The gas jet behavior in submerged Laval nozzle flow

The behavior of the combustion gas jet in a Laval nozzle flow is studied by numerical simulations. The Laval nozzle is installed in an engine and the combustion gas comes out of the engine through the nozzle and then injects into the surrounding environment. First, the jet injection into the air is simulated and the results are verified by the theoretical solutions of the 1-D isentropic flow. Then the behavior of the gas jet in a submerged Laval nozzle flow is simulated for various water depths. The stability of the jet and the jet evolution with a series of expansion waves and compression waves are analyzed, as well as the mechanism of the jet in a deep water depth. Finally, the numerical results are compared with existing experimental data and it is shown that the characteristics of the water blockage and the average values of the engine thrust are in good agreement and the unfixed engine in the experiment is the cause of the differences of the frequency and the amplitude of the oscillation.     

A PARTITIONING PARALLEL PROCEDURE FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF GAS FLOW IN A CYCLONE SEPARATOR

1. INTRODUCTIONIt is difficult to deal with most problems of fluid flow because of the complexity of its geometry and performance characteristics. To avoid geometrical complexity of the computational zone, most of numerical strategies are based on the coo…     

WEAKLY SWIRLING TURBULENT FLOW IN TURBID WATER HYDRAULIC SEPARATION DEVICE

This article deals with the characteristics of weakly swirling turbulent flow field in a Turbid Water Hydraulic Separation Device （TWHSD） through experimental and numerical researches. The flow field was measured by PIV, which provided streamlines, vortex structure, vorticity and velocity distribution in different test planes in the TWHSD. On the basis of the experimental results, the tangential and radial velocity distributions of the swirling flow field were obtained. Meanwhile, the numerical simulations were conducted with the RNG κ-ε and RSM turbulence models, respectively. According to the experimental and numerical results, the characteristics of the clear water flow field inside the TWHSD were determined. In view of simulation accuracy and time consumption, it is suggested to apply the RNG κ-ε model instead of the RSM model, which is more time consuming, to make further study on two-phases flow fields in the device.     

A novel pre-dilution,swirling jet diffuser to enhance effluent mixing: Hydrodynamics and dilution performance

Diffusers are widely-used to quickly dilute effluents in receiving water bodies. This study proposed a novel diffuser that pre-mixes effluent with ambient water before discharging and that uses the swirling jet to further enhance near-field dilution. The nozzle of the diffuser was examined in two ambient flow conditions: co-flow and counter-flow that are commonly-met in the environment such as oceans due to tidal effect. Physical experiments were first conducted in co-flow on its dilution performance and hydrodynamics, using heated water as the effluent. A 3-D CFD model was developed and calibrated the co-flow scenarios, and then used to investigate the diffuser in counter-flow. The results showed that the nozzle can effectively reduce the maximum temperature rise of the effluent by about 50 % before discharging. The swirling jet from the outlet has a larger shear area, half-width and entrainment rate, enabling the effluent to be rapidly diluted to a minimum of around 10 times at x/D = 6 in co-flow, whereas the dilution for conventional nozzles is about 1 because of the potential core. The flow amplification ratio (α) decreases gradually with increasing velocity ratio in co-flow but increases with increasing velocity ratio in counter-flow. The counter-flow reduces the water drawn into the device; however, the pre-dilution effect at the outlet remains stable. The near-field dilution in counter-flow was significantly enhanced than that in co-flow. Environmental regulations at outfalls and mixing zones can be more easily met using this novel diffuser.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS OF PLUNGE POOL AND ENERGY DISSIPATION ANALYSIS

A 3-D numerical model for simulating the complicated turbulent flows was developed and the code was made. A numerical calculation of the plunge pool of Laxiwa project in China was carried on. Those 3-D distributions of velocity,pressure on bottom wall,turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence energy dissipation rate are revealed in detail and the detailed flow patterns of plunge pool were shown. By studying on the characteristics of turbulent diffusion and energy dissipation,the calculated results show that the major turbulence and energy dissipation are taken place near the axis of water jet. The calculated results also indicated that the calculated maximum impact pressures on the bottom wall of the plunge pool have a good agreement with those obtained by physical hydraulic model test.     

