Air and water pollution control in crude tall oil manufacture in the pulp and paper industry

Pollution preventive measures should be built into the process when a new mill is designed; corrective measures must be taken on existing mills. For air pollution control, these measures consist essentially of enclosing all vessels that contain the black liquor from which the tall oil is recovered. Hoods are placed over storage tanks, sumps, heat exchangers, and other liquor-containing vessels. The hoods must be vented to a ductwork system that brings the off-gases to a central point for disposition. Typical devices to remove the offensive odors and particulate matter in the off-gases are wet scrubbers and incinerators. Evaporation can be used to concentrate liquids containing small amounts of contaminants to much smaller volumes and to concentrations that permit incineration. The lime kiln and recovery boiler of the typical Kraft mill commonly are used to burn the odorous gases, thus destroying the odors completely. Sometimes a separate incinerator is required. Water pollution is best prevented by careful design and operation of the various tall oil removal equipment, such as soap skimmers, level controls, and valving systems. In spite of great care in design and operation, some tall oil will enter the wastewater stream. The effluent treatment plant must be designed to take care of this residual biochemical oxygen demand load and, in some cases, provide for color reduction in the treated effluent. One of seven papers presented in the symposium “Tall Oil,” AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, May 1973.     

Modern techniques for the production of crude tall oil

A short background of the methods for the production of crude tall oil is given. A simplified flow sheet of the continuous acidulation proces is shown and a new type centrifuge is introduced for the continuous separation of the various components of the acidulated sulfate reaction mixture. The separation section of the process is described with particular emphasis given to the operation of the centrifuge. Performance of the process is discussed with respect to yield and quality of the crude tall oil.     

Sunflower oil processing from crude to salad oil

World-wide use of sunflower oil is second only to soybean oil. Interest in domestic use as a premium salad oil is very recent. The high ratio of polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids makes sunflower oil a premium salad oil. Sunflower oil, however, contains a small amount of high melting wax which must be removed to avoid settling problems. It is possible to produce a brilliant, dewaxed, deodorized sunflower oil with over a 100-hr cold test at 0 C. This quality oil can be produced by conventional caustic refining, dewaxing, bleaching and deodorization. A quality finished oil may also be produced by dewaxing and steam refining. This paper reviews various methods for processing sunflower oil from the crude state through the finished, dewaxed, deodorized salad oil. Presented at the ISF/AOCS Meeting, New York, April, 1980.     

Further developments in crude oil processing

The processing conditions for obtaining high oil quality and yield in continuous caustic refining of the following crude oils are given: tallow, palm, fish, rapeseed, and sunflower. pH Monitoring of reaction mixture assures proper caustic dosage. pH Set point range for various crudes is noted.     

原油加工过程中的腐蚀及对策

以胜利原油为例,分析了原油炼制过程中的腐蚀特点及有效的防护措施。     

加工高硫原油产生污水的性质及其处理工艺

对加西原油加工过程产生污水的性质进行分析,该污水具有pH大、硫化物含量低、氨氮含量低、含油量低、COD含量高的特点。在污水处理场原有设施上,通过调节pH、增加絮凝剂投加量、增加生化池葡萄糖投加量、调节生化池温度等措施,使加西原油加工期间所产生的污水全部达标排放。     

我国原油加工发展前景探讨

本文主要分析了我国原油产量的形势,并提出劣质重油加工的方向.     

原油降凝剂中间体的合成及处理

报道了原油降凝剂中间体的合成及如何清除中间体中阻聚剂的新方法。     

高含硫原油加工设备防腐技术进展

自1997年以来,我国石化行业中炼制的原油中高含硫原油的比例逐渐增大,硫对设备的腐蚀问题得到了各炼油企业的重视.本文主要介绍了目前常用的防腐蚀措施和技术.     

