Progressive image transmission over differentially space‐time coded OFDM systems

In this paper, we consider progressive image transmission over differentially space‐time coded orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) systems and treat the problem as one of optimal joint source‐channel coding (JSCC) in the form of unequal error protection (UEP), as necessitated by embedded source coding (e.g., SPIHT and JPEG 2000). We adopt a product channel code structure that is proven to provide powerful error protection and employ low‐complexity decision‐feedback decoding for differentially space‐time coded OFDM without assuming channel state information. For a given SNR, the BER performance of the differentially space‐time coded OFDM system is treated as the channel condition in the JSCC/UEP design via a fast product code optimization algorithm so that the end‐to‐end quality of reconstructed images is optimized in the average minimum MSE sense. Extensive image transmission experiments show that SNR/BER improvements can be translated into quality gains in reconstructed images. Moreover, compared to another non‐coherent detection algorithm, i.e., the iterative receiver based on expectation‐maximization algorithm for the space‐time coded OFDM systems, differentially space‐time coded OFDM systems suffer some quality loss in reconstructed images. With the efficiency and simplicity of decision‐feedback differential decoding, differentially space‐time coded OFDM is thus a feasible modulation scheme for applications such as wireless image over mobile devices (e.g., cell phones). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

瑞利衰落信道下的网格酉空时调制的研究

酉空时是一种多天线系统信号调制方案,可以在不知道信道状态下进行解调。文中将网格编码与酉空时星座结合运用,性能仿真证明了网格酉空时调制系统非常适合无信道状态信息的无线通信系统,网格编码在一定程度上改进了系统的比特误码率性能。将网格编码下的酉空时调制与未编码的酉空时调制进行对比,结果显示在10^-4的比特误码率下可以得到10～15dB的编码增益。     

一种适用多种空时编码方案的MIMO自编码器通信系统

为提升现有端到端通信系统的适应性与信道估计的准确性,提出了一种适用于多种空时编码方案的多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)自编码器通信系统.该系统将基于卷积神经网络的自编码器引入到MIMO系统中,并结合信道估计网络实现信道均衡,通过端到端的学习方式实现各种空时编码方案下...     

一种新的低复杂度准正交酉空时调制

基于非相干U-空时调制,介绍了一种MIMO（多输入多输出）的低复杂度差分检测,接受端用最大似然准则判决时搜索空间大小只与传送速率成线性关系,且避免了星座扩展。并与OFDM（正交频分复用）结合实现了MIMO-OFDM的差分检测。虽然只能取得部分发射分集,但仿真结果表明,与全分集的差分检测相比,此差分检测在低信噪比时具有较低的误比特率。     

MIMO系统中线性弥散空时码的优化设计

MIMO系统的大部分空时编码方法在设计时单一强调对传输分集性能或传输复用性能的提高,为了联合提高分集性能和复用性能,在LDC编码基础上提出了线性正交弥散空时码(OLDC),LDC编码的优化中利用遗传算法来构造OLDC的空时正交调制基矩阵.优化的编码方法设计简单,便于调制解调.仿真结果表明,OLDC码比传统的LDC编码在误码性能、分集性能、复用性能等方面均有大幅度提高.     

一种改进的准正交空时分组码设计方案

基于MIMO天线系统的空时编码技术是改善无线通信性能、提高带限系统数据速率的一种理想选择。但是由于正交空时分组码不能保证数据全速率传输,为此提出一种改进的准正交空时分组码设计方案。该编码方法利用准正交准则,能够保证数据以全速率传输。并在此基础上具体讨论和分析了编码的编、译码算法和误码性能。该编码方法既不降低分集增益也不增加译码复杂度,并且可以获得一定的编码增益。仿真结果表明,这种方法的误比特率无论在低信噪比还是在高信噪比条件下都要优于已有的准正交空时分组码——Jafarkhani码。     

