH 7. In addition, when NaCl was added to the neutral sucrose solution, the growth and particle size of the CMSs were obviously affected, but their morphology remained the same.     

Monodisperse porphyrin nanospheres synthesized by coordination polymerization

Monodisperse nanospheres are formed by coordination polymerization tetrakis(4-pyridyl)porphyrin-metal complexes with chloroplatinic acid in aqueous solution. The porphyrin nanospheres and their platinized nanocomposites have potential applications in catalysis and solar energy conversion systems.     

Synthesis of carbon microspheres from urea formaldehyde resin

Carbon microspheres were synthesized through polymerization of urea/formaldehyde in the presence of formic acid as catalyst, followed by drying and carbonization in an inert atmosphere. The samples were characterized by SEM, XRD, HRTEM, elemental analysis and XPS. The obtained carbon microspheres were amorphous indicated by the results of XRD and HRTEM. The changes of nitrogen functionalities at 400-1000 °C were determined by XPS. The fraction of pyridine nitrogen and pyrrole/pyridone nitrogen decreased with increasing temperature, whereas the amount of quaternary nitrogen increased.     

炭微球的结构演变:从实心到中空(英文)

采用简单的空气氧化法由实心炭微球制备中空结构的炭微球。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、高分辨透射电子显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱和热重分析仪对产物的形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明:中空炭微球的石墨化程度较低。在炭微球的空气热氧化过程中,反应温度对炭微球从实心到中空的结构演变起着关键性的作用,温度越高,中空炭微球的内径越大、壁越薄。其形成机理可认为是炭微球的曲率和结晶度协同作用的结果。亦即,实心炭微球进行热氧化时,其内部的大曲率和低结晶度更易氧化,以致形成中空炭微球。     

甲烷催化裂解制备毛线状炭纤维及其微观结构

以甲烷为碳源，硫酸亚铁为催化剂前驱体，通过化学气相沉积在石墨基板上制得毛线状炭纤维。扫描电子显微镜观察得知所制炭纤维具有毛线状结构，由许多直径更小的子纤维交叉合并而成。单束毛线状炭纤维的直径为4μm-8μm。高分辨透射电子显微镜显示构成纤维的碳层排列不平直，存在偏转角，有序排列的碳层被分割成许多有序微晶区域。进一步采用X射线衍射和激光拉曼光谱等分析手段对其微观结构进行表征，表明毛线状炭纤维中碳层排列有序度较高，石墨微晶尺寸较大（La≈5nm），层间距较小（d002=0．340nm）。推测毛线状炭纤维生长机理符合“吸附-扩散-析出”过程，形成毛线状结构主要由催化剂颗粒直径决定。     

生物质水热合成炭微球研究进展

生物质廉价易得且可再生,经水热法制备的炭微球表面含有丰富的化学官能团,可应用于吸附催化等众多领域.文中详细介绍了生物质水热合成炭微球的反应机理,综述了近年来国内外在该领域的最新研究进展,展望了其应用前景.     

Hard and superhard carbon phases synthesized from fullerites under pressure

A review has been presented on the structural and mechanical properties of hard carbon phases synthesized from fullerite C₆₀ under pressure. The density and nanostructure have been recognized as the key parameters defining the mechanical properties of hard carbon phases. By suggesting a version of the transitional high-pressure diagram of C₆₀ (developed up to 20 GPa), the three areas of the formation of hard carbon phases have been highlighted. The corresponding phases of superhard carbon are (1) disordered sp₂-type atomic structures at moderate pressures and high temperatures (> 1100 K), (2) three-dimensionally polymerized C₆₀ structures at moderate temperatures and high pressures (> 8 GPa), and (3) sp₃-based amorphous and nanocomposite phases at high pressures and temperatures. First region can be in turn separated into 2 subparts with different peculiarities of sp² structures and properties: low pressure part (0.1–2 GPa) and high-pressure part (2–8 GPa). Temperature can be recognized as a factor responsible for the formation of nanostructures by the partial destruction of molecular phases, whereas pressure is a factor responsible for stimulating the formation of rigid polymerized structures consisting of covalently bonded C₆₀ molecules, whereas the combination of both factors leads to the formation of atomic-based phases with dominating sp³ bonding.     

