EFFECTS OF CRACK LENGTH, NOTCH ROOT RADIUS AND GRAIN SIZE ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF FINE CERAMICS

Generally, fracture toughness and fracture stress of ceramics depend on crack length, notch root radius and grain size. These three parameters are most important when assessing the integrity of structural ceramic members and developing high-performance ceramics. A new failure criterion called the process zone size failure criterion, has been proposed based on the existence of a crack-tip process zone. Using this criterion, it is shown that theoretical values are in good agreement with many test results quoted from many papers. It is concluded that this failure criterion is useful when evaluating crack length and notch root radius problems. The effect of grain size on both the fracture toughness and on the toughening mechanism is also considered.     

CaCO3颗粒级配填充对PP性能和结构的影响

将粒径分别为325mesh和1500mesh的CaCO3粒子按照不同比例进行级配混合,并以30％（质量）的填充比例填充聚丙烯,发现通过合理的粒径级配填充,可以有效地降低PP填充体系的剪切粘度,并可使材料的拉伸和冲击性能得到提高。本文还利用XRD和DSC等手段了CaCO3颗粒级配填充对聚丙烯的结晶形态,结晶过程的影响,发现合理的粒径级配填充可有效地促进PP的β晶的生成和结晶重排的发生,并运用最大密堆积等理论对上述实验结果逐一进行了解释。     

SIZE EFFECTS IN THE FRACTURE OF A PIPE-GRADE HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

Abstract— The effect of specimen size on fracture toughness of a pipe-grade high density polyethylene has been examined using the J integral approach. It was found that the size requirements set up by common standards appear inadequate for this material. Measurements at low temperatures, at which a plane strain fracture toughness value could be obtained, turned out to be very effective in establishing a more appropriate size requirement for this material.     

分散相对高分子合金增韧及脆/韧转变的影响

发生脆／韧转变的合金材料,其刚性体分散相ＣＰＰ在基质形成的静水应力的作用下沿拉抻方向发生了塑性形变。分散相无论是刚性体还是弹性体,在基质形成的静水压应力的作用下均可通过形变吸收能量使合金材料增韧;同时分散相也可作为应力集中剂引发基质产生银纹和屈服剪切带,使合金材料增韧,脆／韧转变过程提前,当分散相模量较时,后一种作用为主。随着分散相模量的增加,前一种作用的影响逐渐增加,并最终转变成为主导作用。     

剪切速率和体积分数对共混物分散相尺寸的影响

采用聚乙烯／聚苯乙烯共混物研究了剪切速率和体积分数对共混物分散相颗粒尺寸的影响。结果表明，剪切速率越高，分散相颗粒越精细。随聚苯乙烯体积分数增加，分散相颗粒尺寸增大，在共连续结构出现前，分散相颗粒尺寸达到最大值，在低体积分数睛，稳态的韦伯数（Ｗｅ）与聚苯乙烯体积分数呈线性关系。     

温度对聚氯乙烯缺口冲击强度及断面粗糙度的影响

研究了温度对聚氯乙烯 PVC 缺口冲击强度、断口形貌特征及断面粗糙度的影响。结果表明,PVC 缺口冲击强度和断面粗糙度参数 R_s 随温度变化,在脆化温度 T_h 处存在极小值,前者取决于真实断裂表面积大小;后者受控于局部高强变形及裂纹分叉扩展综合作用。低温冲击断面上易观察到裂纹分叉扩展形成的弧形条纹及分层。     

硬质相粒度对金属陶瓷断裂韧性的影响

用压痕法测定了具有不同粒度硬质相的Ti(C,N)基和WC基金属陶瓷的断裂韧性,结果发现,Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的断裂韧性随硬质相粒度的增大而减小,而WC基金属陶瓷的断裂韧性随硬质相粒度的增大而增大。产生上述现象的主要原因与硬质相的晶体结构有关:在室温条件下,面心立方结构的Ti(C,N)晶体中可能存在｛110｝<11 0>和｛111｝<11 0>两个滑移族(含18个独立滑移系);裂纹从一个Ti(C,N)颗粒扩展至另一个Ti(C,N)颗粒时很容易形成取向有利。当Ti(C,N)颗粒较粗时,极易发生穿晶断裂,并且裂纹连续穿晶扩展时亦不会发生显著的偏转或分叉,Ti(C,N)呈现较强的脆性断裂特征。而密排六方结构的WC晶体只有｛101 0｝<112 3>一个滑移族(含4个独立的滑移系);由于取向不利,裂纹难以连续穿晶扩展,且随WC粒度的增大,其对裂纹的偏转和分叉作用增强,从而导致断裂面表面积增大而增韧。     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON GLOBAL AND LOCAL PARAMETERS CONTROLLING FRACTURE IN THE BRITTLE-DUCTILE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE REGION

