木塑复合材料弯曲振动弹性模量优势因素分析

以木塑复合材料加工实验为先导,利用弯曲振动方法得到不同工艺条件的木塑复合材料动态弹性模量。选取木粉含量、造粒温度、螺杆转速、偶联剂含量作为影响力学性能指标的主要因素,通过灰色关联分析方法分析不同加工因素对材料力学性能的影响程度。结果表明,木粉含量对木塑复合材料料的弹性模量有显著影响,其次是造粒温度。材料的动态弹性模量随木粉含量的增加而增大;造粒温度在130～140℃范围内,动态弹性模量随温度的升高而增大;在140～150℃时,动态弹性模量呈下降趋势。     

不同变量因子对木塑复合材料的力学性能研究

以木质纤维为原料,聚丙烯(PP)树脂和聚乙烯(PE)树脂为基体,采用人造板"热进冷出"平压工艺,制备出多种木塑复合材料,并对该材料进行物理力学性能分析,旨在寻求最佳组分配比。研究表明:在35%~40%的范围内,随着木纤维含量的增加,静曲强度、弹性模量上升,在40%~50%内下降,PP基木塑复合材料在木纤维含量在35%~40%内,冲击强度上升,在40%~50%内下降,而PE基木塑复合材料在木纤维含量在35%~50%内缓慢递减。结果表示木塑比为40:60,基体为PE,偶联剂是KH560时,木塑复合材料的综合性能最好。     

木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的力学性能研究

对PP基木塑复合材料配方进行了研究,采用正交试验方法,以木粉含量、偶联剂用量、PP-g-MAH用量、滑石粉用量和润滑剂用量为因素,以材料的各项力学性质及熔融指数为指标,进行实验,得到影响复合材料性能的各因素主次关系,优化了配比。实验结果表明:木粉填充量对复合材料力学性能综合影响最显著;硅烷偶联剂KH550和PP-g-MAH的加入均可以提高复合材料的力学性能,PP-g-MAH影响更显著;PE蜡用量对复合材料加工流动性影响较大;滑石粉对复合材料的断裂伸长率和冲击强度影响较显著,提高了材料的弯曲和拉伸强度;综合分析得配方优化方案木粉用量40份,KH-550用量1份,PP-gMAH用量9份,PE蜡用量2份,滑石粉用量6份。     

超细AlN填充聚烯烃树脂基复合材料性能研究

采用密炼的加工方式将高导热性超细氮化铝(AlN)粉末与聚乙烯(PE)和聚丙烯(PP)树脂混合形成复合材料,研究了复合材料的导热性能和力学性能与超细AlN粉末的填充量、偶联剂含量的关系。结果表明,AlN表面修饰后更能提高聚烯烃树脂基复合材料的导热性能,其中PP体系性能变化更显著;偶联剂含量也是影响复合材料的一个重要因素,当含量为5%时,两种复合材料的导热系数最大;复合材料的力学性能随AlN含量的增加先下降后上升,随偶联剂含量的增加先提高后降低。     

聚丙烯基木塑复合材料力学性能的研究

研究了聚丙烯(PP)基木塑复合材料的界面形态,采用两种不同的偶联剂对木粉进行表面处理,考察了混炼时间和木粉用量对复合材料力学性能的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对试样的断口形貌进行了观察。结果表明:在木粉用量相同的情况下,钛酸酯偶联剂对木粉的处理效果要优于铝酸酯偶联剂,偶联剂处理使木粉与PP的界面相容性得到了改善,复合材料的性能得到提高;在偶联剂不变的情况下,随着木粉含量的增加,木塑复合材料的冲击强度和拉伸强度均下降;随着混炼时间的增加,木塑复合材料的冲击强度和拉伸强度呈先升后降的趋势。     

聚乙烯基木塑复合材料蠕变量影响因素分析

在室温恒定的情况下,主要研究了原材料配比、材料制备工艺参数在不同载荷条件下对木塑复合材料24 h蠕变性能的影响。结果表明,在24 h蠕变试验中各载荷下影响蠕变量的优势因素各不相同,但木塑比都为第一显著因素;载荷为30 % 弯曲强度时,木塑比与螺杆转速为显著因素;载荷为50 %弯曲强度时,木塑比为显著因素;载荷为70 %弯曲强度时,只有木塑比为极显著因素。     