高氯原油加工问题分析及对策

对现有炼油装置因氯带来的腐蚀问题进行分析,氯化物产生的盐酸腐蚀、NH4Cl垢下腐蚀和氯化物应力腐蚀开裂等问题会造成催化剂中毒和对炼油装置带来不利影响。提出了解决上述问题的对策,以确保装置生产安稳长满优运行。     

Comparison of methods for the quantitative determination of tall oil fatty acids by gas chromatography

A gas-chromatography procedure, using methyl margarate as an internal standard, has been applied to the quantatitive determination of unsaturated tall oil fatty acids. Such an internal standard is necessary for accurate analyses, especially if components of the unknown are present which are not sufficiently volatile to be measured in the chromatograph. The acids are converted to methyl esters before being chromatographed. The preparation of reliable standards, methods of esterification, accuracy obtained on prepared standards using both thermal conductivity and beta-ray ionization detectors, and analyses of tall oil samples, are discussed. Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, St. Louis, Missouri, April 30–May 3, 1961.     

焦化粗苯及其深加工的探讨

介绍了焦化粗苯的组成及其性质,探讨了一些组分的用途,指出加大焦化粗苯研究开发力度的必要性.同时,还介绍了莱托尔法(Litol)、环丁砜法和KK法等3种典型的粗苯加氢工艺,讨论了相应的加氢工艺过程,指出开发和建立具有自主知识产权的加氢工艺和装置的重要性.     

原油高价运行下我国基础油生产技术的探讨

回顾了2002年到2006上半年国际原油价格.指出了我国润滑油基础油生产技术在当前原油高价运行下存在的问题:对于传统基础油生产工艺.炼制原油种类的增多导致基础油的质量下降以及设备腐蚀;对于基础油加氢工艺,主要是装置开工率不足.提出要充分了解哪些原油适合传统的基础油生产工艺,对不同的原油应采取分炼、分输、分储,加大对基础油加氢工艺的科研力度,掌握高档基础油结构性质,提高我国润滑油的生产技术水平,缓解原油价格增长给润滑油行业带来的压力.     

加工高硫高酸原油设备的腐蚀分析与防腐措施

介绍了济南分公司近几年所加工原油的基本性质,通过分析原油中有机硫和有机酸等腐蚀性杂质在原油加工过程中的变化情况和分布规律,介绍了设备和管线的腐蚀程度及腐蚀类型,对设备的腐蚀形貌和腐蚀程度进行了较为详细的描述,进而分析造成设备腐蚀的各类腐蚀环境及腐蚀机理,最后提出预防腐蚀的相应措施。     

Methods of analysis for tall oil products

Summary The principal standard methods used by the American industry for the analysis and quality control of tall oil products have been discussed, and some of the work of the A.S.T.M. in developing these methods has been reviewed. Further growth of the tall oil industry will undoubtedly result in new products of greater refinement and wider utilization. New and improved methods of analysis will be required. These can be worked out by the industry in continued collaborative work under the auspices of the A.S.T.M. and A.O.C.S. Undoubtedly instrumental test methods such as infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy and gas chromatography will play a role of increasing importance in the analysis of tall oil products.     

绥中高酸原油及馏分油催化裂化研究

在固定流化床装置上进行了绥中高酸原油及其馏分油的催化裂化研究,在相同反应条件下考察了不同原料的脱酸率和产物分布,对比分析了绥中高酸原油切割前后催化裂化产物分布的变化以及全馏分催化过程中各馏分对产物分布的贡献。结果表明,绥中原油及其馏分油裂化性能较差,但不影响其催化裂化脱酸效果。绥中原油切割前后催化裂化的转化率和轻油收率变化不大,但柴油减少,汽油增加。全馏分催化时各馏分对产物分布的贡献不同,减压蜡油贡献最多的是汽油,而减压渣油贡献最多的是气体和柴油。     

塔河原油加工对减压设备腐蚀分析

对减压设备加工塔河油后产生的腐蚀状况进行分析,认为塔河原油属于高含硫、含盐的低品质原油,密度大、粘度高、硫含量高、沥青质高、金属含量高,对设备的腐蚀影响较大,应加强防腐措施,确保设备的长周期平稳运行.