7020铝合金MIG焊后超声消应处理研究

研究了16mm厚7020铝合金板的熔化极气体保护焊焊接工艺,对焊后试板进行超声冲击消应处理,研究了超声消应前后焊缝残余应力的变化。试验表明,7020铝合金采用熔化极气体保护焊焊接,焊后进行超声消应处理,可有效改善焊缝的残余应力。     

钛合金薄板激光和钨极氩弧焊残余应力测试研究

采用小孔释放法对钛合金薄板激光焊和钨极氩弧焊(TIG焊)的焊接残余应力进行了测试，并分析了焊接方法、焊接线能量和焊后热处理对残余应力分布规律的影响。研究结果表明：激光焊残余应力分布规律与普通熔焊方法相似，但其分布区域较窄；在热影响区内，激光焊残余拉应力值比TIG焊的约低100MPa；在焊缝及其熔合线附近，激光焊残余应力却比TIG焊的高。对于不同线能量激光焊接，线能量越大，焊缝越宽，热影响区的残余应力也越大。焊后真空热处理能降低残余应力90％。     

冷-热源辅助对FSW残余应力影响的数值模拟

目的采用焊接中施加冷热源辅助的方式对焊接应力进行控制,以减小焊后残余应力。方法采用热机耦合数值模拟的方式对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程进行仿真,研究采用焊缝两侧加热且底部激冷的温差拉伸辅助工艺降低残余应力的效果。结果与常规工艺相比,温差拉伸时焊缝附近区域的温度梯度明显减小,焊缝区域温度峰值降低了75.3℃;搅拌头后方形成一个焊缝两侧温度高中间温度低的马鞍形温度场。两种工艺下的纵向残余应力峰值均位于焊缝边缘;相比于常规工艺,温差拉伸工艺下的残余应力峰值降低了23.4%。结论冷热源辅助可以有效减小搅拌摩擦焊接头的残余应力峰值。     

机械挤压矫正焊接变形的模拟与试验研究

利用自制的夹具对机械挤压矫正薄板焊接变形的效果进行了试验研究.采用有限元分析方法对常规焊件和机械挤压焊件的应力应变场及残余变形进行了模拟.试验和模拟结果均表明,对焊件施加平行于焊缝方向的纵向挤压力能够有效矫正薄板焊件的失稳变形.在适当的挤压力下,在远离焊缝的区域产生了纵向压缩塑性应变,而焊缝区由焊接过程导致的塑性应变值没有发生变化.机械挤压法能够降低薄板焊件焊缝区的纵向拉应力水平是其能够矫正焊接失稳变形的原因.     

关于对CO_2气体保护焊技术的研究与探讨

CO2气体保护焊焊接技术是一种主要以CO2气体为焊接保护气体来进行焊接的方法,是焊接技术的方法之一。在自动焊和全方位焊接技术中操作比较简单,可以全方位的进行焊接,因此在大中小企业普遍适用,而且具有许多优点;CO2能够快速的产生,所以CO2保护焊技术成本比较低;生产效率比较高,是焊条焊接的1到4倍;在焊接时飞溅较小;焊缝抗裂性能高等等优点。有优点也会有缺点,比如CO2气体保护焊技术对大气的污染比较严重等。本文将通过CO2气体保护焊技术的利与弊和CO2气体保护焊技术的特点和操作步骤等进行分析找到缺点的解决方法并对CO2气体保护焊技术进行探讨和分析让这种技术更有利与焊接技术的发展和应用。     

30CrMnSi钢CO2焊接冶金缺陷形成机制研究

目的 解决30CrMnSi钢焊接性差,用CO2气体保护焊接时易产生裂纹、气孔等缺陷的问题。方法 通过刚性拘束焊接裂纹试验模拟某型飞机后边条盒段在实际焊接过程中母材所受到的拘束,针对焊接裂纹类型及形态,确定焊接裂纹的形成机制。同时,对焊缝中的气孔进行了分析。结果 接头中容易产生冷裂纹,在高应力条件下,应力集中发生在微裂纹尖端,最终在氢的影响下开裂。结论 采用能量密度比较集中的TIG焊替代原来采用的CO2气体保护焊有利于减少或消除气孔缺陷。可以通过优化结构设计和焊接次序,降低应力集中,来减轻焊接热作用对裂纹敏感性的影响。同时,避免在拐角处或焊接可达性差的位置施焊,可以降低气孔率。     

焊接残余应力调控技术的研究与应用进展

残余应力在焊接构件中普遍存在，不均衡分布的残余应力是构件变形和开裂的根源，直接影响焊接构件的承载能力、稳定性和服役寿命。焊接残余应力随构件服役环境及外界载荷变化而动态分布，对残余应力的消减、均化应贯穿焊接构件设计、生产和服役全生命周期。焊接变形及残余应力控制关键在于塑性区的调控，合理的焊接顺序能有效降低工件应力集中并改善其分布状态，及时的焊前预热及焊后回火能有效降低接头温度梯度、松弛应力集中、消减残余应力。对焊缝的锤击松弛处理能抵消部分焊缝区收缩，减小残余拉应力。对焊缝及周边区域施加拉伸、振动时效、超声冲击和喷丸强化等力学形变载荷，可与焊件内部应力叠加促进塑性形变，释放、均衡残余应力。这些方法各有优势，但均需密切结合构件材料、结构及性能控制要求来进行选择。随着制造业转型发展及绿色环保政策驱动，未来工程装备残余应力调控技术会向绿色环保、柔性高效、过程可控、专业化方向转变。     