Star-QAM 调制在STBC-SM系统中的应用和拓展

空间调制（SM）系统这些年来受到人们的关注,它克服了MIMO系统的一些缺点,同时又比SIMO系统具有较高的传输率。为了提高空间调制系统的分集增益,有学者把空时编码技术应用在空间调制系统中,提出了STBC-SM系统。另外,有些学者针对SM系统,对星座图上进行研究,提出了star-QAM调制,其误码性能优于传统的PSK调制和QAM调制。然而,仿真发现star-QAM调制与STBC-SM系统结合并没有取得期望中的性能提升。因此,本文提出了一种针对STBC-SM系统的简化star-QAM调制方式,在STBC-SM系统的不同码本中分别应用双层star-QAM调制的内环与外环星座图,以此增大了STBC-SM系统的最小编码增益距离（CGD）,提高了系统的性能。本文还给出了简化star-QAM调制中内环与外环星座图半径的选择标准。最后计算机仿真表明简化star-QAM调制确实提高了STBC-SM系统的BER性能,证实了简化star-QAM调制的可行性和有效性。      

Robust image transmission over energy-constrained time-varyingchannels using multiresolution joint source-channel coding

We explore joint source-channel coding (JSCC) for time-varying channels using a multiresolution framework for both source coding and transmission via novel multiresolution modulation constellations. We consider the problem of still image transmission over time-varying channels with the channel state information (CSI) available at (1) receiver only and (2) both transmitter and receiver being informed about the state of the channel, and we quantify the effect of CSI availability on the performance. Our source model is based on the wavelet image decomposition, which generates a collection of subbands modeled by the family of generalized Gaussian distributions. We describe an algorithm that jointly optimizes the design of the multiresolution source codebook, the multiresolution constellation, and the decoding strategy of optimally matching the source resolution and signal constellation resolution “trees” in accordance with the time-varying channel and show how this leads to improved performance over existing methods. The real-time operation needs only table lookups. Our results based on a wavelet image representation show that our multiresolution-based optimized system attains gains on the order of 2 dB in the reconstructed image quality over single-resolution systems using channel optimized source coding     

Performance Analysis of Adaptive Modulation for Precoded MIMO Systems with a GMD Zero-Forcing Transceiver

Geometric mean decomposition (GMD) has emerged as an alternative method to design multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transceivers. The MIMO-GMD scheme decouples the MIMO channel into multiple independent links with identical gains. The GMD-based system with zero-forcing decision feedback equalizer (ZF-DFE) is known to minimize the bit error rate (BER) for high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). In addition, adaptive modulation has been widely used to enhance the average spectral efficiency (ASE) while maintaining a target BER and transmit power. In this paper, we present an analytic study of the adaptive modulation for GMD-ZF-DFE systems under Rayleigh flat fading correlated channels. In order to adjust the constellation size, the SNR at the equalizer output is sent back to the transmitter. The SNR at the DFE output is a function of the determinant of a Wishart complex matrix. The complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) is then an important key to our analysis. To evaluate the performance of the considered system, we use some bounds on the CCDF of the determinant and the trace of a Wishart matrix. Closed-form expressions of the BER, the ASE and the outage probability are derived and compared to Monte Carlo simulation results. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of the channel spatial correlation.     

Threshold-Based Substream Selection for Closed-Loop Spatial Multiplexing

We propose a low-complexity closed-loop spatial multiplexing method with limited feedback over multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) fading channels. The transmit adaptation is simply performed by selecting transmit antennas (or substreams) by comparing their signal-to-noise ratios to a given threshold with a fixed nonadaptive constellation and fixed transmit power per substream. We analyze the performance of the proposed system by deriving closed-form expressions for spectral efficiency, average transmit power, and bit error rate (BER). Depending on practical system design constraints, the threshold is chosen to maximize the spectral efficiency (or minimize the average BER) subject to average transmit power and average BER (or spectral efficiency) constraints, respectively. We present numerical and Monte Carlo simulation results that validate our analysis. Compared to open-loop spatial multiplexing and other approaches that select the best antenna subset in spatial multiplexing, the numerical results illustrate that the proposed technique obtains significant power gains for the same BER and spectral efficiency. We also provide numerical results that show improvement over rate-adaptive orthogonal space-time block coding, which requires highly complex constellation adaptation. We analyze the impact of feedback delay using analytical and Monte Carlo approaches. The proposed approach is arguably the simplest possible adaptive spatial multiplexing system from an implementation point of view. However, our approach and analysis can be extended to other systems using multiple constellations and power levels.     