双射流流动结构实验研究

应用PIV实验方法对由直射流和同心的环状旋转射流组成的双射流流场进行了测量，并分析研究了流场的速度和旋度变化规律。分析表明，双射流等速核长度较小，仪约为5倍喷距；随喷距的增加其多股射流特性逐渐减弱，其主要原因为直射流和旋转射流在交界面上很强的剪切作用；旋转射流的径向发展因受直射流吸附作用的影响而减小，相应直射流速度在喷嘴轴线上的衰减则增加。在4-6倍喷距间的旋转射流速度突然下降和相应位置处旋度场的涡环都显示该处可能存在较强的空化现象，而大大提升双射流的能力。     

体型参数对旋流排沙渠道水沙特性的影响

为明确关键体型参数对渠道和排沙洞内水沙特性的影响,在模型试验研究的基础上开展了旋流排沙渠道的水沙两相流数值模拟。结果表明:起旋室高度对截沙率影响较为显著,最大相差5.41%;排沙洞直径、倾角和起旋室出口宽度对分流比影响显著,最大相差8.13%,增大倾角后改善了原排沙洞封闭端因壁面条件影响而产生的泥沙淤积;起旋室出口宽度对渠道内水沙特性基本无影响;不同体型下旋流排沙渠道均可高效、持续排沙,截沙率均大于90%,经过起旋室后,高含沙水流从排沙洞流出,下游渠道含沙量急剧减小。     

水垫塘三维紊流数值模拟及消能分析

开发了能模拟复杂紊流的三维数学模型，编制了大型计算程序，针对拉西瓦水垫塘进行了数值模拟，揭示了水垫塘内速度，压力，紊动能及其耗散率的三维分布规律，获得了详细的水垫塘流态特性。研究了水流紊动扩主消能特性，反映出紊动和消能大量地发生在射流轴线附近，计算所得的底板最大冲击动压与实验值进行了比较，二者符合良好。     

固粒分区存在的旋转射流场稳定性研究

本文由理论分析得到了三种固粒存在形态下旋转射流失稳模型的扰动增长率及相关修正瑞利稳定性准则，根据该准则，对三种不同固粒存在形态下气一固流动模型在不同扰动性质和固粒属性下，由计算得到了对应的增长率曲线，给出了固闰属性及扰动央求充稳定性影响的重要结论，为工程中控制不同情况下的旋转射流场后续发展提供了理论依据。     

簧阀阻断式脉冲磨料射流破岩的试验研究

为了充分利用井底水力能量提高钻速,提出了井下调制簧阀阻断式脉冲磨料射流钻井技术。模拟分析了簧阀阻断式脉冲磨料射流钻井工具的内部流场,确认了采用簧阀阻断式机构调制脉冲射流的原理可行。研制了簧阀阻断式脉冲磨料射流的原理样机,纯水射流的试验测试结果表明,簧阀阻断式脉冲射流破岩性能明显优于连续射流;基于正交试验法,优选确定了原理样机的结构参数,进而引入磨料,调制形成脉冲磨料射流。脉冲磨料射流破岩试验结果表明,岩石破碎孔的深度随着泵压增大而增大,而随着磨料浓度和喷距的增大,则先增大后逐渐减小,存在最优值。研究结果证实了井下调制簧阀阻断式脉冲磨料射流钻井方法的原理可行,可为实际技术发展提供依据。     

Numerical investigation of the effect of rotation on cavitating flows over axisymmetric cavitators

The rotating axisymmetric cavitator is widely applied in underwater vehicles, and its rotational motion affects the cavitating flow over the cavitator. This study focuses on the effect of rotation on the flow structure in the cavity bubble. Unsteady 2-D/3-D numerical simulations of cavitating flows over axisymmetric cavitators are performed using the volume of fraction(VOF) method and the Sauer-Schnerr cavitation model. Firstly, the 2-D simulation of cavitating flow over a circular disk or a cone cavitator is carried out at various cavitation numbers(0.15, 0.175, 0.2, 0.225 and 0.25). The simulated cavity lengths and drag coefficients are compared with the experimental data, the theoretical estimations and the published numerical results. Then the 3-D simulations of cavitating flows over the same axisymmetric cavitators with different rotating speeds are performed using the sliding mesh model(SMM). The effect of rotation on the cavity shape and the internal flow structure is analyzed.     

THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VENTILATED SUPER CAVITY SHAPE IN WATER TUNNEL AND INFINITE FLOW FIELD

In order to understand the difference of ventilated supercavity in water tunnel and infinite flow field, 3-D numerical simulations are carried out to obtain the ventilated supercavity in above mentioned conditions based on RANS equations, using the finite volume method and SST turbulence model in the framework of the two fluid multiphase flow model. The numerical method adopted in this article for the infinite flow field and water tunnel experiments is validated by comparing results with those of empirical formulas and experimental data. On this basis the difference between water tunnel experiments and infinite flow field is studied, including the influence of the route loss and the blocking effect in the water tunnel. Finally, some suggestions are made for water tunnel experiments.     

INSTABILITY OF GAS/LIQUID COAXIAL JET

In this article the emphasis was given to the discussion of the effects of diameter ratio and swirling on instability character for the gas/liquid coaxial jet used by Liao, et al.[1]. The results indicate that the finite diameter ratio markedly increases the maximum growth rate, the most unstable wavenumber, as well as the cutoff wavenumber. It implies that the finite diameter ratio will lead to the liquid jet breakup length shorter and the liquid drop size smaller. The effect of the swirling jets is much more complex:for the axisymmetric perturbation mode, the swirling enhances the flow stability, for helical perturbation, the dominant instability mode occurs at n<0. And it is found that in long wave region there exists a new kind of instability modes at n=1 that was not mentioned in Liao et al.'s article. For this new mode, there appears a dominated swirling ratio at which the flow has the maximum growth rate.     

高水头旋流阻塞复合内消能工水力特性研究

旋流阻塞复合内消能工是适用于高坝泄洪消能的一种新型消能工,为了分析其在超高作用水头下的泄洪消能适用情况,采用模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,对200 m作用水头条件下该消能工的水力特性进行了研究。结果表明：泄流量为1 547 m³/s,略大于设计值,满足泄流要求;洞内形成了稳定的空腔旋流,旋流洞段空腔直径约6~7 m,旋流角约60°,壁面压强约110×9.8 kPa,最大点流速约45 m/s;起旋器与旋流洞段为0.050~0.274 Hz的低频脉动,且水流空化数均大于1.2,运行安全;阻塞扩散段末端最小瞬时负压为-3.81×9.8 kPa,且水流空化数较小,但水流掺气率较高,有利于减免发生空蚀;阻塞扩散段末脉动优势频率为46.99 Hz;总消能率达82.1%,消能率高。研究成果可为该复合消能工在高水头下的泄洪消能应用提供参考。     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON AIR FLOW AROUND AN OPENING WITH LARGE EDDY SIMULATION

Jet characteristics of air supply opening in a ventilating or an air-conditioning system is primarily decided by the folw state in the duct connected to the opening. It is valuable to study the opening jet characteristics and the flow state in a duct. In this study, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique combined with the Tarlor-Galerkin Finite Element Method ( FEM) in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was applied to the problem. The 3-D flow fields in ducts around air supply opening under typical conditions were investigated by numerical simulation as well as experimental measurements. Numerical results agree well with the available experimental data. It indicates that the LES method is available under the conditions with complicated boundaries and inner accompanied by anisotropic large-scale eddies, and it is credible to predict the jet deflection characteristics around an opening.     

基于SPH方法的两平行平板间层流的数值模拟及验证

基于SPH方法的基本原理,综合考虑了对各种定解条件的设置,用Fortran语言独立编写了一套用于模拟两平行平板间层流的SPH二维计算程序,并应用于泊肃叶流和库埃特流的数值模拟之中,将模拟结果与理论解析解和通过Flow-3D软件数值模拟得到的数值结果进行对比,分析表明三种方法得到的计算结果非常吻合,从而实现了对SPH数学模型和SPH计算程序的验证,为SPH方法的进一步发展和广泛应用奠定了一定的基础。     

Numerical and experimental study of Boussinesq wall horizontal turbulent jet of fresh water in a static homogeneous environment of salt water

This paper investigates a numerical and experimental study about buoyant wall turbulent jet in a static homogeneous environment. A light fluid of fresh water is injected horizontally and tangentially to a plane wall into homogenous salt water ambient. This later is given with different values of salinity and the initial fractional density is small, so the applicability of the Boussinesq approximation is valid. Since the domain temperature is assumed to be constant, the density of the mixture is a function of the salt concentration only. Mathematical model is based on the finite volume method and reports on an application of standard k- ? turbulence model for steady flow with densimetric Froude numbers of 1-75 and Reynolds numbers of 2 000-6 000. The basic features of the model are the conservation of mass, momentum and concentration. The boundaries of jet body, the radius and cling length are determined. It is found that the jet spreading and behavior depend on the ratio between initial buoyancy flux and momentum, i.e., initial Froude number, and on the influence of wall boundary which corresponds to Coanda effect. Laboratory experiments were conducted with photographic observations of jet trajectories and numerical results are described and compared with the experiments. A good agreement with numerical and experimental results has been achieved.     

3-D simulation of transient flow patterns in a corridor-shaped air-cushion surge chamber based on computational fluid dynamics

The 3-D characteristics of the water-air flow patterns in a corridor-shaped air-cushion surge chamber during hydraulic transients need to be considered in the shape optimization. To verify the reliability of the water-air two-phase model, namely, the volume of fluid model, the process of charging water into a closed air chamber is successfully simulated. Using the model, the 3-D flow characteristics under the load rejection and acceptance conditions within the air-cushion surge chamber of a specific hydropower station are studied. The free surface waves, the flow patterns, and the pressure changes during the surge wave process are analyzed in detail. The longitudinal flow of water in the long corridor-shaped surge chamber is similar to the open channel flow with respect to the wave propagation, reflection and superposition characteristics. The lumped parameters of the 3-D numerical simulation agree with the results of a 1-D calculation of hydraulic transients in the whole water conveying system, which validates the 3-D method. The 3-D flow structures obtained can be applied to the shape optimization of the chamber.     

Numerical investigation of unsteady cavitating turbulent flows around twisted hydrofoil from the Lagrangian viewpoint

Unsteady cavitating turbulent flow around twisted hydrofoil is simulated with Zwart cavitation model combined with the filter-based density correction model(FBDCM).Numerical results simulated the entire process of the 3-D cavitation shedding including the re-entrant jet and side-entrant jet dynamics and were compared with the available experimental data.The distribution of finite-time Lyapunov exponent(FTLE) was used to analyze the 3-D behavior of the re-entrant jet from the Lagrangian viewpoint,which shows that it can significantly influence the particle trackers in the attached cavity.Further analysis indicates that the different flow behavior on the suction side with different attack angle can be identified with Lagrangian coherent structures(LCS).For the area with a large attack angle,the primary shedding modifies the flow pattern on the suction side.With the decrease in attack angle,the attached cavity tends to be steady,and LCS A is close to the upper wall.A further decrease in attack angle eliminates LCS A in the boundary layer.The FTLE distribution also indicates that the decreasing attack angle induces a thinner boundary layer along the foil surface on the suction side.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ROCK BREAKING MECHANISM WITH HIGH-PRESSURE WATER JET

Based on the analysis of experimental results.the rock damage model and the damage coupling model suitable for the whole rock breaking process with water jet were established with continuous damage mechanics and micro damage mechanics, and the numerical method was developed with continuum mechanics and the FEM theory. The rock breaking mechanism with water jet was studied systematically with numerical simulation for the first time in the field of water-jet rock breaking. The numerical results agree with the experimental ones which shows that the presented method is reasonable and can reflect the reality of water-jet rock breaking. The conclusion can be applied in practice.