Bonelike apatite formation on carbon microspheres

Carbon microspheres with a diameter of 2 μm were prepared by hydrothermal process. The apatite-formation ability of the carbon microspheres was evaluated by soaking them in a simulated body fluid (SBF) for 5 and 10 d and apatite-formation mechanism was also analyzed. The result showed that bonelike apatite was formed on the surface of carbon microspheres. Our study indicates that the carbon microspheres synthesized by this method possess apatite-formation ability and may be used as a bioactive injectable filler for bone tissue regeneration.     

Physical activation and characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes catalytically synthesized from methane

A series of treatment processes were employed to purify and then physically activate the multi-walled carbon nanotubes obtained using catalytic decomposition of methane. In order to characterize and compare the activation effect, the carbon fibers were also treated by the same activation processes. The results showed that the normal physical activation by CO₂ or steam has not too much effect on the surface area of purified multi-walled carbon nanotubes, in particular, the carbon nanotubes were burned when using the poignant activation conditions. However, the surface area of carbon fibers availably etched in the same activation processes is much increased. In addition, the mechanisms of physical activation on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers have been investigated.     

Synthesis and characterization of carbon hollow microspheres

A facile approach was developed for synthesis of carbon hollow microspheres (CHM) via carbonization of the hollow polymer microspheres prepared from polymerization in the presence of l-lysine acted as in situ template. The physical and chemical structures of the samples were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM and TEM images show that the products consist of a large scale of monodisperse CHM with a size of about 1.1–1.3 μm. Furthermore, the resulting CHMs possess a surface area of 559 m² g⁻¹ and a pore volume of 0.27 cm³ g⁻¹. The morphology and the size of the as-obtained samples can be controlled by the polymerization temperature, polymerization time, and the dosage of l-lysine. Moreover, a possible formation mechanism of the CHM has been put forward according to the experimental data available.     

水热碳化法制备碳微球

以糖类为原料,采用水热法制备碳微球,研究不同反应物以及反应条件对水热碳的影响。利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对产物碳微球的结构和形貌进行表征,并借助傅立叶红外(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)探讨了糖类水热碳化的反应机理。     

十二胺对碳微球的功能化修饰

碳微球(CMSs)是一种良好的光伏电池受体材料,为了提高CMSs在有机溶剂中的分散性、与给体材料的相容性以及最低未占有分子轨道能级,系统考察了十二胺对CMSs的修饰效果。首先采用体积比为1∶3的浓硝酸和浓硫酸对CMSs进行氧化处理,使其表面引入含氧官能团;然后在缩合剂N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)的作用下,用十二胺修饰CMSs,制备胺化CMSs。在胺化过程中考察了缩合剂DCC用量、反应时间和反应温度对胺化效果的影响。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪和热重分析仪对各阶段产物的形貌和结构进行了表征,并用电化学循环伏安法对最终产物进行了分析。结果表明,对于0.2g氧化CMSs,0.4g DCC,16.0g十二胺,温度70℃,反应时间24h时,所得胺化CMSs粒径均匀,并且胺化CMSs在氯仿中的分散稳定性明显提高,可增加其加工性能和与给体材料的相容性,为制备聚合物太阳能电池奠定了基础。     

Monodisperse plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) fluorescent microspheres for selective ionophore-based sensing and extraction.

A convenient method for the preparation of monodisperse, plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) particles based on an automated particle casting technique is described. The particles are made highly selective for a number of ions by doping them with ionophores and other active components, in complete analogy to thin-film or fiber-optic chemical sensors. The approach used here produces spheres of high monodispersity at a rate of approximately 20000 particles/s. The casting process is based on a reproducible polymer drop formation and precipitation process, and the particles are formed under very mild, nonreactive conditions. This allows one to conveniently incorporate known amounts of different active components into the polymers. As an initial example, the particles are doped with three optical sensing components, the sodium ionophore tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraethyl ester, the H+-chromoionophore ETH 5294, and the anionic additive sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate. The particles are found to be of spherical shape with a diameter of approximately 10 microm. They respond individually and selectively to sodium according to classical optode theory, as determined by fluorescence microscopy. With a RSD of 1.6%, sensing reproducibility from particle to particle is excellent. This technique may allow the development of mass-produced chemically selective microspheres on the basis of bulk extraction processes.     