几种加工助剂在聚丙烯基木塑复合材料中的应用对比

研究了3种加工助剂对聚丙烯(PP)基木塑复合材料物理力学性能和加工性能的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜对复合材料的冲击断面进行了分析。结果表明,在一定用量范围内,芳香族碳氢化合物(S-105)和改性烷基酚醛树脂(TKM-M80)能够提高木粉在PP基体中的分散性,改善基体与木粉之间的相容性,从而提高PP基木塑复合材料的拉伸强度、冲击强度、弯曲强度、弯曲弹性模量和加工性能;脂肪醇和脂肪酸酯的混合物(Deoflow A)能够明显提高木粉在PP基体中的分散性和复合材料的加工性能,但用量较大时对复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲弹性模量有不利影响。     

聚乙烯基木塑复合材料吸水率的研究

将配方中部分至全部的聚乙烯(PE)进行接枝改性,然后与木粉和少量润滑剂混合,用挤出成型法制备了木塑复合材料,研究了改性PE和木粉含量对木塑复合材料吸水率的影响。结果表明,配方中改性PE和未改性PE比例一定时,随着木粉含量降低,木塑复合材料的吸水率降低;在木粉含量较高时保持改性PE和未改性PE总含量不变,则随着改性PE替代未改性PE的量增加,木塑复合材料的吸水率降低,当改性PE完全替代未改性PE时,木塑复合材料的吸水率降至5.5 %;木塑复合材料的吸水率越低,其吸水后强度的变化越小。     

木塑复合材料配合技术的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)基木塑复合材料的配合技术的研究进展。对包括基体塑料的组成,木质材料的品种、来源、用量,相容剂和加工助剂等影响木塑复合材料的性能的主要因素进行了分析讨论。     

滑石粉对聚丙烯木塑复合材料性能影响的研究

研究了不同含量的滑石粉对聚丙烯木塑复合材料力学性能和加工性能的影响.结果表明:滑石粉能够在一定程度上改善聚丙烯木塑复合材料的力学性能和加工性能.硅烷偶联剂对复合材料的处理效果要优于钛酸酯偶联剂.     

Tensile properties of wood flour/kenaf fiber polypropylene hybrid composites

Hybrid composites of wood flour/kenaf fiber and polypropylene were prepared at a fixed fiber to plastic ratio of 40 : 60 and variable ratios of the two reinforcements namely 40 : 0, 30 : 10, 20 : 20, 10 : 30, and 0 : 40 by weight. Polypropylene was used as the polymer matrix, and 40–80 mesh kenaf fiber and 60–100 mesh wood flour were used as the fiber and the particulate reinforcement, respectively. Maleic anhydride and dicumyl peroxide were also used as the coupling agent and initiator, respectively. Mixing process was carried out in an internal mixer at 180°C at 60 rpm. ASTM D 638 Type I tensile specimens of the composites were produced by injection molding. Static tensile tests were performed to study the mechanical behavior of the hybrid composites. The hybrid effect on the elastic modulus of the composites was also investigated using the rule of hybrid mixtures and Halpin–Tsai equations. The relationship between experimental and predicted values was evaluated and accuracy estimation of the models was performed. The results indicated that while nonhybrid composites of kenaf fiber and wood flour exhibited the highest and lowest modulus values respectively, the moduli of hybrid composites were closely related to the fiber to particle ratio of the reinforcements. Rule of hybrid mixtures equation was able to predict the elastic modulus of the composites better than Halpin–Tsai equation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Investigation of the dynamic mechanical behavior of polypropylene/(wood flour)/(kenaf fiber) hybrid composites

