Synthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles and effect of surfactant on dispersion and stability

This work investigates the stability of dispersions of zirconium oxide nanoparticles, synthesized by the sol-gel method, with zirconium isopropoxide precursors. Nanofluids at concentrations of 0.1 wt% were prepared by dispersing the synthesized nanoparticles in deionized water. Anionic sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and non-ionic polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) at concentrations of 0.01 wt%, 0.03 wt%, and 0.05 wt% were used for nanoparticle dispersion. Stability was analyzed by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, pH, visual inspection, and UV–vis. Transmission electron microcopy (TEM) images revealed particles with a size of 59.9 ± 13.5 nm, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) showed crystalline materials. The results of sedimentation, hydrodynamic radius, and absorbance indicate that the presence of surfactants reduces agglomeration and improves the stability of nanofluids over time. The non-ionic surfactant, PVP, produced a better effect on the hydrodynamic radius than its ionic counterparts (SDBS and CTAB). In addition, the type of surfactant was found to have a significant effect on the pH, zeta potential, and isoelectric point of the ZrO₂ nanoparticles. Finally, the stability analysis revealed that stable nanofluids with a final concentration of 0.01 wt% of particles can be obtained after 20 days, demonstrating the potential of such nanofluids for heat transfer applications.     

Adsorption Characteristics of Benzaldehyde,Sulphanilic acid,and p‐Phenolsulfonate from Water,Acid, or Base Solutions onto Activated Carbon Cloth

Abstract

Adsorption of benzaldehyde (BA), sulphanilic acid (SA), and sodium salt of p‐phenolsulfonic acid (p‐PhS) from water, acid, or base solutions onto activated carbon cloth (ACC) was studied by in‐situ UV‐spectrophotometric method. Kinetics of adsorption was followed over 90 min and the data were fitted to first order rate law. The order of rate of adsorption was found to be BA>SA≈p‐PhS in water, BA>p‐PhS>SA in 1 M H₂SO₄ and BA>SA >> p‐PhS in 0.1 M NaOH. Competitive adsorptions of BA and SA from an equimolar mixture in 1 M H₂SO₄ and of BA and p‐PhS from an equimolar mixture in H₂O were studied for exploring the possibilities of separation of binary mixtures. It was found that p‐PhS was not adsorbed at all from 0.1 M NaOH solution. Adsorption isotherms of BA, SA, and p‐PhS at 30°C were derived and the data were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The Freundlich model was found to represent the experimental data better than the Langmuir model.     

Characterization of n-hexadecylalkylamine-intercalated graphite oxides as sorbents

Adsorption properties of graphite oxides hydrophobized by n-hexadecylamine, (C16)_xGO, were investigated using pyrene molecules as a model of nonionic organic contaminants. A large quantity of pyrene (28.5 mg/g) was adsorbed from a water-ethanol mixture (1:2) containing 2 mM of pyrene when (C16)_0.6GO was used. The isotherm of pyrene adsorption was better described by Freundlich equation rather than Langmuir equation, which indicated a single adsorption mechanism was involved. The change in the amount of adsorbed pyrene as a function of amine content in GO was very similar to that which occurs upon introduction of pyrene into (C16)_xGO films from chloroform solution, as determined by X-ray measurements. This suggests that pyrene molecules were adsorbed not only on the outer surface but also within the interlayer space of the intercalation compound. Swelling of the intercalation compound by ethanol can render the interlayers more organophilic and make access to hexadecylamine molecules bonded to the graphite oxide layer easier for pyrene molecules, especially in (C16)_xGOs with lower amine contents.     

Effect of Sonication in the Preparation of Activated Carbon Particles on Adsorption Performance

The impact of acid and base adsorption capacities of activated carbon (AC) particles with activation condition, contact time, specific surface area (SSA), particle size, concentration, and temperature was studied. AC was pre-treated by sonication to improve the surface characteristics and enhance its adsorption capacity. Sonication increased the SSA of AC. SEM imaging showed good dispersion and uniform AC particles with an average diameter of about 0.6 μm. The adsorption results demonstrated that AC surfaces possessed effective interactions with acids and bases, and the greatest adsorption capacity was achieved with CH₃COOH, where data were analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. It was found that the isotherm data correlated well with the Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption of raw AC particles increased under sonication conditions. The adsorption process with sonicated and unsonicated AC particles obeyed pseudo first-order kinetics.     

