溶胶对辐射交联高密度聚乙烯的熔融行为及非等温结晶动力学的影响

通过差示扫描热分析对辐射交联高密度聚乙烯的纯溶胶、纯凝胶及溶凝胶混合体系的熔融和非等温结晶动力学行为进行了研究。结果表明,在相同辐射剂量下,含有溶胶的试样的熔点及结晶峰温均高于纯凝胶试样。含有溶胶的试样,其Avrami指数基本上高于相应的纯凝胶的Avrami指数,且前者的数值更接近原始高密度聚乙烯。因此,溶胶的存在与否,对辐射交联高密度聚乙烯的熔融行为及非等温结晶动力学有很大的影响。     

溶胶对辐射交联高密度聚乙烯的熔融行为及非等温结 …

通过差示扫描热分析对辐射交联高密度聚乙烯的纯溶胶、纯凝胶及溶凝胶混合体系的９熔融和非等温结晶动力学行为进行了研究。结果表明,在机同剂量下,含有溶胶的试样的熔点及结晶峰温均高于纯胶试样。含有溶胶的试样,其Ａｖｒａｍｉ指数基本上高于相应的纯凝胶的Ａｖｒａｍｉ指数,且前者的数值更接近原始高密度聚乙烯。因此,溶胶的存在与否,对辐射交联高密度聚乙烯的熔融行为及非等温结晶动力学有很大影响。     

甲基乙烯基硅橡胶和聚乙烯-醋酸乙烯共混多相体系的辐射交联

本文研究了PDMVS和EVA多相体系的辐射交联反应,光学显微镜及机械性能结果表明在PDMVS/EVA比例为1/2和1/3之间发生相倒转过程。PDMVS对EVA辐射交联具有敏化作用,多相体系的凝胶化剂量随PDMVS含量的降低而增加。在相倒转点附近辐射交联G值出现极小值。辐射交联过程中结晶度及结晶熔点随剂量增加而降低。辐射交联后这一多相体系具有良好的热收缩性能。     

γ辐照对聚己内酯性能的影响

研究了不同分子量的聚己内酯的辐照特性，聚已内酯(PCL)的分子量越大，辐射交联所需的凝胶化剂量越低。结果表明，溶胶分数s √s与I／D的关系很好地符合Charlesby-Pinner关系式，说明PCL的辐射交联属于无规交联。辐射交联对PCL的力学性能影响显著，辐射剂量越大，拉伸强度和断裂伸长率下降越多，但分子量较高的PCL的抗张强度受辐射剂量的影响较小。动态力学分析(DMA)分析表明，聚己内酯辐照交联后的弹性模量和耐热性能显著提高。     

聚合物辐射交联机理与其结构和运动多重性

研究和探讨了聚合物结构和运动的多重性以及对其辐射交联机制和规律性的影响,并对Charlesby-Pinner。方程及其不同修正式的适用性进行讨论。通过广角X射线衍射(WAXD)、差示扫描热法(DSC)、电子顺磁共振(ESR)等技术及凝胶和溶胶分析方法,对聚酰胺(PA)、聚氧化乙烯(PEO)、聚乙烯(PE)等不同聚合物的辐照效应与其结构关系进行了研究,对相关文献提供的结果做了详细讨论。在辐照初始低剂量区,由于端基效应(端联)和主链交联导致交联按非无规交联机制进行(交联度q0(D)=q0AXA q0BXB是剂量的函数),是导致聚合物辐射交联溶胶分数(s)与剂量(D)实验数据偏离Charlesby-Pinner经典无规交联关系的主要原因,当端基随剂量增大消耗至端基效应可以忽略时,聚合物非晶区主链单元的交联符合Charlesby-Pinner方程辐射无规交联机制假定,实验与理论一致(结晶相不参与反应);当剂量继续增大,因结晶表面(中间相)介入交联过程,反应又按非无规方式进行。     