基于改进遗传算法的STSK系统色散矩阵和3D星座的联合优化

空时移位键控（space-time shift keying,STSK）是一种用于多输入多输出（multi-input multi-output, MIMO）通信系统的调制方案,通过预先设计的色散矩阵集（dispersion matrix set,DMS）以实现系统在复用与分集之间的灵活设计。提出了改进的遗传算法（genetic algorithm,GA）辅助DMS和3D星座的联合优化,即将DMS和3D星座联合编码作为GA的染色体,并采用秩与行列式准则对应的编码增益作为总体适应度值。通过高效的选择以及改进的变异和交叉策略,可以获得低误码率（bit error rate,BER）的DMS和3D星座,同时利用3D星座的对称性,大幅度降低了编码增益对应的适应度值的计算复杂度。推导了3D STSK方案的理论平均成对差错概率（ABEP）。仿真结果表明,与传统的 GA 和随机搜索方案相比,本文提出的改进 GA在保证BER性能前提下可以显著降低系统实现的复杂度。     

Joint Source and Channel Coding using Punctured Ring Convolutional Coded CPM

In this paper, a novel trellis source encoding scheme based on punctured ring convolutional codes is presented. Joint source and channel coding (JSCC) using trellis coded continuous phase modulation (CPM) with punctured convolutional codes over rings is investigated. The channels considered are the additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and the Rayleigh fading channel. Optimal soft decoding for the proposed JSCC scheme is studied. The soft decoder is based on the a posteriori probability (APP) algorithm for trellis coded CPM with punctured ring convolutional codes. It is shown that these systems with soft decoding outperform the same systems with hard decoding especially when the systems operate at low to medium signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, adaptive JSCC approaches based on the proposed source coding scheme are investigated. Compared with JSCC schemes with fixed source coding rates, the proposed adaptive approaches can achieve much better performance in the high SNR region. The novelties of this work are the development of a trellis source encoding method based on punctured ring convolutional codes, the use of a soft decoder, the APP algorithm for the combined systems and the adaptive approaches to the JSCC problem.     

A joint source-channel distortion model for JPEG compressed images.

The need for efficient joint source-channel coding (JSCC) is growing as new multimedia services are introduced in commercial wireless communication systems. An important component of practical JSCC schemes is a distortion model that can predict the quality of compressed digital multimedia such as images and videos. The usual approach in the JSCC literature for quantifying the distortion due to quantization and channel errors is to estimate it for each image using the statistics of the image for a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This is not an efficient approach in the design of real-time systems because of the computational complexity. A more useful and practical approach would be to design JSCC techniques that minimize average distortion for a large set of images based on some distortion model rather than carrying out per-image optimizations. However, models for estimating average distortion due to quantization and channel bit errors in a combined fashion for a large set of images are not available for practical image or video coding standards employing entropy coding and differential coding. This paper presents a statistical model for estimating the distortion introduced in progressive JPEG compressed images due to quantization and channel bit errors in a joint manner. Statistical modeling of important compression techniques such as Huffman coding, differential pulse-coding modulation, and run-length coding are included in the model. Examples show that the distortion in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) can be predicted within a 2-dB maximum error over a variety of compression ratios and bit-error rates. To illustrate the utility of the proposed model, we present an unequal power allocation scheme as a simple application of our model. Results show that it gives a PSNR gain of around 6.5 dB at low SNRs, as compared to equal power allocation.     

BER Analysis of M-QAM with Packet Combining Over Space-Time Block Coded MIMO Fading Channels

We analyze the bit error rate (BER) performance of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) when using space-time block coding (STBC) along with packet combining triggered by automatic repeat request (ARQ) retransmission over multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels. Specifically, adopting a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) based approach and considering the 16-QAM case of study, we provide an exact formulation for the aggregate LLR distribution in the case the STBC codeword can be transmitted twice, and derive the resulting BER. For higher number of retransmissions, an approximation of the error function is used to derive the LLR distributions and the system's ensuing BER. Considering different values of combined transmissions and M-QAM with possible constellation rearrangement (CoRe), validation of the proposed BER analytical model through simulations and assessment of the advantages of packet combining are provided for transmissions over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and orthogonalized MIMO Rayleigh fading channels with different STBC mappings.     