Performance of acrylic monomer based terpolymer/montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels for U(VI) removal from aqueous solutions

Acrylic monomer based terpolymer/montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels (NH-MMTs) synthesized using 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 2-acrylamido-2-methlypropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in the aqueous montmorillonite (MMT) suspension were employed as adsorbents for U(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. Adsorption efficiency of the NH-MMTs was strongly enhanced by increasing pH in the range of 3–6. Adsorption capacity of the NHs increased with the MMT weight ratio up to 1% and the complete removal of U(VI) from 1 mmol/L aqueous solutions was achieved by 2 g/L polymer but further increase of MMT up to 6% caused a gradual decrease in adsorption percentage up to 57%. Nearly 98% of U(VI) loaded on the adsorbents could be recovered by 0.1 M HNO₃. Consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles showed that the NH-MMTs are re-usable. Kinetic results were analyzed using Paterson's and Nernst Planck approximation's based on homogeneous solid phase diffusion (HSPD). Experimental data were fitted to equilibrium isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin. SEM, and FTIR analysis of bare and U(VI) loaded adsorbents were used to elucidate adsorption mechanisms. The results showed that the NH-MMTs tested in this study are very promising for the recovery of U(VI) from water.     

Fabrication, Characterization and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites for Arsenic(III) Removal from Water

Polymer nanocomposites constituted of [ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) (70 %) polycaprolactone (PCL) (15 %) Fe₃O₄ (15 %)] were synthesized and applied in the removal of Arsenic(III) from contaminated water. Arsenic contamination in water is a severe problem globally because arsenic is toxic even at low concentrations. The aim of this study is to incorporate magnetite (Fe₃O₄) into a polymer blend that is to be used as an adsorbent for the removal of As(III). In this study EVA–PCL copolymers with magnetite were synthesized via the melt blending technique. The nanocomposites were characterized by the use scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry analysis and X-ray diffraction. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the ability of polymer nanocomposites to adsorb As(III) from contaminated water. A maximum sorption capacity of 2.83 mg/g at 26 ± 2 °C and pH 8.6 was obtained. Adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms. The process fits well with the Langmuir isotherm. As(III) obeyed pseudo-second order kinetics. The nanocomposites investigated in this study showed good potential for As(III) removal from contaminated water. The dispersion of magnetite nanoparticles into the polymers resulted with improved surface area for better adsorption of As(III).     

纳米SiO2分散及在釉中应用研究

研究了5种釉料常用分散剂对纳米SiO2在水中的分散性,分析了纳米SiO2对陶瓷成品性能的影响.采用吸光度实验、釉料流变性、陶瓷成品光泽度、白度、烧成温度测试方法,对含纳米SiO2的水悬浮液、釉料和陶瓷成品进行表征.结果表明,在实验条件下,纳米SiO2在水中最佳分散条件为:0.25%六偏磷酸钠,0.5%纳米SiO2 ,pH 为10.在陶瓷釉料中最佳分散条件为:0.5%六偏磷酸钠、1.5%纳米SiO2、pH 为10、陶瓷基釉200 mL.以此釉料烧成的陶瓷制品,光泽度提高17.6%,硬度提高8.16%,烧成温度降低约20 ℃.     

Electrochemical removal of boron from water: Adsorption and thermodynamic studies

The present work provides an electrochemical removal of boron from water and its kinetics, thermodynamics, isotherm using mild steel and stainless steel as anode and cathode respectively. The various operating parameters on the removal efficiency of boron were investigated, such as initial boron ion concentration, initial pH, current density and temperature. The results showed that the optimum removal efficiency of 93.2% was achieved at a current density of 0.2 A dm^?2 at pH of 7.0. First‐, second‐order rate equations, Elovich and Intraparticle models were applied to study adsorption kinetics. Adsorption isotherms of boron on Fe(OH)₃ were determined and correlated with isotherm equations such as Langmuir, Freundlich and D‐R models. Thermodynamic parameters, such as standard Gibb's free energy (ΔG°), standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and standard entropy (ΔS°), were also evaluated by Van't Hoff equation. The adsorption process follows second‐order kinetics. The adsorption of boron preferably fits with Langmuir adsorption isotherm suggesting monolayer coverage of adsorbed molecules. The adsorption of boron onto Fe(OH)₃ was found to be spontaneous and endothermic. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Adsorption of polyacrylamide on zirconium dioxide

