Cr-Mo钢的焊接性和回火脆性分析

分析比较了2 1／4Cr-1Mo,2 1/4Cr-1Mo-1/4V和3Cr-1Mo-1/4V三种高温高压临氢压力容器用钢的冷裂敏感性和回火脆性，提出了对热壁加氢反应器的选材建议。     

热壁加氢反应器常见缺陷与防治措施

针对2.25Cr-1Mo钢制反应器的特征，对在正常运行过程中和停运时产生的氢腐蚀，回火脆性，应力腐蚀裂纹，氢脆及裂纹，堆焊层剥离等常见缺陷，破坏机理及防治措施进行分析，为反应器安全使用及科学检测提供了理论依据。     

热壁加氢反应器的选材及材料的回火脆性

文章结合抚顺石油二厂精制加氢反应器的设计,就热壁加氢反应器的选材、材料的回火脆性的表现形式、评价标准及影响因素进行了探讨,并对控制回火脆性敏感性的措施进行了总结。结果认为２２５Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢中硅含量对回火脆性敏感性有很大影响,应注意对硅含量的控制。     

1.25Cr-0.5Mo-Si焦炭塔的制造

通过对1.25Cr-0.5Mo-Si钢焊接性的分析,选用合适的焊材和焊接工艺,并在焊接工艺评定和实际生产中证明其能满足设计条件和设备制造的需要.     

热高分罐制造工艺

阐述了1.25Cr-0.5Mo-Si钢及相匹配的焊接材料的主要特点和设备结构,重点论述了该设备的焊接工艺性试验、施工方法、技术特点及过程质量控制要求。     

2 1/4Cr-1Mo钢的回火脆性的控制与评定

介绍了重整反应器制作过程中所使用2 1/4Cr-1Mo钢的回火脆性的控制,以及用阶梯冷却试验方法对该材料进行回火脆性的评定.     

热壁加氢反应器的选材及材料的回火脆性

文章结合抚顺石油二厂精制加氢反应器的设计，就热壁加氢反应器的选材、材料的回火 脆必的表现形式、评价标准及影响因素进行了探讨，并对控制回火脆性敏感性的措施进行了总结。结果认为２．２５Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢中硅含量对回火脆性敏感性有很大的影响，应注意对硅含量的控制。     

2(1/4)Cr-1Mo钢的回火脆性的控制与评定

介绍了重整反应器制作过程中所使用2（1/4）Cr-1Mo钢的回火脆性的控制,以及用阶梯冷却试验方法对该材料进行回火脆性的评定。     

2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢性能研究及其在加氢反应器上的应用

通过对加氢反应器材料2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢锻件的各种化学成分、力学性能、回火脆化倾向评定和金相组织检测的试验研究,掌握了该材料的各种性能数据。试验表明:该材料是一种性能优秀的加氢反应器用钢。     

正交试验对2.25Cr-1Mo钢脆化倾向的影响因素研究

设计正交试验对加氢反应器用2.25Cr-1Mo钢高温加载处理,对处理后的试样在-80℃进行Charpy冲击试验,并对冲击断口形貌进行了宏观与微观观察与分析。结果表明:高温加载条件下,应力对加氢反应器用2.25Cr-1Mo钢的脆化倾向无明显影响,而温度是导致该材料回火脆化的主要因素。     

Auger电子能谱分析方法及其在2.25Cr-1Mo钢回火脆性中的应用

介绍了Auger电子能谱(AES)分析方法、分析原理和试验过程,并对主要试验参数进行了讨论。同时,基于AES分析方法,对加氢反应器用2.25Cr-1Mo钢及其在步冷脆化和修正步冷脆化状态下进行AES分析试验。结果表明,2.25Cr-1Mo钢回火脆化机理是杂质原子P在晶界偏析所致,材料加速脆化的机理是材料中杂质原子P在晶界上不断偏析所致。     

Inhibition of corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of a HSLA steel in 0.5m H2SO4 by nitrile compounds

The inhibitive action of valeronitrile, benzonitrile and derivatives of benzonitrile on the corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of HSLA steel in 0.5m H2SO4 was investigated. All these inhibitors reduced the corrosion rate of the steel with naphthonitrile showing the highest inhibitive efficiency and valeronitrile the lowest. All the inhibitors adsorbed on the steel as per the Temkin adsorption isotherm. The steel become less active on the addition of benzonitrile, 3-chlorobenzonitrile, 4-chlorobenzonitrile, 4-methylbenzonitrile and naphthonitrile to the acid while valeronitrile and 2-chlorobenzonitrile made the steel more active. Naphthonitrile reduced the rate of the hydrogen evolution reaction most efficiently. Derivatives of benzonitrile inhibited hydrogen absorption most effectively.     

