新型5轴混联加工单元的后置处理算法

5轴混联加工单元因其高刚性、快速响应及灵活调姿等优点,已被视为复杂铝合金结构件高效加工的一种替代方案。后置处理是改善此类装备加工能力的重要环节。以一种新型5轴混联加工单元为研究对象,提出一种可提高其加工件表面质量的后置处理算法。首先,基于B样条曲线构造一种双参数曲线插补算法,进行刀尖和刀轴轨迹的光顺处理,并采用参数同步化保证刀尖点与刀轴点的同步插补。其次,通过推导混联加工单元的速度映射模型,构造驱动轴的速度分配算法以确保刀尖进给速度的稳定性;接着,运用混联加工单元的位置逆解与速度分配策略,将其末端的进给速度、光顺处理后的刀尖插补点及刀轴插补点转换成驱动轴的位置与速度运动控制点集,实现混联加工单元刀具轨迹的后置处理;最后,基于前期开发的实验样机开展一组S形试件的切削实验,验证所提后置处理算法的有效性。     

An adaptive feedrate scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator for precision five-axis CNC machining

Non-uniform rational b-spline (NURBS) tool path is becoming more and more important due to the increasing requirement for machining geometrically complex parts. However, NURBS interpolators, particularly related to five-axis machining, are quite limited and still keep challenging. In this paper, an adaptive feedrate scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator with geometric and kinematic constraints is proposed for precision five-axis machining. A surface expressed by dual NURBS curves, which can continuously and accurately describe cutter tip position and cutter axis orientation, is first used to define five-axis tool path. For the given machine configuration, the calculation formulas of angular feedrate and geometric error aroused by interpolation are given, and then, the adaptive feedrate along the tool path is scheduled with confined nonlinear geometric error and angular feedrate. Combined with the analytical relations of feed acceleration with respect to the arc length parameter and feedrate, the feed profiles of linear and angular feed acceleration sensitive regions are readjusted with corresponding formulas and bi-directional scan algorithm, respectively. Simulations are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed feed scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator. It shows that the proposed method is able to ensure the geometric accuracy and good machining performances in five-axis machining especially in flank machining.     

Variable Feedrate CNC Interpolation for Planar Implicit Curves

The machining of planar implicit curves is common in computer numerical control (CNC) machining. It is usually carried out through approximating these curves as segments of straight line/circular arc for CNC interpolation. This paper considers real-time variable feedrate interpolation of planar implicit curves. Geometric entities of planar implicit curves were related to motion entities along the curve. The results were then used to develop real-time variable feedrate schemes for geometry-dependent feedrate and time-varying feedrate interp-olation in general. Detailed schemes have been worked out for the cases of varying the feedrate for constant contour error and for initial acceleration/final deceleration. Examples have been provided to demonstrate how these schemes can be used in combination to enhance the efficiency of machining. They demonstrate how the feedrate for curve interpolation can be varied according to feedrate and feed-acceleration constraintson the machine tool and contour error constraint on the machined product.     

CNC系统中三次B-样条曲线的高速插补方法研究

基于参数方程的矢量表示方法,导出CNC系统中三次B－样条曲线的一种高速插补算法。该算法不仅理论上可使所有插补点落在曲线上,而且由于实时插补过程中只有加法运算,因而插补速度极高,基本上适用于任何硬件环境。误差分析表明,只要合理选择参数增量,总能保证插补的弓高误差满足加工精度要求,总能控制机床的实际运动速度满足程编要求。     

用于加工弧面凸轮轮廓曲面的NURBS插补方法

在分析弧面凸轮轮廓曲面上加工刀痕产生的原因,以及对分度机构性能影响的基础上,提出了用NURBS样条插补凸轮从动件运动规律曲线的思想方法.通过对NURBS样条插补改进算法的深入分析,得出了进一步校正满足加工步长条件的NURBS样条参数增量的算式.同时对插补前弧面凸轮从动件运动规律曲线的修正、NURBS插补误差和插补过程的实现进行了计算与分析.结果表明,采用文中给出的方法,能显著提高弧面凸轮轮廓面的加工精度.     

Three-Dimensional Implicit Curve Interpolation

An approach to 3D implicit curve interpolation in computer numerical systems (CNC) is presented. A 3D implicit curve is the intersection of two implicit surfaces. Geometric entities of 3D implicit curves are related to motion entities along the curve. The results are then used to develop real-time 3D implicit curve interpolation. An improved interpolation scheme has been proposed to augment the initial interpolation scheme to eliminate the cumulative point deviations. Simulations of implicit curve interpolation have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. They also demonstrate that under typical machining conditions, the interpolation error for the improved scheme is well within the accuracy requirements of typical machines. The example has an application potential for tool-path interpolation when tool paths are obtained by intersecting an implicit design surface by drive cylinders. These show that the proposed algorithm is potentially useful for the machining of implicit surfaces.     