The adsorption of an anionic-type polyelectrolyte (polyacrylamide) onto zirconium dioxide from aqueous dispersion has been studied as a function of pH. Polymer adsorption takes place in the acid region, obeying a Langmuir-type isotherm. Adsorption decreases with increasing pH. The zero-point of charge (zpc) at the ZrO₂–H₂O interface and the nature of the ionic charge on the polymer molecules were investigated. The behavior of polymer attachment is discussed on the grounds of a nonionic bonding mechanism including H bonding and of electrostatic interaction. It has been found that the zpc of ZrO₂ is at pH ～3.5 and that the ionic properties of the polymer molecules depend, to a noticeable extent, upon the pH of the medium.     

Highly Efficient Adsorption of Anionic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions Using Sawdust Modified by Cationic Surfactant of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide

In the present study, the adsorption behavior of Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous systems onto sawdust modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CH₃(CH₂)₁₅N(CH₃)₃Br (CTAB) was attempted. Adsorption experiments were carried out using both batch and column modes under various operating conditions. The effects of some important parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and contact time were investigated. Treatment of the equilibrium data obtained in batch experiments was carried out using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. Based on the isotherm analysis, it was found that the adsorption of CR dye onto SD fits well to the Langmuir model and the adsorption pattern on CTAB modified sawdust (CTAB/SD) followed the Freundlich isotherm which is indicative of heterogeneity of the adsorption sites on the surfactant-modified sawdust. The maximum adsorption capacity of SD and CTAB/SD were found to be 5.2 and 9.1?mg?g^?1, respectively, according to the Langmuir model. However, much higher differences in sorption capacities were observed for CTAB/SD and SD in the column system (66.73?mg?g^?1). In order to find out the possibility of the exhausted column for frequent use, a regeneration study was also carried out. It was found that the dye uploaded column can be easily regenerated with a high performance using ethanol as the washing solution.     

Surface chemistry and adsorption mechanism of cadmium ion on activated carbon derived from Garcinia mangostana shell

A detailed surface characterizations and adsorption mechanism of Cd²⁺ on chemical activated carbon (CAC) prepared from Garnicia mangostana shell were investigated. The activation is accomplished in self-generating atmosphere using phosphoric acid as activating agent. The characterizations performed are elemental analysis, functional group identification, N₂ adsorption isotherm and surface charges. Adsorption mechanism of metal ion was tested using Cd²⁺ as model ion. CAC achieved BET surface area of 1,498 m²/g with a mixture of micro and mesopores. The point of zero charge is observed to be at pH 2.8 and the optimum pH for Cd²⁺ adsorption on CAC is 12. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich model, and the adsorption kinetics was explained by pseudo-second order kinetic model. From thermodynamic studies, the adsorption was found to be physical adsorption. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the adsorption of Cd²⁺ onto CAC as +2 oxidation state.     

Removal of Copper (II) and Nickel (II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by a Composite Chitosan Biosorbent

Abstract

A composite chitosan biosorbent (CCB) was prepared by coating chitosan on to ceramic alumina. The adsorption characteristics of the sorbent for copper and nickel ions were studied under batch equilibrium and dynamic flow conditions at pH 4.0. The equilibrium adsorption data were correlated with Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich‐Peterson models. The ultimate monolayer capacities, obtained from Langmuir isotherm, were 86.2 and 78.1 mg/g of chitosan for Cu(II) and Ni(II), respectively. In addition, dynamic column adsorption studies were conducted to obtain breakthrough curves. After the column was saturated with metal ions, it was regenerated with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. The regenerated column was used for a second adsorption cycle.     

Adsorptive removal of uranium from water by sulfonated phenol–formaldehyde resin

Adsorption characteristics of a sulfonated phenol‐formaldehyde resin (SPR) have been studied for U removal from aqueous solution by means of batch method. Adsorption experiments have been carried out as a function of contact time, solution/adsorbent ratio, particle size and pH. Adsorption isotherm has been evaluated by changing adsorbent dosage in the range of 0.04–80 g/L at an initial uranyl nitrate concentration of 0.05 mol/L. The enormous adsorption capacity of 0.29 mol/g estimated from the plateau region of the S shaped isotherm is well comparable the Langmuir capacity of 0.31 mol/g. Equilibrium data are also adequately well described by the Freundlich and the Dubinin‐Radushkevich (D‐R) isotherm equations. The parameters of the isotherms and pH dependency of distribution coefficients (K_D) indicate that polymeric uranyl chains form on bidentate surface complex as a result of solute–solute interactions on the adsorbent surface. Both desorption and elution studies show that uranyl chains are irreversibly bounded on the SPR. Kinetic curves having a fast initial part followed by a slower process well fit both McKay model based on two‐resistance diffusion and Nernst‐Plank model with single diffusion coefficient. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Oxidized and Ethylenediamine-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for the Separation of Low Concentration Arsenate from Water

