Function-analysis and valuation as a tool to assess land use conflicts in planning for sustainable, multi-functional landscapes

In order to reconcile landscape conservation with changing demands on land use and natural resources, it is essential that the ecological, socio-cultural and economic values of the landscape be fully taken into account in planning and decision-making.This paper presents a comprehensive framework for integrated assessment of ecological services and socio-economic benefits of natural and semi-natural ecosystems and landscapes. The framework can be applied at different scale levels to different ecosystems or landscape-units and basically consists of three steps: (1) Function-analysis: translates ecological complexity into a limited number of ecosystem (or landscape) functions, which, in turn, provide a range of goods and services; (2) Function valuation: includes ecological, socio-cultural and economic valuation methods; and (3) Conflict analysis: to facilitate the application of function-analysis and valuation at different scale levels, it is important to integrate analytical valuation methods with stakeholder participation techniques.The framework presented in this paper facilitates the structured assessment of the (total) value of the goods and services provided by a specific area (landscape) and to analyze the costs and benefits involved in trade-offs between various land use options. The last section of this paper gives some conclusions and recommendations for application-possibilities of function-analysis and valuation to achieve more sustainable landscape use and maintenance of our “natural capital”.     

以自然为取向的旅游设施作为促进生物多样性保护的策略手段 以欧洲西南部萨尔加多湿地为例

人类的福祉有赖于自然生态系统所提供的大量的生态系统服务。为此欧盟已经建立了一个名为＂自然2000＂的大型生态保护区网络;然而,在经历了一段时期的城市扩张和土地使用的集约化后,欧洲的生物多样性已经迅速减少,大多数物种和栖息地的利益仍未处于一个良好的保护状态。在过去的几十年里,可持续旅游概念的提出和以自然为取向的自然型旅游业的出现,作为一项重要的生态系统服务,为保护自然环境和发展当地经济提供了大量的支持。并且这些支持的大部分已经集中投入在了保护区域,但是要看到,在这里我们是假设以自然为取向的旅游业对于尚未被正式保护的荒野环境而言,是一项具有高潜力的保护策略和可持续发展的基础。尤其是在具有多种且相互竞争用途的景观中,它能在自然修复、生物多样性保护和人类活动之间取得一种保证。为了验证这一假设,以位于阿尔加维地区（欧洲西南部）一处与沼泽地带相连的湿地作为研究案例。该案例研究涉及一处重要的但还未处于任何正式保护状态的滨海野生环境,并且20世纪末,在此环境中,几项限制条件促进了创造性的管理模式。描述了在21世纪初,设计并执行一项以自然为取向的旅游设施的过程。这一研究成果以景观生态学的概念框架以及一处涉及修复和保护的环境为支撑。同时文章还探讨了这种基于自然的旅游设施在促进可持续管理和自然保护策略方面的潜在意义。     

Landscape-Recreational Value: A Resource for Local Development—First Results from a Survey in a Small Mountain Valley (Sinello Valley,Vallarsa, Northern Italy)

The landscape fulfils many different functions and provides multiple benefits in terms of goods and services for human society. For this reason, it must be conserved in its diversity, complexity and functionality. The aim of this paper is to identify which conditions have to be developed to transform the environmental features of a particular area into a source of income for the local population, and thus to set the basis for conserving natural capital by means of a management process. This opportunity results from a change in the willingness to pay (WTP) declared by the actors potentially interested in the characteristics of a given area. Clearly, modifying the WTP may imply, in some cases, the conservation of a specific site through profit-oriented management. This type of activity allows us to minimize the costs for public agencies as well as to ensure long-term sustainability. We evaluate all of this by means of three different contingent valuation surveys conducted in Sinello Valley, which is located in the north-east of Trentino (Italy).     

Raj Days to Downunder: Voices from Anglo India to New Zealand

This paper investigates the shared knowledge held by a rural population of the ecosystem services supplied by rural landscapes and woods in the Rome Province of Italy. It is part of a wider research initiative conducted to estimate the non-use values of the same ecosystem services elicited through the contingent valuation method. Our findings demonstrate that: (i) most of the information on ecosystem services comes from a deep-seated community shared knowledge; (ii) some gaps exist between official (scientific/normative) and shared knowledge in the study site; and (iii) stated economic preferences are driven by both consequential motivations, as predicted by the standard economic model, as well as some others. Making explicit the motivational framework behind environmental economic estimates allows one to represent the socio-cultural legacy indispensable for providing a monetary value useful to inform public decision and policies. The use of this approach could contribute to the development of payment for ecosystem services schemes in rural policies affecting common goods.     