振动焊接工艺效果研究

通过振动焊接与传统焊接方法的对比试验来研究振动焊接技术对焊接残余应力、焊接变形、焊缝及其热影响区组织、工件焊缝质量、热影响区疲劳寿命等的影响，得出该技术可以降低焊接残余应力、细化焊缝及热影响区组织、防止焊接裂纹和工件畸变，改善焊缝综合质量的结论，并成功应用于HT-7U项目中304L圆形大底板构件的焊接中，取得明显效果。最后，指出了振动焊接技术在我国工业应用中尚存在的几个重大问题，为推广该项技术指明了发展方向。     

振动时效工艺在消除膨胀波纹管残余应力中的应用

膨胀波纹管体冷压成型后存在较大的残余应力常导致管端面严重变形和尺寸不稳定,已成为制约管体焊接连接质量和效率提高技术瓶颈。探索振动时效法用于消除或减弱波纹管体残余应力的可行性。结合室内试验和现场试验数据,建立振动时效法适用的关键技术、工艺参数、评价方法以及后处理分析手段。采用所建立的评价体系,通过振动时效参数曲线观测和盲孔法残余应力测量,评定了该试验振动过程及振动时效效果有效性,这证明振动时效工艺可显著降低膨胀波纹管残余应力,能够满足膨胀波纹管焊接等工程需要,提高其尺寸稳定性。     

多次焊补对A5083P-O铝合金焊接接头残余应力的影响

采用X射线衍射法,研究了多次焊补对A5083P—O铝合金焊接接头残余应力分布规律的影响。结果表明：不同焊补次数条件下焊接接头残余应力值并未发生较大幅度的变化,残余拉应力峰值相差不大,出现在熔合线或者靠近焊缝的热影响区,均小于材料的名义屈服强度;残余应力变化分布规律基本一致。从残余应力的角度来看,可以有进行5次焊补的可能。     

A study on mechanical and microstructure characteristics of the STS304L butt joints using hybrid CO2 laser-gas metal arc welding

In order to examine mechanical characteristics of the stainless steel (STS304L) hybrid welded butt joints, two-dimensional thermal elasto-plastic analysis has been carried out. To this end, a 2D simulation model has been developed considering hybrid welding features. Based on thermal history data obtained from this heat source model, the residual stress distribution in weld metal (WM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM) characteristics have been calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimentally measured values. In order to investigate the effect of welding process, thermal elasto-plastic behaviour of the hybrid welded joints was compared with a welded joints obtained by conventional submerged arc welding (SAW) process. The results show that the longitudinal residual stress in the hybrid welded joints is less (13–15%) than that of the SA welded joints. Weld metal formed in both welding processes shows very fine dendritic structure. Due to higher heat input in SAW, the HAZ size of the SA welded joints is more than twice that of the hybrid welded joints. Therefore, from mechanical and metallurgical point of view, it could be confirmed that it makes a good sense to use SAW instead of hybrid CO₂ laser-gas metal arc welding (GMAW) for butt joint of the STS304L thick steel.     

Fatigue crack propagation rates and threshold stress intensity factors for welded joints of HT80 steel at several stress ratios

Fatigue crack propagation rates and threshold stress intensity factors were measured for welded joints and base metal by using 200 mm wide centre-cracked specimens. The fatigue crack propagation properties of welded joints were similar in spite of the different zones in which the cracks propagated (ie, in the heat-affected zone and in the weld metal) and the different welding process used (submerged arc welding and gas metal arc welding). They were, however, inferior to those of the base metal. It was revealed by observation of the crack closure that the fatigue cracks were fully open during the whole range of loading, due to the tensile residual stress distribution in the middle part of the welded joints. This observation also explains the lack of a stress ratio effect on the fatigue crack propagation properties of welded joints, and their inferiority to those of the base metal.     

Vibratory weld conditioning — the effect of rigid body motion vibration during welding

Previous studies suggested that the state of residual stress in a weld may be modified by vibration during and after the welding process. In this study, the effect of rigid body motion vibration on welding residual stresses was investigated. The specimens were welded while they were being vibrated in a rigid body motion mode. The specimens were vibrated using two different frequencies (50 Hz and 500 Hz). At the lower frequency vibration (50 Hz), small changes in the residual stresses were found, with no particular trend. At the high frequency vibration, no significant reductions in the residual stresses were observed in the longitudinal stresses or in the transverse direction. Some initial results are presented also regarding flexural vibration effects.     

高钢级大口径焊管残余应力的测试方法

针对X80钢大口径UOE,JCOE和SAWH(螺旋缝埋弧焊)三种焊管,研究了盲孔法、切块法和切环法在高钢级大口径焊管残余应力测试中的应用.结果表明:对于这三种管型,通过切环法估算的残余应力与盲孔法和切块法的测试值较为接近,三种方法的结果重合性较好.     