热分解法制备Cu空心微球及其光热转换性能

以甲酸铜-辛胺配合物为前驱体,油胺为表面活性剂,在熔化液态石蜡中通过热分解法单步制备Cu空心微球。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、导热系数仪、紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计(UV-Vis-NIR)及光热转换测试装置表征Cu球,研究其光热转换性能,分析Cu空心微球的合成机理。结果表明:反应温度为110℃、反应时间为3h、油胺物质的量为0.005mol的条件下,能够获得Cu空心微球,其平均粒径为380nm,壁厚约为70nm。Cu空心微球的形成机理:油胺吸附的Cu纳米晶在界面能最小化的驱动下,沿着前驱体热分解反应,生成的气泡和液态石蜡所形成的气-液界面聚合生长而成。Cu空心微球悬浮液的热导率、光热转换性能均优于实心Cu悬浮液的。     

Structural,mechanical, and electrical properties of carbon nanoparticles synthesized from diesel

We studied the elemental analysis, structural morphology, mechanical, and electrical properties of carbon nanoparticles synthesized from diesel. The spherical carbon particle size in the range of about 10 to 80 nm in diameter was observed in scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies that were identified by Atomic force microscopy (AFM) study as an aggregation of carbon particles of average size 2.5 nm. The surface rms of carbon nanoparticle thin film (CNTF) was measured directly by AFM and found 0.22 nm. The Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) elastic modulus of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) was measured by PeakForce QNM mode of AFM. The minimum and maximum elastic modulus was measured of 0.40 GPa and 43.89 GPa, respectively. The resistivity, conductivity, magneto resistance, mobility, and average Hall co-efficient were measured by “Ecopia Hall-effect measurement system” by four-point Van der Pauw approach at ambient condition. We demonstrated I–V characteristic at the Indium/CNTF thin film interface, which is accompanied by rectifying behavior.     

High-performance transparent conducting films of long single-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized from toluene alone

Nano Research - Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) transparent conducting films (TCFs) are attracting increasing attention due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. Toluene is a...     

MgO nanostructured microspheres synthesized by an interfacial reaction in a solid-stabilized emulsion

Nanostructured MgO microspheres were prepared by a novel solid-stabilized emulsion for the first time. SEM, XRD, size analysis and BET measurement were used to characterize the MgO microspheres. The diameter of the MgO microspheres was in a range of 5.1 to 5.4 μm. The surfaces of the MgO microspheres were made of leaf-like nanostructures with a leaf thickness of 65 nm. The XRD analysis indicated that the MgO nanostructured microspheres were of cubic lattice. The specific surface area of the MgO nanostructured microspheres was about 105.8 m²/g. The MgO microspheres with nanostructured surfaces had a larger specific surface area than the MgO polyhedral particles prepared by the comparing experiment (via a conventional homogeneous precipitation route). An interfacial reaction mechanism for the formation of the MgO microspheres with nanostructured surfaces was proposed.     

X-ray Raman spectroscopy of carbon in asphaltene: light element characterization with bulk sensitivity

X-ray Raman spectra of the carbon K-edge have been recorded using 6.461 keV radiation for a petroleum asphaltene. By comparison with coronene, graphite, and paraffin standards, the asphaltene spectrum is seen to be composed of contributions from saturated and aromatic carbon species. The information contained in the carbon K-edge was extracted with bulk (approximately 1 mm) sensitivity, because the Raman method used hard X-rays. This helps alleviate concerns about surface artifacts that frequently occur with soft X-ray spectroscopy of light elements. X-ray Raman spectroscopy shows great potential for characterization of light elements in fuels, catalysts, and other complex materials under chemically relevant conditions.     

高锰酸钾对炭微球表面的改性

首先采用化学气相沉积法,在氩气气氛下,以脱油沥青为原料制备了炭微球(CMSs);然后用不同浓度的KMnO4溶液对CMSs进行处理,使得CMSs表面被氧化并包覆一层MnO2;最后用草酸洗涤产物,除去MnO2。通过场发射扫描电镜对CMSs氧化前后的形貌进行观察,用X-射线衍射对产物进行结构表征,并考察了氧化前后的CMSs在水和乙醇中的分散性。结果表明:当用0.1mol/L的KMnO4氧化改性CMSs后,CMSs表面包覆了一层MnO2,形成MnO2/CMSs复合材料。经过量的草酸进行洗涤,得到的产物在水中分散效果很好,且在乙醇中也有一定分散性。氧化后CMSs的表面存在亲水活性位点,为CMSs的进一步功能修饰奠定了基础。