基于声景资源时空分布特征的自然保护地自然宁静管理与规划

声景作为自然资源对于生态系统具有重要意义,为进一步保护自然保护地生态系统完整性,保护地声环境须合理管理与利用。中国现有声环境研究集中于建成环境,尚未深入研究保护地声环境的规划管理途径。参考国际先进声景规划管理经验,以时空分布特征为切入点研究了美国与欧洲国家相关案例,并以云南大山包自然保护区为实际案例提出规划管理建议。研究基于现状声景特征,通过时空手段调控保护区声环境的方法,首次提出中国自然保护地声环境相应管理指标与阈值。研究可对自然保护地声环境管理起到借鉴作用,对于国土空间规划中具有生态保护价值区域的声环境标准制定也具有参考意义。     

APPLICATION OF RESEARCH ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN LA NDSCAPE PLANNING

Landscape planning adjusts spatial structures and functions by altering the types of land use / land cover and the patterns of landscapes, and thus further impacts ecosystem services. This paper examines the impacts of landscape planning on ecosystem services and draws the conclusion that the control over the types of land use / land cover, the altering of landscape patterns, and the adjustment of landscape functional characteristics could change the type, quality, and performance of ecosystem services, respectively. Through an overall review on the application of ecosystem service evaluation, spatial mapping, and scenario simulation, this paper further concludes their roles in landscape planning: ecosystem service evaluation provides means to ensure scientific landscape planning; spatial mapping serves as a basis to the decision making; and scenario simulation visualizes all kinds of possibilities for an optimal choice. At the same time, such applications in landscape planning practices, ranging from green space planning, ecological conservation redline planning, land use planning to biodiversity protection planning, are exemplified. Finally, this paper summarizes existing research findings and limitations and proposes that future research is expected to study the relationship between landscape planning and ecosystem services, to build a dynamic composite planning framework that can improve ecosystem services, and to propel the research on the tradeoff-and-synergy among ecosystem services in landscape planning.     

自然保护地生态系统修复研究进展与修复策略

为应对全球气候变化、生物多样性丧失、生态系统服务降低以及入侵物种增加等问题与挑战,有关保护地生态系统修复的研究与实践亟待开展。通过文献整理、案例筛选与实地调研相结合的方法,认识到保护地生态系统修复具有保护生态系统完整性、促进净增益最优化以及协调生态保护与社区发展等重要意义。在此基础上,阐述自然保护地生态系统修复的原则、愿景、目标和指标;结合国内外典型案例说明自然恢复、辅助再生、生态重建和保护保育4种修复模式的应用情景。同时,根据文献分析总结中国生态系统的退化分布及其原因,结合实地调研结果提出保护地生态系统修复的问题与关注重点,并有针对性地提出6项具体的修复策略与3项建议。以期在中国国土空间生态保护修复背景下,为自然保护地生态系统修复活动的开展提供理论支持与案例参考。     

Maximising the natural capital benefits of habitat creation: Spatially targeting native woodland using GIS

The establishment of the Common Agricultural Policy has dramatically transformed the relationship between the natural environment and agriculture in the UK. Accordingly, the Government now acknowledges that our stock of ‘natural capital’ is being managed unsustainably and is undertaking Common Agricultural Policy reforms to provide a more sustainable form of agriculture. Such reforms will be based on the economic rationale of payment in return for the provision of natural capital benefits such as biodiversity, carbon sequestration, landscape and recreation. A basic lower tier payment is proposed for general environmental practices, with higher tiers of payments being available for ‘benefit generating’ habitat maintenance and creation.In order to maximise the benefits of such habitat creation, some form of spatial targeting is required. Using geographical information systems (GIS), a suite of spatially explicit criteria are adopted to measure how the potential benefits of native woodland creation vary across the agricultural landscape of the Chilterns natural area. Rather than regarding habitat conservation solely in terms of biodiversity benefits, a more holistic natural capital benefit approach is thus adopted. Public preference on the provision of each benefit is integrated into the GIS-based suitability analysis through multicriteria evaluation. We demonstrate how such a targeted approach leads to large improvements in the delivery of natural capital benefits, with the attainment of biodiversity, landscape and recreation benefits being particularly complementary. As such, the targeted pursuit of natural capital benefits does not compromise the attainment of biodiversity goals, but actually aids in their achievement. However, due to limitations in data availability and accuracy, GIS should be regarded as a decision support tool, with validation of targeted sites being undertaken through a farm audit system.     