样条曲线插补速度规划算法的研究

设计了一种适合多种样条曲线（三次样条曲线,Bezier曲线和B样条曲线）插补算法,通过速度控制前瞻缓冲区设置,在保证加工精度的基础上,实现了系统在样条曲线插补过程中加减速处理,改善了插补速度曲线,并满足了机床加减速性能要求。     

Optimal selection of machining parameters for fast tool servo diamond turning

Ultraprecision machined components with micro-structured surfaces in micrometer or nanometer range have gained wide applications especially in optical industry. A technique called fast tool servo (FTS) diamond turning is superior in fabricating precision and complicated micro-structured surfaces with wavelength above tens of microns. However, in order to obtain optimal machined surface quality, the machining parameters need to be selected carefully. In this paper, optimal selection of the machining parameters, including spindle speed, sampling number, feedrate and tool geometry, for fabricating micro-structured surfaces by FTS diamond turning is presented. A simulation system is developed to select feedrate and tool geometry by computing the theoretical surface roughness, spindle speed, and sampling number based on the FTS dynamics and the motion controller capability. Experiments have been carried out to show the effect of the machining parameters. In addition, machining of typical micro-structured surfaces with machining parameters selected by the presented approach proves the effectiveness of the proposed optimal machining parameters selection method and the designed FTS diamond turning machine.     

High accurate interpolation of NURBS tool path for CNC machine tools

Feedrate fluctuation caused by approximation errors of interpolation methods has great effects on machining quality in NURBS interpolation, but few methods can efficiently eliminate or reduce it to a satisfying level without sacrificing the computing efficiency at present. In order to solve this problem, a high accurate interpolation method for NURBS tool path is proposed. The proposed method can efficiently reduce the feedrate fluctuation by forming a quartic equation with respect to the curve parameter increment, which can be efficiently solved by analytic methods in real-time. Theoretically, the proposed method can totally eliminate the feedrate fluctuation for any 2nd degree NURBS curves and can interpolate 3rd degree NURBS curves with minimal feedrate fluctuation. Moreover, a smooth feedrate planning algorithm is also proposed to generate smooth tool motion with considering multiple constraints and scheduling errors by an efficient planning strategy. Experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method. This research presents a novel NURBS interpolation method with not only high accuracy but also satisfying computing efficiency.     

神经网络共轭梯度优化算法在激光加工定位中的应用

在应用激光技术加工复杂曲面时,通常以采样点集为插值点来建立曲面函数,然后实现曲面上任意坐标点的精确定位。人工神经网络的BP算法能实现函数插值,但计算精度偏低,往往达不到插值精确要求,造成较大的加工误差。提出人工神经网络的共轭梯度最优化插值新算法,并通过实例仿真,证明了这种曲面精确定位方法的可行性,从而为激光加工的三维精确定位提供了一种良好解决方案。这种方法己经应用在实际中。     

隐曲线的线性和旋转插补

基于数控五轴刀具运动分析,提出了旋转插补的概念,给出了旋转插补的相关定义,在此基础上提出了隐曲线的线性和旋转插补原理和方法,并进一步提出了改进的插补方法。     

多面形非圆曲面数控磨削加工实时插补方法研究

对任意n面形非圆曲面数控磨削加工控制与实时插补方法进行了系统研究，建立了多面形非圆轴孔连接数控磨削加工运动控制模型。提出一种多坐标联动基于圆心角分割的轨迹实时插补算法，给出了按型面曲率变化保持磨削表面速度均匀的进给速度实时自调整方法，成功地解决了多面形非圆曲面数控加工轨迹实时插补技术问题。     

提高数控加工速度和精度的几种方法

介绍了高速加工的数控编程策略,论述了高速高精度加工的几种方法,如待加工轨迹监控法、专家系统法、曲线插补法及试切法等,其中待加工轨迹监控法和专家系统法能够动态调节机床的进给速度,曲线插补法能够提高机床的平均进给速度,试切法则可以为任意半径的圆弧段设一个最允许进给速度。     

Performance Evaluation of a Real-Time Interpolation Algorithm for NURBS Curves

This paper presents a real-time interpolation algorithm for NURBS curves. In contrast to the existing linear and circular interpolators, the proposed interpolator can maintain small contour errors and feedrate fluctuations. Feedrate components, acceleration components and the servomotor driving force for each axis are precalculated from the given curve shape and themachine tool dynamic properties. As a sudden change in the geometrical properties of the tool path can increase contour errors and cause a sudden change of driving force of each servomotor, a new strategy of variable feedrate machining based on the geometrical properties of tool path is suggested. Real-time performance measurement of this interpolator is performed to demonstrate its practical feasibility.     