Polypropylene/(wood flour)/(kenaf fiber) hybrid composites were prepared in an internal mixer. Kenaf was considered as a fibrous filler and wood flour as a particulate filler. The lignocellulosic loading used was 50%. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis properties such as storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), damping factor (tan δ), and adhesion factor were evaluated. It was found that the adhesion factor could interpret the interfacial adhesion between lignocellulosic fillers and the plastic matrix macroscopically. This factor was affected by the type of filler used and the coupling agent concentration. The variation of storage modulus was affected more by the shape of the filler and the coupling agent concentration at higher temperatures than at temperatures below the glass transition. Owing to a higher probability of agglomeration in a sample containing 50 wt% of wood flour, the storage modulus and complex viscosity of this sample were higher than those of other samples. Cole‐Cole diagrams showed that the homogeneity of samples containing a higher amount of coupling agent was higher than that of samples with a lower concentration. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Novel coupling agents for PVC/wood‐flour composites *

Effective interfacial adhesion between wood fibers and plastics is crucial for both the processing and ultimate performance of wood–plastic composites. Coupling agents are added to wood–plastic composites to promote adhesion between the hydrophilic wood surface and hydrophobic polymer matrix, but to date no coupling agent has been reported for PVC/wood‐fiber composites that significantly improved their performance and was also cost‐effective. This article presents the results of a study using chitin and chitosan, two natural polymers, as novel coupling agents for PVC/wood‐flour composites. Addition of chitin and chitosan coupling agents to PVC/wood‐flour composites increased their flexural strength by ～20%, their flexural modulus by ～16%, and their storage modulus by ～33–74% compared to PVC/wood‐flour composite without the coupling agent. Significant improvement in composite performance was attained with 0.5 wt% of chitosan and when 6.67 wt% of chitin was used. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 11:160–165, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Investigation on the dynamic melt rheological properties of polypropylene/wood flour composites

The rheological behavior of polypropylene/wood flour (WF) composite was investigated at constant temperature over a wide range of frequencies using a mechanical compact rheometer operated in the dynamic mode. The effect of WF content, particle size, and coupling agent on melt rheological properties were investigated. The melt rheological data in terms of complex viscosity (η*), storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), and loss tangent (tan δ) were studied and compared for different samples. It was found that complex viscosity increases with increasing wood content and coupling agent. Compatibilization using coupling agent increased both storage modulus and loss modulus, but the variation of storage modulus is more. By increasing wood content storage modulus increases. Complex viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus showed a minimum value by increasing of wood particle size. Tan δ decreases with increasing of wood content. Cole–Cole plot indicated that relaxation process changes with addition WF, coupling agent, and using different mesh size of wood. The Han plots revealed the sensitivity of rheological properties with composition at constant temperature. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Elastic properties of adhesive polymers. II. Polymer films and bond lines by means of nanoindentation

Seven different polymers used frequently as adhesives and/or matrix polymers in wood, wood composites, and natural fiber‐reinforced composites were studied by uniaxial tensile tests and nanoindentation. It was shown that the elastic modulus, the hardness, the creep factor, and the elastic‐, plastic‐, and viscoelastic work of indentation of the seven different polymers is essentially the same regardless whether the polymers were tested in the form of pure films or in situ, i.e., in an adhesive bond line with spruce wood. An excellent correlation was found between the elastic modulus measured by tensile tests and the elastic modulus measured by nanoindentation. In spite of the good correlation, the elastic modulus measured by nanoindentation is significantly higher than the elastic modulus measured by tensile tests. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:1234–1239, 2006     

Understanding the viscoelastic properties of extruded polypropylene wood plastic composites

The main goal of this study was to analyze the effect of process additives, that is, maleated polypropylene (MAPP), and a nucleating agent on the viscoelastic properties of different types of extruded polypropylene (PP) wood plastic composites manufactured from either a PP homopolymer, a high crystallinity PP, or a PP impact copolymer using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The wood plastic composites were manufactured using 60% pine wood flour and 40% PP on a Davis‐Standard Woodtruder?. Dynamic mechanical thermal properties, polymer damping peaks (tan δ), storage modulus (E′), and loss modulus (E″) were measured using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer. To analyze the effect of the frequency on the dynamic mechanical properties of the various composites, DMA tests were performed over a temperature range of ?20 to 100°C, at four different frequencies (1, 5, 10, and 25 Hz) and at a heating rate of 5°C/min. From these results, the activation energy of the various composites was measured using an Arrhenius relationship to investigate the effect of MAPP and the nucleating agent on the measurement of the interphase between the wood and plastic of the extruded PP wood plastic composites. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1638–1644, 2003     