Evaluating Landscape for Shared Values: Tools, Principles, and Methods

The aim of the paper is to discuss the need for innovation in the landscape policies that were proclaimed by the European Landscape Convention (ELC), which promotes a change from policies stressing conservation to policies stressing a management approach to planning new landscapes. This change focuses on the need to define a new methodological approach to evaluate and promote landscape values as well as to define a process leading to shared values in reference to landscape. This article begins its research with the recent implementation of the ELC in some European Countries. On this basis, it presents an alternative definition of landscape, discusses the role of landscape evaluation, and identifies the different types of values involved in landscape.     

Evaluating Landscape for Shared Values: Tools,Principles, and Methods

The aim of the paper is to discuss the need for innovation in the landscape policies that were proclaimed by the European Landscape Convention (ELC), which promotes a change from policies stressing conservation to policies stressing a management approach to planning new landscapes. This change focuses on the need to define a new methodological approach to evaluate and promote landscape values as well as to define a process leading to shared values in reference to landscape. This article begins its research with the recent implementation of the ELC in some European Countries. On this basis, it presents an alternative definition of landscape, discusses the role of landscape evaluation, and identifies the different types of values involved in landscape.     

国际荒野地保护实践评析：基于荒野 制图、系统性与连通性的视角

在生物多样性丧失和气候变化的双重背景下,荒野地保护实践变得越来越重要。从荒野制图、系统性与连通性3个视角切入,评析国际荒野地保护实践。包括:1)以苏格兰为例,评析基于荒野制图的荒野地保护实践,指出荒野地图是开展荒野地保护实践的基础,并需要将地图与政策紧密结合;2)以美国国家荒野保护体系(National Wilderness Preservation System)和欧洲荒野网络(European Wilderness Network)为例,评析荒野地的系统性保护实践,指出只有建立系统性的荒野地保护机制,才能确保荒野地保护的有效性和长久性;3)以北美野地网络(Wildlands Network)为例,评析荒野地的连通性保护实践,指出在景观破碎化的区域中,荒野地连通性保护对于维持生态过程具有重要意义。在荒野地保护实践中,荒野制图、系统性保护和连通性保护是3个重要的视角,对中国国土空间规划、国家公园与自然保护地体系建设、生态网络构建等生态实践具有启发意义。     

Assessing and mapping ecosystem services to support urban green infrastructure: The case of Barcelona,Spain

The ecosystem services approach provides an efficient way to support urban green infrastructure planning. Such an assessment, together with mapping, can effectively produce spatial analyses on a specific scale, helping to maintain multi-functional landscapes and plan urban green infrastructure. In turn, green infrastructure can offer a wide variety of ecosystem services, promoting landscape sustainability. This study develops a methodology for the planning of urban green infrastructure based on an ecosystem services approach that assesses the supply capacity of ecosystem services, and identifies possible spatial characteristic areas for interlinking urban green infrastructure within the study area. More specifically, from a landscape perspective, we use 32 ecosystem services (as X-axis) and different land use types (as Y-axis) to build an ecosystem service assessment matrix. We then take the municipality of Barcelona as an example, using the latter to assess and map ecosystem services within the city through ArcGIS, which shows the spatial distribution characteristics of ecosystem services provision. We identify possible spatial areas - which include ecosystem services provision, barren, and obstructed areas - by overlapping the ecosystem services assessment maps. Ultimately, the results provide a reference for urban green infrastructure planning by recognizing priority protected areas, new construction areas, potential areas, and renewal areas.     

主编寄语

Through his recent visits to three cities facing severe and challenging living environment, the author had a deeper insight into the symbiosis between human and nature. In Mexico City, the capital of Mexico, urban construction practices against floods and for water supply encroach on natural ecological infrastructure, resulting in the exhaustion of local water resource, city sinking, and erased indigenous cultural landscape of floating gardens. In Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, where water bodies are heavily polluted, scarce urban parks become the only refuge for citizens. Finally in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, estuary gates built to block floods invade the once prosperous canals, accelerating the decline of floating communities and markets and exacerbating traffic congestion and air pollution. Learning from these cases, cities must become better at territorial spatial planning and have the foresight to develop and grow while preserving and improving existing ecosystems. Essentially, territorial spatial planning and ecological restoration is to work with and by nature that would provide generous ecosystem services for humans, and, eventually, to increase people’s well-being and enhance cities’ development of sustainability.     