Network‐coded MIMO‐NOMA systems with FEC codes in two‐way relay networks

This paper assumes two users and a two‐way relay network with the combination of 2×2 multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) and nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA). To achieve network reliability without sacrificing network throughput, network‐coded MIMO‐NOMA schemes with convolutional, Reed‐Solomon (RS), and turbo codes are applied. Messages from two users at the relay node are network‐coded and combined in NOMA scheme. Interleaved differential encoding with redundancy (R‐RIDE) scheme is proposed together with MIMO‐NOMA system. Quadrature phase‐shift keying (QPSK) modulation technique is used. Bit error rate (BER) versus signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) (dB) and average mutual information (AMI) (bps/Hz) versus SNR (dB) in NOMA and MIMO‐NOMA schemes are evaluated and presented. From the simulated results, the combination of MIMO‐NOMA system with the proposed R‐RIDE‐Turbo network‐coded scheme in two‐way relay networks has better BER and higher AMI performance than conventional coded NOMA system. Furthermore, R‐RIDE‐Turbo scheme in MIMO‐NOMA system outperforms the other coded schemes in both MIMO‐NOMA and NOMA systems.     

最优天线选择空时分组码的性能分析

空时分组码(Spce—Time Block Coding)是目前研究发送分集(Transmit Diversity)技术的一个热点。针对TD—SCDMA系统的MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)信道，将天线子集选择技术与空时分组码(Spce—Time Block Coding)相结合，进一步提升了发送分集的误码率性能。通过理论分析对此方案的进行了性能评估，表明天线选择技术对空时分组码(STBC)的性能有较大的改善。     

最优天线选择的空时分组编码

本文针对TD－SCDMA系统的MIMO（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)信道，采用天线选择技术来提高空时分组码（Space-Time Block Coding)的分集性能。其依据是利用TDD系统上、下行信道的互易性，将系统对上行信道的估计直接应用于行链路。仿真结果表明，将天线选择技术与空时分组码（STBC）相结合对系统的误码率性能有较大的改善。     

自适应Turbo-QAM编码调制及其在 平坦Nakagami衰落信道的吞吐量性能

本文提出了一种通用的自适应编码调制系统吞吐量性能分析方法.基于各固定编码调制方式的误码率(BER)性能,使每种编码调制方案对应于一个信道平均信噪比(SNR)范围,再应用拉格朗日函数法得到使自适应编码调制系统吞吐量性能最大的信噪比转换门限,可得到系统的平均吞吐量性能.数值分析结果表明,相对于自适应M进制正交幅度调制(MQAM),自适应Turbo编码MQAM系统吞吐量性能有显著提高,并且该性能受瞬时误码率要求的影响较小.Nakagami信道中,在相同平均信道信噪比条件下,随着m的增大,系统吞吐量性能提高缓慢.     

Combined turbo coding and unitary space-time modulation

Space-time coding is well understood for high data rate communications over wireless channels with perfect channel state information. On the other hand, channel coding for multiple transmit antennas when channel state information is unknown has only received limited attention. A new signaling scheme, named unitary space-time modulation, has been proposed for the latter case. In this paper, we consider the use of turbo coding together with unitary space-time modulation. We demonstrate that turbo coded space-time modulation systems are well suited to wireless communication systems when there is no channel state information, in the sense that the turbo coding improves the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system considerably. In particular, we observe that the turbo-coded system provides 10-15 dB coding gain at a BER of 10/sup -5/ compared to the unitary space-time modulation for various transmit and receive antenna diversity cases.     

大规模MIMO系统多用户PSK调制方案的优化

针对超可靠低时延通信短包传输特征,在大规模多输入多输出( Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)上行链路系统中,利用较低导频开销来设计相移键控( Phase Shift Keying,PSK)调制方案,并对该方案进行优化兼顾无线链路传输的可靠性.首先,在接收端构建基于最小欧式距离的非相...