步冷试验法预测2.25Cr-1Mo钢回火脆性

对在加氢反应器内运行近５ａ的２．２５Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢试块进行了２次步冷试验,评定了２．２５Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢的回火脆性。结果表明,对已经回火脆化的２．２５Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢试块不适宜用步冷试验来预测其进一步的回火脆化程度。     

金属陶瓷防腐蚀涂层替代镀镉或镉−钛工艺的研究

针对钢制零件采用镀镉、镀镉?钛工艺存在氢脆、镉脆风险及不利于环境保护的现状,研究采用涂覆IPcote9183或IPcote9183+IPseal9184形成金属陶瓷防腐蚀涂层(MCAC)的替代工艺。对比结果表明:上述2种金属陶瓷涂层的氢脆性和耐蚀性优于镉及镉?钛镀层,其他性能相当,能够完全替代它们应用于起落架钢制零件的表面防护。     

Hydrogen embrittlement of Zn-, Zn–Ni-, and Cd-coated high strength steel

Sacrificial coatings, such as Zn and Cd, are used to protect steel against corrosion. During the electrodeposition of metals, hydrogen is evolved due to electrolysis. The evolved hydrogen may diffuse outward and become trapped in the substrate/coating interface or migrate inward into the steel lattice causing delayed embrittlement when the component is subjected to stress. This study reports two principal variables for Zn, Zn–Ni, and Cd coatings: (i) the quantity of hydrogen absorbed by the coating and substrate by vacuum thermal desorption and (ii) the permeability of the coating material to hydrogen by electrochemical permeation. The findings were analyzed in correlation with the microstructural characteristics of both the coating material and the coating/substrate interface. With Zn–Ni, both coating process and coating material combined to significantly reduce the risk of internal hydrogen embrittlement by (i) introducing the least amount of hydrogen during the electrodeposition process and (ii) by the ease with which hydrogen can be extracted by baking due to the presence of cracks in the coating.     

不锈钢表面阻氢涂层研究进展

不锈钢是高压氢系统的常用材料,在氢能储输技术中发挥重要作用,但高压氢环境引起的塑性降低、疲劳裂纹扩展速率加快等不锈钢氢脆问题,严重阻碍了氢能的产业化发展,在不锈钢材料表面制备阻氢涂层是解决不锈钢氢损伤问题的重要手段之一。本文首先综合介绍了典型涂层材料的应用特点及阻氢性能,探讨了制备工艺对涂层阻氢性能的影响、不同涂层材料的阻氢机理,并分析了涂层阻氢性能影响因素,之后总结了涂层阻氢性能评价方法及各种评价方法的优势与不足,并根据各种评价方法的技术特点,指出每种方法的适用范围。最后,基于阻氢涂层研究进展,文章提出以开发新型涂层结构为研究重点,同时加快新型涂层材料的探索,并重点关注涂层氢环境原位性能评价方法的研究。     

加氢裂化反应器损伤分析及对策

本文对加氢裂化反应器的使用状况作了具体的说明,对反应器可能出现的损伤如高温时效、回火脆化、氢脆、氢腐蚀、堆焊层表面开裂、堆焊层剥离及不锈钢连多硫酸应力腐蚀等作了详细的分析,并提出了相应的对策.     

采用2.25Cr-1Mo-V-Cb-Ca钢的加氢反应器的制造

2.25Cr-1Mo-V-Cb-Ca和3Cr-1Mo-V-Cb-Ca钢已经作为高温高压加氢反应器的材料被发展起来了,这些Cr-Mo-V-Cb-Ca钢由于加了V在高温下有着很高的强度,同时附加的大约0.25％的V还能显著提高高温下抗氢蚀和抗氢脆的能力,附加的Ca也是这种材料独有的特征,它能有效降低焊件热影响区产生再热裂纹的可能性,另外通过附加的V还能减少焊件再热裂纹的灵敏度。虽然采用3Cr-1Mo-V-Cb-Ca钢的加氢反应器已经制造成功了,但本文讨论的是第一次采用2.25Cr-1Mo-V-Cb-Ca钢来制造加氢反应器,而且和ASME规范实例2098比较,我们还取得了这种材料的大量的性能数据。另外,对于传统的探伤技术,我们引荐了一种飞行时间衍射(Time-of-Flight Diffraction)(TOFD)技术来对焊件进行超声波探伤,进一步保证了检测手段的可靠性。     

The inhibition of corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of AISI 410 stainless steel

A study was carried out on the inhibition of corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of AISI 410 stainless steel by two organic inhibitors, namely benzotriazole and benzonitrile. Tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy, weight loss measurements and potentiodynamic polarization were the techniques used for this study. Tensile tests showed that 410 steel is highly susceptible to hydrogen stress cracking. Scanning electron microscopic observations of fracture surfaces showed a brittle quasi-cleavage type of failure when the steel was hydrogen charged from 0.5m H₂SO₄. Both inhibitors reduced hydrogen induced ductility loss though the fracture mode was unaltered. They showed increasing inhibition efficiencies for corrosion as well as cathodic hydrogen evolution as their concentration in H₂SO₄ increased from 3.9×10^–5 m to 8.4×10^–3 m. Benzonitrile was found to be a more efficient inhibitor than benzotriazole for AISI 410 stainless steel exposed to 0.5m H₂SO₄.     

加氢装置不锈钢设备失效分析及防范措施

主要对加氢装置不锈钢设备反应器裂纹及高压换热器管束腐蚀穿孔原因进行了初步分析,得出反应器出现裂纹的原因是由氢脆引起,换热器管束腐蚀泄漏主要是由HCl-H2S-NH3等腐蚀性介质引起的垢下腐蚀和磨损腐蚀造成的,针对失效原因提出有效的防范措施。