Abstract— In this report on fracture studies pertinent to the brittle-ductile transition region the predictive capability of a local fracture parameter, i.e. maximum tensile stress normal to the crack plane (= maximum principal stress), and of a global fracture parameter, i.e. the J -integral, are compared for SENB and CNT specimens fractured at −70°C. The influence of constraint is also investigated, both locally as defined by the ratios of mean (hydrostatic) stress and maximum principal stress to von Mises stress, and globally as defined by the factor m = J /(_γ.CTOD). Results obtained indicate that stress fields in a varying constraint environment (i.e. varying both spatially and with extent of plastic deformation) are not uniquely characterized by J and require additional information on the amount of constraint. Fracture predictions based on maximum principal stress ahead of the crack tip exhibit far less scatter than those based on J , but further investigations are required on the geometry (in)dependence of this local parameter.     

溶解度参数差和相对分子量对分散相尺寸的影响

研究了苯乙烯－丁二烯二嵌段共聚物、不同分子量的苯乙烯－乙烯／丙烯二嵌段共聚物和苯乙烯－乙烯／丁烯－苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物对低密度聚乙烯／聚苯乙烯共混物的分散相颗粒尺寸的影响。结果表明，低密度聚乙烯的分子量与嵌段共聚物中的橡胶嵌段的分子量之比Ｍｈ／Ｍｂ对共混物分散相颗粒尺寸有较大影响。在Ｍｎ／Ｍｂ≈１附近，分散相尺寸达到最小值。分散相颗粒尺寸与嵌段共聚物中苯乙烯嵌段和橡胶嵌段之间的溶解度参数差△δ１２有     

SIZE EFFECTS ON IMPACT RESPONSE OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES

Delamination was known to be one of the most important damage modes in composite laminates subjected to impact loading. In an effort to further understand the impact response of composite laminates, various degrees of impact ranging from subperforation to perforation were introduced to glass/epoxy laminates through an instrumented drop-weight impactor. In addition, composite laminates of various in-plane dimensions and thicknesses were examined for in-plane dimensional and thickness effects, respectively. Experimental results showed that in-plane dimensional effect was not as significant as thickness effect. The impacted composite laminates were then subjected to compression after impact (CAI) tests for characterizations of residual mechanical properties. Experimental results showed that perforation was the most important damage stage in composite laminates subjected to impact loading since impact characteristics (peak force, contact duration and absorbed energy) and mechanical properties degradation (residual compressive maximum force and residual compressive absorbed energy) of composite laminates became stable once perforation took place. However, it was also found that delamination played a very important role in the characterizations of mechanical properties degradation. Since the impact response of composite laminates is due to plate bending to some extent, bending analysis was used to explain the greater influence of thickness effect to in-plane dimensional effect. It was also found that bending analysis was feasible for interpretation of delamination in mechanical properties degradation.     

铁素体钢断裂韧度尺寸效应的小冲孔试验

对六种不同厚度的试样进行了小冲孔试验,并进行了有限元模拟,此外还通过扫描电镜观察并分析了断裂面的微观结构。试验结果显示,试样的SP断裂变形能和断裂韧度随试样厚度的增大而增大。提出了裂纹起始遵循断裂应变准则及裂纹扩展遵循断裂能密度准则的观点。有限元模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合。断裂面呈典型的韧性断裂特征,试样变形后的半球状外表面布满微小的褶皱状突起和微裂纹。     

SIZE EFFECTS AND A MEAN-STRENGTH CRITERION FOR CERAMICS

On the basis of a large amount of research on the fracture behaviour of ceramics, a new failure criterion is advanced. It is pointed out that the rupture of structural ceramics is governed by the mean stress in a specific zone, rather than by the peak stress value. The size of the process zone was derived as a material constant, and reflects the relation between the toughness and the strength of the material. The results show that the critical maximum stress varies with the stress gradient: the steeper the stress gradient, the higher the critical peak stress. Different experiments concerning the size effect have been carried out and the reason for size effects has been explained by a mean strength theory.     