自然资本引领绿色基础设施可持续管理

自然资本是将人类赖以生存的自然环境资本化,以资本的视角看待自然.绿色基础设施的物质客体作为自然资本存量的组成部分,为人类社会提供了蕴含巨大价值的生态系统服务.将自然资本与绿色基础设施紧密结合,有利于精准制定政策以协调经济发展和自然管理的关系,实现国土空间内自然资本增值.通过梳理30多年来自然资本理论的演变特征,认为自然...     

漓江流域景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响

景观格局演变必然影响生态系统服务供给,探讨二者关系,对于实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义。基于1986、2001、2016年3期Landsat遥感影像,提取景观类型数据,分析漓江流域景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：30年来林地一直是漓江流域的优势景观,面积增加,农田和水体减少,建设用地和裸地增加,草地先减后增;研究区生态服务价值持续增加,净增7.50亿元,林地对生态服务价值贡献率最大,是生态服务价值增加的主要来源,生态系统的调节、支持等服务性功能远大于生产和文化性功能;生态系统服务价值存在明显的空间分异,中间河谷地带低、四周山林地区高;优势斑块面积扩大、斑块间保持良好自然连通性,景观类型的均匀性、异质性降低有利于生态系统服务价值的增加。研究揭示了景观格局与生态服务变化的关系,可为漓江流域景观可持续管理提供科学参考。     

北京城市扩张的生态底线——基本生态系统服务及其安全格局

在土地极其有限、保护与发展压力同样巨大的形势下,科学判别和保护城市扩张的生态底线具有重要战略意义。探讨城市生态底线的科学内涵,提出通过构建生态安全格局保障城市的基本生态系统服务。以北京市为例,运用景观安全格局理论和GIS技术,通过对水文、地质灾害、生物、文化遗产和游憩过程的模拟和分析,判别维护上述过程安全的关键性空间格局,构建不同安全水平的综合生态安全格局,特别是界定最低安全标准下的景观格局。并以生态安全格局为刚性框架,模拟北京城镇扩张格局。结果显示:基于生态安全格局的城镇发展格局,用尽可能少的土地,维护城市的基本生态系统服务,同时为城市发展提供充足的建设用地,是实现精明保护与精明增长的有效途径。     

找寻记忆的归宿——台儿庄马兰屯镇京杭运河绿道景观改造设计研究

城市的快速发展让人们逐渐模糊了对历史文化及自然环境的记忆,方案旨在改善台儿庄马兰屯镇京杭运河沿岸的自然环境质量,营造一个良好的自然景观和历史文化景观体验地,使运河景观改造设计具有本土性和地域性。在方案设计中,充分利用场地现有的景观资源、生态资源、人文资源:提出与台儿庄古城氛围相融洽,与传统的地域文化相结合,又体现时代精神的设计思路:整个方案表达出绿色生态休闲的主题,侧重运河文化与自然景观规划的系统性。     

基于不同视角与方法的北京市密云区生境规划对比

由快速城市化导致的生境破碎化严重影响了生态系统的服务功能。因此,保护与规划城市生境尤为重要。然而目前科学的生境规划设计方法仍有待探索,因为生境的定义具有不同的视角与内涵。基于保护生物学与景观生态学理论,对比了物种视角与景观视角下的2种规划思路,并结合北京市密云区的生境规划,分析对比2种方法的规划结果。在物种方法中,首先选取承担多种生态作用的豹猫为目标物种,运用HSI模型并结合专家赋值法和层次分析法确定每个评价因子的权重,最后通过Arc GIS计算选取高适宜性源地并建立生态网络。景观方法则基于Arc GIS、Guidos、Conefor等软件平台,采用MSPA和景观连通性分析方法,选取重要核心区源地并建立景观生境网络。研究结果表明,2种方法的源地分布差异较大。因此生境规划不能盲目选择一种方法,需有机结合2种方法得到源地与廊道结果。根据地块承载的生境生态功能重要程度确定源地核心保护区,以实现最佳的生境规划和有效的生态系统服务。     

浅析景观设计中的生态化体现——以商洛丹江江滨生态公园为例

在景观设计的过程中,往往需要考虑其设计的生态化。结合商洛丹江江滨生态公园的概况,分别从丹江江滨生态公园规划设计中的自然性、地域性、园林植物的合理性以及建筑的融合性几个方面进行分析,进一步将景观规划设计的生态化归纳为:设计结合自然、设计结合地方性、设计结合生态环保性的规划设计。这在研究地方性景观设计中的生态化起到探索性作用。