黄原胶的流变性及在织物印花中的应用

通过测定黄原胶各项流变指数，研究其独特的流变性能，探讨其应用于分散染料印花中作为增稠剂的可能性；比较了黄原胶与海藻酸钠和丙烯酸类合成增稠剂的各项流变指数和印花性能。研究结果表明，黄原胶色浆在印花中可提供良好的轮廓清晰度和抱水性，但得色量不高，可通过添加适量的表面活性剂以改善其得色量。     

蒟蒻糊在活性染料印花中的应用

初步探讨了蒟蒻精粉在活性染料印花中的应用,并提供了工艺参数及应用工艺。得出蒟蒻精粉在未经变性情况下,可以部分替代海藻酸钠,且成本低,印花效果可与海藻酸钠合成龙胶混合糊媲美之结论。     

活性染料印花用增稠剂RPT的研制、性能和应用

研制传统印花糊料海藻酸钠的代用品。纤维素、醚化剂、交联剂等原料合成了增稠剂ＲＰＴ,对其各项性能与海藻酸钠、合成胶Ｃ进行对比,并经应用试验。结果表明：ＲＰＴ增稠剂成糊率高,原糊稳定性、耐酸碱、耐热抗冻等性能优良,较好的流变性适用圆（平）网印花,应用范围广,适合多种染料印花;用于活性染料印花印制效果好,各项牢度与海藻酸钠相当,达到国家标准;生产和应用成本又比海藻酸钠低,有可观的经济效益。     

腈纶胶与变性腈纶胶用作活性染料印花原糊

研究了变性腈纶胶与活性染料的反应性、印花给色量、可洗性、流变性等性质,证明变性腈纶胶可以取代海藻酸钠糊作为活性染料的理想印花原糊。     

活性染料用印花糊料现状

从糊料的制备方法、印花性能优缺点以及改进方法介绍了近年来活性染料印花常用糊料(海藻酸钠、海藻酸酯)、淀粉和纤维素改性类、改性瓜耳豆胶类(氧化瓜耳豆胶、醚化瓜耳豆胶)、合成增稠剂、矿物增稠剂],并据此概括了活性染料印花糊料的发展前景:在合成糊料发展的同时,天然糊料将在印花糊料中占相当地位;在合成增稠剂和天然糊料各自发展的同时,混合糊料将会得到进一步的推广.     

高取代CMC用作活性染料印花糊料

为使CMC用作活性染料的印花糊料,测试了高取代CMC的流变性能、印制性能等,并与传统活性印花糊料海藻酸钠进行比较。研究结果表明高取代CMC成糊率高,具有良好的储存稳定性;其流变性决定了它比海藻酸钠更适合用作亲水性纤维纺织品的精细花纹印花,且其实际印花效果可与海藻酸钠媲美,可以代替海藻酸钠作为活性染料的印花糊料。     

国外印花糊料的现状

目前,国外使用的印花糊料,几乎都是水溶性天然高分子化合物的加工制品,主要有海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素、稻子豆胶、刺槐豆胶、瓜耳豆胶、淀粉及其衍生物(淀粉的用量很小,为了改善其性质,在大多数情况下经化学变性转化成醚,而以醚和戊醚的混合物性质最佳).在这些天然糊料中,海藻酸钠由于原藻资源不足,制品价格持续猛     

羧甲基淀粉作印花糊料的应用研究

本文介绍了以淀粉为原料制备羧甲基淀粉的合成方法及用作印花糊料的性能特点，并将之与海藻酸钠进行比较，证明羧甲基淀粉不仅价格低廉，而且性能较好，能代替海藻酸钠，是一种新型的印花糊料。     

聚丙烯酸系合成增稠剂Alcoprint RTA在活性印花中的应用

介绍了化学类糊料聚丙烯酸系合成增稠剂Alcoprint RTA在活性染料印花中的应用研究,分析了Alcoprint RTA的各项优点,并对聚丙烯酸系合成增稠剂和海藻酸钠糊料复合原糊的性能进行了讨论。该印花糊保留了海藻酸钠糊料以及Alcoprint RTA的各项优异功能。     

醚化植物胶DFPP-104印花糊料的应用

羟乙基皂荚胶（习称合成龙胶）问世已有二十多年历史,系以野生植物──皂荚为原料。由于合成龙胶的分子内聚力较高,流变性较差,透网性也不够理想,因而不适宜于网印。用于辊筒印花时,其印制效果比较粗糙。再加上目前合成龙胶的生产工艺不稳定,进而影响其产品质量,为此应选择一种新型的印花糊料来取代它。印花糊料的品质问题是多年来印花工作者所关心的问题。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.