Asymptotic performance of space-time block codes with imperfect transmit antenna selection

The asymptotic bit error performance of the Alamouti scheme with transmit antenna selection is investigated for imperfect selection of antenna subset. It is shown that the transmit diversity order is equal to the largest ordinal number of the antenna within the selected antenna subset.     

Adaptive transmit antenna selection with pragmatic space-time trellis codes

We consider the problem of selecting a subset of transmit antennas in MIMO systems to minimize error probability when only partial channel information is available at the transmitter. An upper bound for error probability of space-time coded transmit antenna selection scheme conditioned on the channel state information is presented. Based on the performance analysis, a criterion of selecting a subset of available transmit antennas to minimize the upper bound on the PEP is proposed. In contrast to other transmit antenna selection schemes for uncoded transmission or with a fixed number of antennas within the selection subset in the literature, the proposed scheme can adaptively select both a variable number of transmit antennas and their corresponding space-time codes for transmission. Furthermore, we present pragmatic space-time trellis coding schemes for slow Rayleigh fading channels. The principal advantage of the schemes is that a single encoder and decoder can be used for systems with a variable number of transmit antennas. The performance of the pragmatic space-time codes with adaptive antenna selection and the effect of the imperfect channel estimation on performance are evaluated by simulations. It is shown that the adaptive selection offers considerable antenna selection gain relative to the antenna selection system with a fixed number of antennas within the selection subset     

Turbo-BLAST系统中天线选择和功率分配算法

提出一种适用于Turbo-BLAST系统的自适应天线选择和功率分配算法,所提算法以误比特率为优化目标,并且考虑了信道估计误差的影响.在总功率约束条件下,采用所提算法进行天线选择和自适应功率分配,并利用软干扰抵消算法对接收信号进行迭代检测,以进一步改善系统性能.仿真结果表明:采用所提算法可以显著改善系统的误比特率性能.     

Robust Transmit Antenna Selection with Phase Feedback Over Correlated Fading Channels

A new transmit antenna selection (TAS) scheme with phase feedback for multiple-input multiple-output systems is proposed in this paper. This scheme allows two or more transmit antennas to simultaneously use one radio frequency chain. By grouping the transmit antennas according to their similarities in instantaneous channel coefficients into two subsets and treating each subset as a single antenna, both hardware complexity reduction and antenna array gain can be achieved. Compared with the transmit antenna selection combined with space-time block code (TAS/STBC) scheme, the proposed TAS scheme provides excellent robustness, in terms of symbol error rate performance, against spatially correlated fading channels. Moreover, the proposed TAS scheme need not use STBC encoder and decoder which used in the TAS/STBC schemes. Therefore, the proposed TAS scheme is simpler than the TAS/STBC schemes in practical hardware implementation.     

接近最优的编码MIMO系统的发送天线子集选择算法

多天线无线系统可提供更大的信道容量和更好的抗衰落能力,发送端利用反馈的部分信道状态信息进行发送天线子集选择能够进一步提高信道容量。该文提出了一种MIMO系统的快速的、动态的天线子集选择算法,其提供的信道容量高于已有的静态算法,且接近于最优天线选择算法,而无需计算所有可能的天线子集组合的信道容量,因而具有更低的复杂度。将本文算法与比特交织编码调制(BICM)技术相结合,对各天线速率进行适配,提出了空时自适应比特交织编码调制(ST-ABICM)方案。仿真结果证实了该方案性能的优越性。     

Spatial multiplexing with transmit antenna and constellation selection for correlated MIMO fading channels

We consider spatial multiplexing systems in correlated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels with equal power allocated to each transmit antenna. Under this constraint, the number and subset of transmit antennas together with the transmit symbol constellations are determined assuming knowledge of the channel correlation matrices. We first consider a fixed data rate system and vary the number of transmit antennas and constellation such that the minimum margin in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is maximized for linear and Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) receivers. We also derive transmit antenna and constellation selection criteria for a successive interference cancellation receiver (SCR) with a fixed detection order and a variable number of bits transmitted on each substream. Compared with a system using all available antennas, performance results show significant gains using a subset of transmit antennas, even for independent fading channels. Finally, we select a subset of transmit antennas to maximize data rate given a minimum SNR margin. A lower bound on the maximum outage data rate is derived. The maximum outage data rate of the SCR receiver is seen to be close to the outage channel capacity.     