In this work multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified by oxidation (o-MWCNTs) and by aminofunctionalization (e-MWCNTs) were examined as potential adsorbents for arsenate removal from water. Adsorption characteristics of raw and modified MWCNTs were investigated in batch adsorption experiments. The influence of solution pH (pH range 3–10), contact time, and temperature (25, 35, and 45°C) were studied. Ethylenediamine-functionalized MWCNTs have the greatest affinity for arsenate ions, followed by o-MWCNTs and raw-MWCNTs. The obtained experimental data for raw- and o-MWCNTs fitted Sips isotherm model, while for the e-MWCNTs, the Freundlich model provided the best fit to the experimental points. The maximum adsorption capacity for arsenate ions was achieved using e-MWCNTs, 12.18 mg g^?1. The presence of the arsenate on the adsorbent is confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Thermodynamic studies indicated the spontaneity and endothermic nature of the adsorption. Sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 M) was found to desorb about 70% of arsenate from e-MWCNTs. The results with spiked drinking water samples demonstrated that e-MWCNTs, due to the present basic and acidic groups, were very efficient for the removal of arsenate ions, as well as of some cations, at pH 4.     

Adsorption behavior of aqueous europium on kaolinite under various disposal conditions

This work investigated the adsorption behavior of europium on kaolinite under various disposal conditions. Batch-wise adsorption and precipitation experiments and equilibrium model calculations were performed over a pH range of 4–10 and CO₂ concentration range of 0%, 0.03%, and 10%. Experimental precipitation behaviors are in agreement with the results of equilibrium model calculations using the geochemical code MINTEQA2. Aqueous species of Eu³⁺ exists mainly at pH 5 or below and solid phases of Eu(OH)₃(s), Eu(OH)CO₃(s), and Eu₂(CO₃)₃·3H₂O(s) are formed at higher pH ranges. Adsorption behavior of Eu on kaolinite in the low pH range can be explained by interlayer ion-exchange reaction. The significant increase in adsorbed amount at pH 5–6 is due to the surface complexation at the edge site of kaolinite. In the high pH range, precipitation of Eu contributes mainly to the adsorption quantity. The rapid decrease in adsorbed amount above pH 7 under 10% CO₂ condition occurs by the formation of anionic europium species of Eu(CO₃) ₂ ^- .The adsorption of Eu on kaolinite could be well interpreted by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The data except for the highest equilibrium concentration ranges were also explained by Langmuir isotherm and the maximum adsorbed quantity of Eu on kaolinite,b, is 1.2 mg/g.     

Submicro-zirconia crystal-intergrown zircon opaque glaze

Zircon opaque glaze is widely used in sanitary and building ceramic products due to its high-temperature stability. Massive amounts of zircon are consumed by the ceramic industry yearly. In this work, a method to reduce zircon consumption and enhance opaque effect was proposed by intergrowth of submicro zirconia. Alumina was added to a K–Na–Ca–Al–Si–Zr system glaze to prepare a 5 wt % content highly opaque glaze, where zirconia coexisted with zircon. The crystallization behavior, opacification properties, and Vickers hardness of the glaze were investigated. Back-scattered electron images showed that when Al₂O₃ addition increased into more than 13 wt %, abundant of submicro zirconia crystals would intergrow with zircon crystals. The glaze containing 13 wt % Al₂O₃ had an L* value of 96.76 ± 0.27 after being fired at 1220 ℃.     