Numerical calculation of residual stress development of multi-pass gas metal arc welding under high restraint conditions

During welding, residual stresses build-up created by the steep thermal gradient that occurs in the weld zone from localized heating and cooling, and phase transformations appearing in low-alloyed structural steel is inevitable. Welding of rather simple test plates do not cover the actual structural effects, which have to be considered during real component welding. However, the resulting welding-induced residual stress state is highly influenced by the structural characteristics, i.e. restraint conditions, of the welded construction. Therefore, a unique large-scale testing facility providing a specific shrinkage restraint while welding and subsequent cooling was used for the present investigations. Hereby, a six bead multi-pass gas metal arc weld of 20 mm thick structural steel S355J2 + N was welded under shrinkage restraint. The residual stresses were experimentally and numerically investigated, and compared to an analysis of plates welded under force-free support and free shrinkage conditions.The experimentally determined and calculated residual stresses using both 2D and 3D numerical models are in a good agreement. Furthermore, the influence of a shrinkage restraint on the residual stress distribution is both experimentally and numerically shown for the present test set-up.     

Modification of residual stress by post-weld vibration

Abstract

Previous studies have suggested that welding residual stresses can be reduced by the application of controlled vibration. In the present study welded specimens were processed after being cooled to room temperature, with varying amplitude of applied stress and time of vibration. An increase in the applied stress led to a significant decrease in the residual stresses. The effect of time of vibration was found to be very small for a lower range of applied stresses (<230 MPa); an increase in the time of vibration had no influence on residual stresses. At higher applied stresses (>230 MPa), the residual stresses were found to redistribute with increasing time of vibration. It is shown that the energy concept of the vibratory stress relief mechanism was not validated.     

Residual Stress Evolution in Repair Welds

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the influence of the repair procedure on the evolution of residual stress distribution in butt welds. C-Mn steel coupon plates of 11 mm thickness were prepared, subjected to stress relief heat treatment and welded with two beads, using the gas metal arc welding process. After the deposition of two weld beads, two successive repair welds were made on the middle length of the second bead. Longitudinal and transverse residual stresses were measured in the vicinity of the weld, after deposition of the two weld beads and after each repair weld. Residual stress evaluation was conducted using an X-ray diffraction method. The repair welds caused a decrease in magnitude of the initial longitudinal residual welding stresses, and an increase of the transverse residual stress magnitude, in tension at points within the repair length, and in compression at points outside the repair length.     

核电站控制棒驱动机构Canopy焊缝焊接温度场和应力-应变场模拟

目的 研究机加工和拉拔2种成形方式下得到的填充环对Canopy焊缝的影响,获取焊接焊缝成形、焊接残余应力和变形的相关数据,以指导Canopy焊缝焊接工艺。方法 采用数值模拟的方法,建立Canopy焊缝焊接数值分析模型,模拟焊接温度场、焊接残余应力和焊接残余变形。结果 拉拔成形环焊接熔池高度为9 mm,机加工成形环焊接熔池高度为8.3 mm;机加工成形环焊接最大残余应力为255.6 MPa,而拉拔成形环焊接最大残余应力为277.8 MPa,均出现在管座紧贴焊缝的位置;机加工成形环焊接残余变形为0.19 mm,拉拔成形环焊接残余变形为0.186 mm,最大残余变形均出现在焊接起始位置附近,在焊缝与管座交接的位置。结论 熔池形貌直接影响了热影响区域的大小,拉拔Y型环焊接熔池高度更大,焊接的热影响区域更大;拉拔Y型环焊接残余应力略大于机加工Y型环焊接残余应力;机加工成形环和拉拔成形环焊接残余变形相近。     

铝合金T型接头激光+GMAW复合焊残余应力数值分析

目的 研究激光+GMAW复合焊中不同激光功率参数对铝合金T型接头残余应力的影响,从而提高焊接性能。方法 分别考虑了热弹塑性理论、传热学以及T型接头几何特性,建立了铝合金T型接头激光+电弧复合焊残余应力的数值分析模型。采用双椭球体热源模型表征电弧热输入与熔滴晗,采用锥体热源模型对激光深熔焊进行描述。基于所建立的T型接头模型,使用ANSYS有限元软件对12 mm厚铝合金激光+ GMAW焊T型接头残余应力进行模拟计算,并研究其分布特征;使用X射线衍射法对T型接头处的残余应力进行测量从而对所建模型的准确性进行验证。同时,对比了不同激光功率下铝合金T型接头对残余应力的影响规律。结果 当激光功率分别为2、3、4、5 kW时,铝合金T型接头路径L3上的纵向残余应力最大值分别为270、263、258、251 MPa,米塞斯-等效应力最大值分别为265、261、257、250 MPa。结论 后焊的焊缝A对焊缝B有明显的热处理作用,使应力明显降低;在T型接头焊缝及近缝区,横向残余应力和厚度方向残余应力峰值均比纵向残余应力峰值小,且随着激光功率的增大,焊缝及近缝区拉应力峰值不断减小。