聚己内酯的强化辐射交联研究

研究了聚酯丙烯酸酯（Polyester acrylate，PEA）类多官能团物质的用量、官能团数目、辐射交联剂量等因素对聚己内酯（Polycaprolactone．PCL）的辐射交联规律、动态力学等性能的影响。结果表明，多官能团PEA的加入可以显著提高PCL辐射交联的效率；而且对较低分子量的聚合物的敏化效果更加明显。相同剂量时，官能团数目越多、用量越大的样品，生成的凝胶含量越多，强化辐射交联效应越大，据此对多官能团物质强化辐射交联的机理进行了分析和讨论，主要是多官能团物质的双键打开直接参与了交联反应。添加多官能团PEA后的辐射交联规律不再遵从Charlesby-Pinner关系式，却较好地符合陈欣方-刘克静-唐敖庆公式。动态力学分析（Dynamic mechanical analysis，DMA）表明，聚己内酯强化辐照交联后的弹性模量和耐热性能显著提高。     

辐射交联聚己内酯的酶降解动力学研究

研究了聚己内酯（Polycaprolactone,PCL）和辐射交联PCL的脂肪酶降解行为及酶促反应动力学,得到了PCL降解速度与时间和底物浓度的关系及Michaelis-Menten常数。实验发现,降解产物浓度随着降解时间和底物浓度增加而增加。PCL粉末和交联PCL颗粒的降解动力学较好地符合米氏方程,其动力学参数Km分别为1．14、71．95mg／mL,最大降解速度Vmax分别为0．39、0．96mL／h。     

尼龙-1010的增强辐射交联

用凝胶测定技术及广角X射线衍射(Wide angle X-ray diffraction,WAXD)等方法研究了尼龙-1010与添加了交联剂4,4'-双马来酰亚胺二苯甲烷(4,4'-Bismaleimideodephenylmathan,BMI)的尼龙-1010的辐射交联规律,试样的交联G值,结晶结构随吸收剂量的变化,讨论了交联剂存在下辐照对结晶损伤的影响.结果表明,多官能团单体的存在,不仅增强了辐射交联结构的生成,同时也促进了其结晶结构的辐射损伤,损伤的初始剂量减小.BMI单体主要存在于界面区,抑制应力键裂解、加强了界面交联,进一步导致结晶表面缺陷的积累和结晶度Wc下降,表明辐射损伤由晶面开始而逐步向结晶内部伸入.结晶度Wc、微晶尺寸Lhkl与剂量D关系表明,辐照初期W1c及Lhkl的增加与应力链断裂、氢键作用下分子链段重排有关,高吸收剂量的Wc与Lhkl的变化率与结晶比表面大小相关,010面较100面更易受损伤.     

辐射交联聚合物的结晶动力学(英文)

电离辐射在工业上应用的基础是聚合物的辐射交联,它们是绝缘电线和电缆的交联,热收缩性材料的生产,泡沫塑料等等。辐射引发交联已经被广泛地研究,特别是凝胶的形成和聚合物结构、辐照条件对交联度的影响。对于一般法和辐射法交联的聚合物却很少有人研究它的结晶过程。例如,已经证明除了在非常高的吸收剂量外,辐照的聚乙烯中总的结晶度不受影响,但对于聚丙烯和聚丁烯在凝胶点剂量时,它们的结晶度大大减少。辐照聚合物的重新熔融,进一步减少了总结晶度。 本工作表明不仅总的结晶度而且结晶动力学也受辐射引发交联的影响。结晶速率指出结晶划分成二种不同增长机理的过程。冷却速率是一个重要的因素,它决定结晶过程并影响与交联的半晶聚合物的结晶度和形态有关的其它性质。     

含氟聚合物的辐射交联Ⅰ.氟塑料-46的辐射交联反应规律

氟塑料—46在真空和高温下(熔点附近)能辐射交联成网状结构高分子。这可以从凝胶形成,高弹态的出现及序态结构变稠密等实验结果得到证明。交联后氟塑料—46的耐高温性能有所改善。 氟塑料—46的辐射交联反应遵循无规交联理论。凝胶化剂量随辐照温度的升高而降低。辐射交联G值随温度增加而增加,240℃时G值为1.16。升高温度增加高分子链的活动能力,有利于辐射交联反应。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.