Adsorption of Cr(VI) ions onto poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate‐1‐vinyl‐1,2,4‐triazole)

Poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate‐1‐vinyl‐1,2,4‐triazole) [poly(EGDMA‐VTAZ)] beads (average diameter = 150–200 μm) were prepared by copolymerizing ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with 1‐vinyl‐1,2,4‐triazole (VTAZ). Poly(EGDMA‐VTAZ) beads were characterized by swelling studies and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The adsorption of Cr(VI) from solutions was carried at different contact times, Cr(VI) concentrations, pH, and temperatures. High adsorption rates were achieved in about 240 min. The amount of Cr(VI) adsorbed increased with increasing concentration and decreasing pH and temperature. The intraparticle diffusion rate constants at various temperatures were calculated. Adsorption isotherms of Cr(VI) onto poly(EGDMA‐VTAZ) have been determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm model appeared to fit the isotherm data better than the Freundlich isotherm model. The pseudo first‐order kinetic model was used to describe the kinetic data. The study of temperature effect was quantified by calculating various thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes. The dimensionless separation factor (R_L) showed that the adsorption of metal ions onto poly(EGDMA‐VTAZ) was favorable. It was seen that values of distribution coefficient (K_D) decreasing with Cr(VI) concentration in solution at equilibrium (C_e) indicated that the occupation of activate surface sites of adsorbent increased with Cr(VI). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Copper biosorption by Myriophyllum spicatum: Effects of temperature and pH

Using submerged aquatic plants is a cheap and clean technique to remediate heavy metal water pollution at low concentrations. Biosorption of Cu(II) ions by fresh tissues of Myriophyllum spicatum, a submerged aquatic plant, was characterized in an artificial solution system under different values of contact time, temperature and pH in this paper. Cu(II) biosorption was fast and equilibrium was attained within 20 min. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed using three widely applied isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm. Langmuir isotherm parameters obtained from the three Langmuir linear equations by using linear method were dissimilar, except when the non-linear method was used. Best fits were yielded with Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherms (R²=0.961–0.992 and 0.990–0.998, respectively). The saturated monolayer biosorption capacity of M. spicatum for Cu(II) at 298 K was calculated to be 0.19 mmol/g. The biosorption capacity of M. spicatum for Cu(II) increased with increasing pH, and the resulting isotherms were well described by Langmuir and extended Langmuir models (R²=0.931–0.993 and 0.961, respectively). The comparison of calculated q _e and experimental q _e values showed that the extended Langmuir model had a better simulation for Cu(II) biosorption by M. spicatum than the Langmuir isotherm model. FT-IR was used to characterize the interaction between M. spicatum and Cu(II), with the results indicating that carboxyl groups played an important role in Cu(II) binding.     

Electrochemical mineralization of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate at boron doped diamond anodes

Results are reported of the electrochemical oxidation of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), a common surfactant, at boron-doped diamond anodes. The measured critical micelle concentration (CMC) for SDBS in water at 24 °C was almost 150 mg dm⁻³, but this decreased to almost 30 mg dm⁻³ in 0.1 M sodium sulfate. Cyclic voltammetry of a boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode in aqueous SDBS solutions exhibited oxidation current densities at very positive potentials; however, solutions of monomers at concentrations <CMC gave rise to higher current densities than in higher concentration solutions that formed micelles. Galvanostatic electrolyses, with samples analyzed for Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), were performed in an electrolytic flow cell without separator, operating in batch recycle mode, using solutions containing SDBS at initial concentrations of 25 and 250 ppm. SDBS in basic media (pH = 12) exhibited lower TOC removal rates than in acidic or neutral solutions, due to concurrent oxidation of dissolved carbonates at potentials less positive than required for water oxidation, as evident in cyclic voltammograms. Decreasing the [electrolyte]/[surfactant] ratio from 200 to 10 increased TOC removal rates. For solutions containing monomers, TOC removal rates also increased with flow rate in the second part of the electrolysis, corresponding to reaction of smaller, fragmented organic compounds. When COD removal from a solution containing SDBS micelles was mass transport controlled, current efficiencies were constant at ca. 50%, due to dimerisation of hydroxyl radical to H₂O₂ and its oxidation to dioxygen.     

Preparation of porous and hollow Mn2O3 microspheres and their adsorption studies on heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions

Mn₂O₃ microspheres are prepared and used as adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions. Morphology and structure of Mn₂O₃ microspheres are analyzed by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS and N₂ sorption technique. Effects of adsorbent concentration, ion concentration and agitation time on adsorption behavior are investigated. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics are also studied. The results show Mn₂O₃ microspheres have well-developed porous and hollow structure, demonstrating good potential on removal of heavy metal ions. Adsorption data fit better with Freundlich isotherms than Langmuir isotherms. Kinetic studies indicate adsorption behavior is described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and intra-particle diffusion plays a significant role.