Improved generalized spatial modulation via antenna selection

When a high spectral efficiency is needed, the cost of Euclidean distance‐based antenna selection for spatial modulation (EDAS‐SM) in terms of hardware, size, and computational complexity is significantly increased because of the large transmit antenna array required. In comparison, generalized spatial modulation (GSM) can match the spectral efficiency of EDAS‐SM, while using significantly fewer transmit antenna elements. However, the error performance of GSM is naturally limited because of the use of a predetermined and fixed set of transmit antenna combinations. By exploiting knowledge of the channel, the optimal set of transmit antenna combinations can be selected by maximizing the minimum Euclidean distance between transmit vectors. In this paper, an adaptive scheme for selection of the optimal set of transmit antenna combinations is proposed to improve the reliability of GSM. The computational overhead of the said scheme is relatively high; hence, a low‐complexity suboptimal scheme for selection of the set of transmit antenna combinations is further proposed. The improved GSM schemes address the spectral efficiency limitation of EDAS‐SM, while demonstrating superior error performance.     

Turbo-BLAST系统中基于容量的天线选择和功率分配算法

在不完全信道状态信息条件下,提出了一种适用于Turbo BLAST系统的天线选择和功率分配算法。所提算法以信道容量最大化为准则,从所有天线中选取一组天线子集用于发射,并对选择的天线子集进行注水功率分配,以充分利用Turbo BLAST系统的空间复用增益并提高信道容量。在接收端,采用Turbo原理对接收信号进行迭代检测以改善系统的误比特率性能。仿真结果表明采用所提算法不仅可以显著提高系统的信道容量, 而且误比特率性能也得到明显的改善。      

Asymptotic performance of transmit antenna selection with maximal-ratio combining for generalized selection criterion

In this letter, we investigate the asymptotic error performance of an uncoded multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) scheme combining transmit antenna selection and receiver maximal-ratio combining (MRC) with a generalized selection criterion. A single transmit antenna corresponding to a fixed ordinal number of order statistic is selected for uncoded transmission. The order statistics consist of instantaneous channel power gain between each transmit and all the receive antennas. A general asymptotic bit error rate (BER) expression is derived for all values of ordinal number. An interesting conclusion is reached that the system diversity order is proportional to the ordinal number of the selected antenna.     

基于分布式天线选择的TD—SCDMA动态小区覆盖技术

分布式M IMO天线结构可以降低发射功率,减少小区干扰,而天线选择技术在保持了M IMO系统优点的同时降低成本。TD-SCDMA有独特的时隙结构,可将不同时隙用于不同的天线组来覆盖不同的小区。基于此,提出了一种分布式天线选择的动态小区覆盖技术,采用两级天线选择,第一级可根据用户的具体位置选择天线组并确定覆盖范围,有效减少小区干扰,同时采用了预分配天线组方法,避免了通用天线选择算法的复杂性;第二级在选定的天线组内确定具体的天线,仿真结果说明该方法具有与一般天线选择相同的性能但更简单。     

Transmit Antenna and User Selection for Multiuser Spatial Multiplexing with Maximum Likelihood Receiver

In this paper, we consider a transmit antenna and user selection for maximum-likelihood (ML) detector in multiuser spatial multiplexing systems. The conventional algorithm that maximizes the minimum stream SNR is not optimal in terms of the error probability, because it is tailored for linear detectors. We propose a simple transmit antenna and user selection scheme for the ML detector based on maximizing the minimum distance. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme provides enhanced performance compared with the conventional algorithms in terms of the error probability of ML receiver.     

基于导频符号辅助的天线选择分集方案

在大多数散射环境下,天线分集是减小多径效应的一种实际、有效的技术,在分析Alamouti两发一收发射分集方案的基础上,介绍了一种基于导频符号辅助的发射天线选择分集方案.该方案通过引入反馈和导频符号辅助技术,在发射端对两个发射天线进行天线选择,给出的仿真结果表明,运用分集技术可大大改善无线通信系统的性能,该方案性能优于Alamouti两发一收发射分集方案,并且发送功率要低于Alamouti两发一收方案.     

空间相关MIMO信道中一种自适应的天线选择算法

该文研究了空间相关性对于多输入多输出空间复用(MIMO-SM)系统性能影响问题,并提出了一种适用于迭代迫零软干扰抵消接收机的天线选择算法。平坦衰落信道中,发送天线相关性将降低接收天线选择算法的性能,该文所研究的算法采用可变的接收天线数以获得不同的接收分集,增加一定的硬件实现复杂度但可以显著减小发送天线相关性引起的误码性能下降。在2个发送天线,4个接收天线的天线配置场合,计算机仿真证实该算法在帧误码率上优于简单的行相关算法(CBM)。     

可见光多天线空分键控技术研究

空分键控是一种新型的空间复用技术,每个时刻只有一个发送天线工作,携带信息的是天线的位置而非发送符号本身,因此该种方法频带利用率较低。为了提高频带利用率,基于广义空间调制的概念,提出了光多天线空分键控调制方法,这种调制方式中每个时刻有多个天线同时工作。首先建立了可见光通信中的多天线空分键控系统模型,并对其误码率性能进行了分析,然后由此为依据提出了一种基于最小距离最大化准则的天线选择算法以获得误码率性能的增益,最后通过蒙特卡罗仿真验证了该天线选择方法的有效性。      

Experiments on FPGA-Implemented Eigenbeam MIMO-OFDM With Transmit Antenna Selection

This paper describes the performance of eigenbeam multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) with transmit antenna selection using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), as measured in a testbed implemented using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); it also targets the downlink performance improvement of wireless local area networks (LANs). For this verification, we employ a determinant-based simple transmit antenna selection approach based on the estimated instantaneous MIMO channel matrix. We show extensive experiments on the testbed to confirm the performance of eigenbeam MIMO-OFDM with transmit antenna selection in the three-select-two antenna case. First, the measured packet-error-rate (PER) performance confirms that the eigenbeam scheme with the three-select-two antenna-selection scheme provides a slight degradation in the required carrier-to-noise power ratio (CNR) that is approximately 0.2 dB from the eigenbeam-only scheme with three transmit antennas but with significantly lower computational complexity. Second, to determine the impact of Doppler frequency, both 5 Hz and 20 Hz, we focus on the required CNR performance degradation under various transmission intervals between the channel sounding packet and the data packet. It is experimentally confirmed that the eigenbeam scheme with transmit antenna selection offers improved robustness to MIMO channel fluctuation compared with the eigenbeam-only scheme.      

Analysis of Transmit Antenna Selection/Maximal-Ratio Combining in Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this paper, we investigate a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) scheme combining transmit antenna selection and receiver maximal-ratio combining (the TAS/MRC scheme). In this scheme, a single transmit antenna, which maximizes the total received signal power at the receiver, is selected for uncoded transmission. The closed-form outage probability of the system with transmit antenna selection is presented. The bit error rate (BER) of the TAS/MRC scheme is derived for binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) in flat Rayleigh fading channels. The BER analysis demonstrates that the TAS/MRC scheme can achieve a full diversity order at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), as if all the transmit antennas were used. The average SNR gain of the TAS/MRC is quantified and compared with those of uncoded receiver MRC and space-time block codes (STBCs). The analytical results are verified by simulation. It is shown that the TAS/MRC scheme outperforms some more complex space-time codes of the same spectral efficiency. The cost of the improved performance is a low-rate feedback channel. We also show that channel estimation errors based on pilot symbols have no impact on the diversity order over quasi-static fading channels.     

混合STBC-VBLAST系统天线选择方案研究

研究表明MIMO系统中接收端SNR是一加权卡方随机变量,其权值为相应信道协方差逆阵的对角元素。为获得传输效率和传输可靠性间的折衷,利用协方差矩阵逆阵的对角元素,提出一种基于最小平均误码率（BER）的混合STBC-VBLAST发射天线选择方案。通过与传统无选择的VBLAST系统和有选择的VBLAST系统的BER和容量分别进行仿真比较,验证了所提混合STBC-VBLAST系统天线选择方案的优越性。     

Performance evaluation of spatially multiplexed MIMO systems with subset antenna transmission in interference limited environments

Transmit antenna selection in spatially multiplexed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is a low complexity low-rate feedback technique, which involves transmission of a reduced number of streams from the maximum possible to improve the error rate performance of linear receivers. It has been shown to be effective in enhancing the performance of single-user interference-free point-to-point MIMO systems. However, performance of transmit antenna selection techniques in interference-limited environments and over frequency selective channels is less well understood. In this paper, we investigate the performance of transmit antenna selection in spatially multiplexed MIMO systems in the presence of co-channel interference. We propose a transmission technique for the downlink of a cellular MIMO system that employs transmit antenna selection to minimize the effect of co-channel interference from surrounding cells. Several transmit antenna selection algorithms are proposed and their performance is evaluated in both frequency flat and frequency selective channels. Various antenna selection algorithms proposed in the literature for single user MIMO links are extended to a cellular scenario, where each user experiences co-channel interference from the other cells (intercell interference) in the system. For frequency selective channels, we consider orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with MIMO. We propose a selection algorithm that maximizes the average output SINR over all subcarriers. A method to quantify selection gain in frequency selective channel is discussed. The effect of delay spread on the selection gain is studied by simulating practical fading environments with different delay spreads. The effect of the variable signal constellation sizes and the number of transmitted streams on the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed system is also investigated in conjunction with the transmit antenna selection. Simulation results show that for low to moderate interference power, significant improvement in the system performance is achievable with the use of transmit antenna selection algorithms. Even though the gain due to selection in frequency selective channels is reduced compared to that in flat fading channels due to the inherent frequency diversity, the performance improvement is significant when the system is interference limited. The performance improvement due to reduced number of transmit streams at larger signal constellation sizes is found to be more significant in spatially correlated scenarios, and the gain due to selection is found to be reduced with the increased delay spread. It is found that employing transmit antenna selection algorithms in conjunction with adaptation of the number of transmitted streams and the signal constellation sizes can significantly improve the performance of MIMO systems with co-channel interference.     

MIMO Systems with Transmit Antenna Selection and Power Allocation over Correlated Channels

In this paper, we present a comprehensive performance analysis of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with transmit antenna selection (TAS) and stochastic power allocation (SPA) for the spatially correlated fading channels. Two best transmit antennas that maximize the instantaneous received signal-to-noise (SNR) are selected to transmit the Alamouti scheme and maximal-ratio combining (MRC) is applied at the receiver. With correlation matrices available to the transmitter, SPA is applied on these selected antennas. Two different methods are given to derive the explicit upper bounds on the bit-error rate (BER) performance. Finally we present numerical results to verify our analysis. It is shown that the TAS/SPA scheme can achieve high performance in spatially correlated channels.     

An efficient antenna shuffling scheme for a DSTTD system

A new antenna shuffling scheme for DSTTD (double space time transmit diversity) is proposed. The proposed method obtains the shuffling pattern directly from the estimated channel by maximizing minimum post-processing SNR (signal to noise ratio), while the conventional method minimizes channel correlation. Since the minimum post-processing SNR is directly related with error performance, the proposed method shows better bit error rate performance than the conventional method.