温度与晶粒尺寸对Ni3Al基合金形变硬化率的影响

研究了温度与晶粒尺寸对金属间化合物Ｎｉ３Ａｌ形变硬化率的影响。结果发现，在一定塑变下Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金在形变硬化率随晶粒尺寸的增加而降低，在２００－４００℃左右其形变硬化率出现峰值。分析表明，形变硬化率峰值温度的出现是由于随温度的升高在Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金中的｛１１１｝滑移面上超位错的可动性降低，而合金中的动态回复作用增加。在弥散γ相强化的Ｎｉ３Ａｌ基合金中，由于弥散γ相阻止了动态回复，进一步降低了超位错的     

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SPECIMEN GEOMETRY EFFECTS ON FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE

Abstract— Elastic-plastic finite element analysis is used to study fatigue crack closure at three different crack length to width ratios for three plane stress specimen geometries: center-cracked plate, single-edge-cracked plate (tension), and single-edge-cracked plate (bend). The maximum stress to flow stress ratio, S_max/σ_O, which successfully describes closure results in many center-cracked plate configurations, does not correlate the effect of different geometries on the normalized opening stress, S _open/ S _max. Crack opening stresses for different geometries and crack lengths are successfully correlated by a normalized stress intensity parameter, K _max/ K ₀, where K ₀=σ₀φa. The quality of the correlation is very high at small K _max/ K ₀, and gradually deteriorates as K _max/ K ₀ increases beyond the small-scale yielding regime.     

考虑骨料尺寸的混凝土岩石边界效应断裂模型

该文比较了边界效应模型（BEM）和尺寸效应模型（SEM）在研究材料断裂性能方面的不同。提出了由处于准脆性断裂状态的三点弯曲试件的峰值荷载P_max,同时确定材料参数--断裂韧度K_IC与拉伸强度f_t的理论与方法。由于实验室条件下混凝土试件高度W与骨料最大粒径d_max的比例W/d_max约为5~20,试件的非均质性明显,破坏为准脆性断裂控制。因此,区别于以连续介质力学为基础的应用于准脆性断裂研究的力学模型,该文研究将骨料最大粒径d_max引入相应的断裂模型解析表达式中,由参数组合β d_max来计算结构峰值状态对应的裂缝扩展量,通过离散参数β的不同取值,实现了对材料参数--断裂韧度与拉伸强度的准确预测。基于不同学者的相同尺寸W而不同初始裂缝长度a₀,以及相同初始缝高比a₀/W而不同尺寸W的几何相似的砂浆、混凝土及岩石类材料试件的试验成果（骨料最大粒径d_max从1.2 mm~40 mm变化）,验证了所提理论与方法的合理性。     

温度对聚合物材料冲击断裂的影响

研究、总结了在相同实验条件下，聚合物材料部击强度随试验温度的变化规律，其可分为４种类型：随试验温度降低，（１）冲击强度逐渐下降；（２）冲击强度先逐渐下降，然后保持恒值；（３）冲击强度先逐渐下降，然后又逐渐升高；（４）冲击强度逐渐升高。同时，还分析了微观断裂机制以及宏观强度、塑料性对它们的影响。     

小尺寸混凝土试件双K断裂参数试验研究

采用最大尺寸为680mm×160mm×40mm的标准三点弯曲梁试件,利用在初始裂缝两侧粘贴电阻应变片并利用混凝土裂缝扩展到此处时其应变回缩的方法测得了起裂荷载Pini,在此基础上根据Pini及初始缝长a0得到了起裂断裂韧度KIiCni;根据在试验中测得的最大荷载Pmax及对应的裂缝口张开位移CMODC计算了混凝土等效裂缝长度aC,据此计算了失稳断裂韧度KIuCn。结果表明:采用电阻应变片法可准确测定混凝土的起裂荷载Pini,且方法简单。试验结果还表明:在本试验范围内,三点弯曲梁法测得的混凝土双K断裂参数KIiCni、KIuCn与试件高度无关,进一步说明了混凝土双K断裂参数可以作为描述混凝土裂缝扩展的断裂参数。     

FRACTURE TYPES AND THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION IN SUPERPLASTIC SHEETS FORMED WITH PLASTIC INJECTION MOLDING

This paper investigated the fracture types and thickness ratio distribution in superplastic Zn-22% Al sheets formed during a hybrid process combining superplastic forming with plastic injection molding. Three types of sheet fractures (edge crack, central crack, and combined crack) were observed. The effects of using this approach on sheet molding and fracture window for various parameters, including melt temperature, injection pressure, and mold temperature, were investigated. They are presented and discussed as they relate to molding area and various fracture types. Central cracks occurred when superplastic sheets were formed by injection molding at higher melt temperature, whereas edge cracks occurred at higher injection pressure. When melt flow was parallel to the sheet rolling direction, areas of edge crack were enlarged. The sheet thickness ratio distribution was obtained for various injection parameters and rib depths. Observation of sheet thickness distribution for variation parameters, and the tendency for fracture can be generalized.