Effects of vinyltrimethoxy silane on thermal properties and dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene–wood flour composites

The viability of vinyltrimethoxy silane was investigated as a coupling agent for the manufacture of wood–plastic composites (WPC). The effect of silane pretreatment of the wood flour on the thermal and the dynamic mechanical properties and thermal degradation properties of the composites were studied. Moreover, the effect of organosilane on the properties of composites was compared with the effect of maleated polypropylene (MAPP). DSC studies indicated that the wood flour acts as a PP-nucleating agent, increasing the PP crystallization rate. In general, pretreatment with small amounts of silane improved this behavior in all the WPCs studied. Thermal degradation studies of the WPCs indicated that the presence of wood flour delayed degradation of the PP. Silane pretreatment of the wood flour augmented this effect, though without significantly affecting cellulose degradation. Studies of dynamic mechanical properties revealed that the wood flour (at up to 30 wt %) increased storage modulus values with respect to those of pure PP; in WPCs with a higher wood flour amount, there was no additional increase in storage modulus. Pretreatment of the wood flour with silane basically had no effect on the dynamic mechanical properties of the WPC. These results show that with small amounts of vinyltrimethoxy silane similar properties to the MAPP are reached. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

不同含水率下赤泥改良土的动弹模及阻尼比研究

为研究不同初始含水状态下赤泥改良土的动力学参数,利用GDS动三轴仪对不同含水率下改良土进行了不同频率下的循环加载试验,研究分析了振次、含水率、加载频率对改良土动弹性模量和阻尼比的影响.试验结果表明:动应力幅值一定时,动弹模随振次增加基本无变化,阻尼比随振次增加呈波动变化,且提出并证明了可用第10振次下的动弹模阻尼比值代表各级荷载下的动弹模阻尼比值;动弹模随动应变幅值的增加先增大后减小,并用二次函数对其进行了拟合,阻尼比随动应变的增加先减小后增大;改良土动弹模在其最优含水率处达到最大,较高的含水率使改良土动弹模明显下降;较小应变幅下动弹模随频率增加而减小,较大应变幅时动弹模随频率增加而增大,阻尼比在加载频率较高时较大.     

Evaluation of dynamic elastic properties of wood‐filled polypropylene composites

Dynamic modulus of elasticity (MoE) and shear modulus of wood‐filled polypropylene composite at various filler contents ranging from 10% to 50% was determined from the vibration frequencies of disc‐shaped specimens. Wood filler was used in both fiber form (pulp) and powder form (wood flour). A novel compatibilizer, m‐isopropenyl‐α,α‐dimethylbenzyl‐isocyanate(m‐TMI) grafted polypropylene with isocyanate functional group was used to prepare the composites. A linear increase in dynamic MoE, shear modulus, and density of the composite was observed with the increasing filler content. Between the two fillers, wood fiber filled composites exhibited slightly better properties. At 50% filler loading, dynamic MoE of the wood fiber filled composite was 97% higher than that of unfilled polypropylene. Halpin‐Tsai model equation was used to describe the changes in the composite modulus with the increasing filler content. The continuous improvement in elastic properties of the composites with the increasing wood filler is attributed to the effective reinforcement of low‐modulus polypropylene matrix with the high‐modulus wood filler. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1706–1711, 2006     

Evaluation and optimization of the mechanical properties of highly filled PVC/(wood flour) composites by using experimental design

In this study, PVC/(wood flour) (WF) composites were prepared by using a counterrotating twin‐screw extruder, and the effects on the mechanical properties of concentration and particle size of the WF, type and amount of coupling agent, K value of PVC, feed rate of extruder, and die temperature were investigated. Optimization of various formulation parameters based on the Taguchi method demonstrated that the wood content and wood particle size were the most important parameters. Flexural modulus increased upon increasing WF loading up to 50 wt%. Also, flexural strength and modulus increased with particle size because of the higher aspect ratio and better quality of mixing. Use of coupling agents had a minor effect that was attributed to the moderately high polarity of PVC causing relatively good compatibility between WF particles and the PVC matrix. The optimum level of WF calculated by considering the contribution factor was 50 wt%. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers