微库仑法分析车用乙醇汽油中硫含量

建立了微库仑仪测定车用乙醇汽油中S含量的方法.测定的最佳仪器条件是:O2流量40mL·min-1、N2流量60mL·min-1,裂解炉气化端温度750℃、稳定端温度800℃,偏压140～170mV,增益为150,进样量为4-6μL.方法的精密度小于1%、相对误差绝对值低于1.5%.实验结果表明,微库仑法测试车用乙醇汽油中S含量具有重复性好、操作简单、结果准确等优点.     

载锌NaY分子筛对FCC汽油吸附脱硫性能的影响

采用液相离子交换法将锌离子负载到NaY分子筛上,得到ZnY分子筛脱硫吸附剂。考察了锌离子负载浓度和不同焙烧温度对ZnY分子筛吸附脱硫性能的影响。研究脱硫实验中吸附温度和吸附空速对FCC汽油脱硫性能的影响,样品中的硫含量通过微库仑综合分析仪进行测定。结果表明,Zn(NO₃)₂负载浓度0.30 mol·L^-1、焙烧温度500 ℃、吸附温度30 ℃和吸附空速0.5 h^-1条件下对吸附脱硫性能最有利,脱硫率超过80%。考察两种方法对吸附剂进行再生。     

己二酸二甲酯样品中硫含量的测定

介绍了使用微库仑仪测己二酸二甲酯中硫含量的方法。汽化端温度设置为600℃,燃烧端温度设置为800℃,偏压150 mV,增益200,采样电阻2 kΩ,10 ng/μL的硫标准溶液,进样体积8.0μL,5次测得平均转化率为102%,测得己二酸二甲酯样品中的硫含量平均值为8.70 ng/μL,结果的相对标准偏差为2.64%。     

微库仑法对测定原油有机氯、无机氯、总氯的探讨和优化

通过对微库仑综合分析仪主要影响参数:温度、气体流量、偏压的选择优化,以GB/T 18612-2001检测原油总氯和萃取后油相有机氯,无机氯测定以SY/T0536-2008测定萃取后水相盐含量转化为无机氯,有机氯无机氯之和计为原油实际总氯,微库仑法总氯计为分析总氯。比较实际总氯和分析总氯的大小关系,验证用微库仑法分析总氯的可行性,经过实验得出分析总氯比实际总氯结果偏小,偏小量约为12%~14%,并提出该误差存在的四种可能性,为炼油装置生产提供一定的参数依据。     

微库仑法测定柴油硫含量条件的优化探讨

对WK-2D型微库仑仪进行调试.从进样量、进样速度、气体流量、炉温4个方面讨论操作因素对微库伦法测定样品硫含量的影响,并确定最优操作条件.在优化条件下,对加标直馏柴油样品进行精密度和回收率考察.结果表明：进样量为1.3μL,进样速度为38档,氮气流量为260 mL/min,氧气流量为150 mL/min,汽化段温度为750℃,燃烧段温度为850℃,稳定段温度为650℃操作条件下测得直馏柴油硫含量误差低,重复性好.加标回收率在99％～102％,RSD＜1％.该方法简单、快速、准确,适合大批量直馏柴油样品的测定.     

利用油页岩灰渣提取γ-Al_2O_3

以油页岩灰渣为原料,用酸浸法-微湿气体法制备了γ-Al_2O_3,讨论了煅烧温度、酸灰比、酸浸温度与时间等对氧化铝提取率的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:油页岩灰渣煅烧温度930℃,盐酸/煅烧灰分=40.0 m L/15.0 g,酸浸温度100℃,酸浸时间2.0 h,微湿空气700℃,氧化铝提取率为95%左右,XRD分析确定为γ-Al_2O_3。     

利用油页岩灰渣提取γ-Al_2O_3

以油页岩灰渣为原料,用酸浸法-微湿气体法制备了γ-Al_2O_3,讨论了煅烧温度、酸灰比、酸浸温度与时间等对氧化铝提取率的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:油页岩灰渣煅烧温度930℃,盐酸/煅烧灰分=40.0 m L/15.0 g,酸浸温度100℃,酸浸时间2.0 h,微湿空气700℃,氧化铝提取率为95%左右,XRD分析确定为γ-Al_2O_3。     

加氢裂化原料及产品中氮含量分析方法的研究

对加氢裂化原料及产品中氮含量分析常用的分析方法进行了研究，试验结果表明，无论是化学发光法还是微库仑法，均能较好地测定加氢裂化原料及产品中的氮含量。但化学发光法与微库仑法相比具有操作简便，快速，灵敏度高，选择性好，检测范围宽等优点，在分析低含氮量（＜2mg/kg）的轻质油及高含氮量的重质油时效果好于微库仑法。     

直接硼氢化钠燃料电池在不同运行条件下的放电特性研究

研究了以Ni粉为阳极催化剂、Pt/C为阴极催化剂、Nafion117为电解质膜的直接硼氢化钠燃料电池(DSBFC),通过电池的极化曲线、功率密度曲线,研究了DSBFC在不同阴极供料方式、不同温度和硼氢化钠浓度等条件下的放电特性.结果表明:阴极通加湿氧气有利于提高电池性能;随着硼氢化钠浓度的增加和温度的升高,电池性能都会提高;50℃时NaBH4浓度对电池性能影响更大,NaBH4浓度为0.5 mol·L-1时温度对电池的性能影响更大.通过电流-时间曲线考察了电池的库仑效率及短期运行的稳定性.结果显示:在高温时电池放电相对平稳;NaBH4浓度越大,库仑效率越低;温度对库仑效率影响不大.以加湿氧气为氧化剂、硼氢化钠浓度为1.0 mol·L-1、电池运行温度为80℃时,DSBFC性能最佳,最大功率密度为39.5 mW·cm-2(0.5 V).     

微库仑法测定芳烃溶剂中硫含量的方法优化

从转化率和温度等方面对微库仑滴定技术测定芳烃溶剂中的硫含量的方法进行了优化.结果表明,采用优化的微库仑滴定法可以在芳烃溶剂中准确的测定小于l ng/μL样品的硫含量,该方法操作具有简单、快捷、准确的特点,可以很好的应用于芳烃溶剂中硫含量的测定.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.