An experimental investigation on micro machining of fine-grained graphite

Industrial applications of the micro milling process require sufficient experimental data from various micro tools. Research has been carried out on micro milling of various engineering materials in the past two decades. However, there is no report in the literature on micro milling of graphite. This paper presents an experimental investigation on micro machinability of micro milling of moulded fine-grained graphite. Full immersion slot milling was conducted using diamond-coated, TiAlN-coated and uncoated tungsten carbide micro end mills with a uniform tool diameter of 0.5 mm. The experiments were carried out on a standard industrial precision machining centre with a high-speed micro machining spindle. Design of experiments (DoE) techniques were applied to design and analysis of the machining process. Surface roughness, surface topography and burrs formation under varying machining conditions were characterized using white light interferometry, SEM and a precision surface profiler. Influence of variation of cutting parameters including cutting speeds, feedrate and axial depth of cut on surface roughness and surface damage was analysed using ANOVA method. The experimental results show that feedrate has the most significant influence on surface roughness for all types of tools, and diamond tools are not sensitive to cutting speed and depth of cut. Surface damage and burrs analysis show that the primary material removal mode is still brittle fracture or partial ductile in the experimental cutting conditions. 3D intricate micro EDM electrodes were fabricated with good dimensional accuracy and surface finishes using optimized machining conditions to demonstrate that micro milling is an ideal process for graphite machining.     

Adaptive parametric interpolation scheme with limited acceleration and jerk values for NC machining

Parametric interpolation has many advantages over the traditional linear or circular interpolation in computer numerical control (CNC) machining. The existing work in this regard is reported to have achieved constant feedrate, confined chord error and limited acceleration/deceleration in one interpolator. However, the excessive jerk still exists due to abrupt change in acceleration profile, which will cause shock to the machine as well as deteriorate the surface accuracy. In this paper, an adaptive interpolation scheme incorporating machine’s dynamics capability consideration is proposed and illustrated in details. In the proposed algorithm, the commanded feedrate is maintained at most of the time and adaptively reduced in large curvature areas to meet the demand of the machining accuracy requirement, while at the same time, the acceleration and jerk values are limited within the machine’s capabilities during the whole interpolation process. It ensures a high machining accuracy, eliminates the phenomenon of overshoot/undershoot and reduces mechanical shock to the machine tools. The real-time performance of this interpolator is also measured to demonstrate its practical application. Two non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve interpolation experiments are provided to verify the feasibility and advantages of the proposed scheme.     

面向高速加工的样条曲线实时插补算法

数控加工追求更高的加工效率和光洁的加工表面,但大多数样条曲线插补算法是根据进给速度、最大合加/减速度和合加加速度来设计的,并没有考虑如何充分利用单轴的最大加减速能力。提出一种时间近似最优的样条曲线实时插补算法,它面向数控系统对高速加工的需求,在考虑机床动态性能的基础上,充分利用单轴的最大加减速能力,以达到理论上近似最优的加工效率。同时该算法通过预处理求速度限制曲线、速度曲线反向链接和平滑处理三个步骤求出满足加工精度以及机床单轴的最大加速度、加加速度等约束条件的加工速度曲线,能有效提高加工表面的粗糙度。仿真结果表明,该算法在有效提高加工效率的同时,能实现对减速点的精确定位,得到光滑的加工速度曲线。     

基于进给速度引导曲线的参数曲线实时插补器

设计了一种基于进给速度引导曲线的参数曲线实时插补器,给出了进给速度引导曲线的B-样条曲线生成方法。该方法在数控加工之前,通过建立进给速度引导曲线,来取代参数曲线实时插补进给速度规划的前瞻处理。实验表明,采用这种基于速度引导曲线的参数曲线实时插补器后,实时计算任务少,可以获得良好的伺服轴进给速度平滑效果和实时插补性能。     

Adaptive feedrate interpolation with multiconstraints for five-axis parametric toolpath

A good adaptive feedrate will be helpful for improving machining accuracy and efficiency, as well as avoiding the excess of the machine’s physical capabilities and feed fluctuations during machining. Therefore, it is highly desirable to consider the constraints of geometric error, cutting performance, and drive constraints in the feedrate scheduling of the parametric curve interpolator for five-axis computer numerical control machining. In this paper, a novel multiconstraints feedrate scheduling method is proposed for the parametric curve interpolator in five-axis machining. In the method, the feed optimization model is first built with the constraints of geometric error, the maximum feedrate and acceleration of cutter tip, and the maximum feedrate and acceleration of five-drive axes. Then, the relations between each constraint and the cutter tip feedrate are derived by means of near arc length parameterization. After that, a linear programming algorithm is applied to obtain the optimal feed profile on the sampling positions of the given tool path. Finally, illustrated examples are given to validate the feasibility and applicability of the proposed feedrate scheduling method. The comparison results show that the proposed method has an ability of the simultaneous guarantees of geometric accuracy, cutting performance, and drive characters of machine tools.