Geological Analysis and Numerical Modeling of Mine Discharges for the Sanshandao Gold Mine: 2. Simulation and Prediction of Mine Discharges

A two-dimensional model is presented as a way to hydrogeologically characterize the controlling factors in the Sanshandao Gold Mine. The finite element method was first applied to simulate the ground water system of the current operation, using leakage data and the calculated recharge. An inverse model was applied to the observed data (e.g., head and discharge) to verify and calibrate the ground water simulation model and to estimate the hydrogeological parameters for the water-bearing zones. Nonlinear mathematic programming was used to solve the inverse model and to estimate the model parameters in 17 districts with different hydrogeological characteristics. The finite element equations were solved by means of a large non-symmetrical sparse equation. The results were in agreement with what is currently observed in the mine. The models and the estimated parameters were then applied to predict the mine water discharge for drifts extending to depths of −330 to −600 m during the next development stage. In order to improve the predicted accuracy of the numerical model, an iterative element mesh was added in the districts near the drainage drifts so that the computed discharges that flowed into the drifts would approach the recharges that flow into the borders of the mine. The model was also used to understand how the mine discharge would be influenced by factors such as unsteady ground water flow and the construction of hydraulic barriers to restrict ground water from entering the pits. Part 1 of this article can be found at doi:.     

某矿大型水体下采煤导水裂隙带高度分析

在对某矿水文地质条件分析的基础上,讨论了其充水因素并确定了大型水体进入该矿井的3种途径。针对水体通过导水裂隙带进入矿井的这一途径,运用简易水文地质测试法与仰斜钻孔双端堵水导高观测法研究了导水裂隙带的发育规律,确定了裂采比为8.3～8.8范围,最后构建了包含采厚、采深、覆岩厚度、顶板抗压强度、倾角、泥岩比例6个影响因子的导水裂隙带的BP神经网络预测模型,通过实测数据证实了该模型具有良好的实用性。研究结果为该矿在大型水体下安全采煤、防水煤柱的留设提供了依据。     

浅埋厚煤层开采地表变形动态预测与排水设计

以山西平朔井东矿浅埋厚煤层4201,4301,4302,4303及4401工作面开采为例,运用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对各工作面依次开采后的地表沉降量、沉陷影响半径及导水断裂带发育高度进行了动态预测,得出各工作面最大沉降量为6.4~10.3 m,沉陷影响半径为80.5~106.6 m,垮落带与导水断裂带最大发育高度为140.5 m。在此基础上,结合矿区地形地貌特征,进行了地表动态填挖与截水排水设计,有效预防了地表径流汇聚于沉陷洼地,再经由断裂带进入矿井造成的矿坑突水灾害,并为后期矿山环境修复治理提供依据。     

基于地质构造分区的瓦斯地质单元区划方法

瓦斯地质单元的合理划分是矿井瓦斯分区分级治理的前提和基础,同时也是正确认识井田瓦斯赋存特征的依据。以瓦斯指标为主的传统瓦斯地质区划往往不能真实反映区域瓦斯的波动,尤其是对复杂地质条件下煤层瓦斯预判结果失真,从而导致瓦斯事故频发。在分析井田地质构造特征及区域构造演化的基础上,运用构造地质学、瓦斯地质学等理论与方法,以地质构造定量评价为基础,提出以构造等性块段法来划分井田构造分区的方法,采用块段构造指标分别描述不同地质块段构造复杂程度,建立地质构造自然边界和人工边界来区划不同瓦斯地质单元方法。以城郊井田为例,选择断层、褶皱、岩浆侵入3个地质指标对井田构造复杂程度进行评价,并进行了瓦斯区划应用研究。结果显示:运用该方法可以对复杂地质条件下不同瓦斯地质单元进行较准确划分,城郊井田共划分出5个相对独立的瓦斯地质单元,分别研究了5个单元的瓦斯赋存特征。     

电阻率测深法在煤矿水害探测中的应用

为解决煤矿断层导水和奥灰水的水害问题,以五沟煤矿作为研究对象,通过比较瞬变电磁法、可控源音频大地电磁法、高密度电法和直流电阻率测深法4种物探方法的优缺点,最终选用抗干扰能力强的直流电阻率测深法在该区进行了探测工作。研究结果表明,在地形相对平坦、接地条件好、但存在一定地电干扰的矿区采用直流电阻率测深法能够较好地探测断层的富、导水性和奥陶系灰岩顶界面地层的富、含水性。断层富、导水表现为沿断层带有低电阻率异常条带反映;奥陶系灰岩顶界面地层富、含水表现为低电阻率异常区、带反映。依据各剖面图和平面图上视电阻率变化综合反映这两种水害的表现形式,为煤矿水害探测提供了新思路和技术。     

地质雷达在鸣西矿建井初期的应用

基于地质雷达的工作原理,结合鸣西矿回风石门涌水的实际情况,运用地质雷达勘探鸣西矿的地质构造,结果发现回风石门存在裂隙带及陷落柱,与巷道掘进揭露的裂隙带实际位置相一致,表明地质雷达可探测矿井的裂隙带、陷落柱等地质构造,可为矿井的安全建设提供保障。     

A new method of mine drainage prediction using unit static resource method

The paper considers mine drainage prediction in a partially closed mine with a fractured karst aquifer which is highly permeable and quite thick. The aquifer is bordered along the edge of the mine by impermeable boundaries and zones, of low transmissibility. Inside the mine there are significant quantities of static resource ground water. However, the extent of ground water outside the mine is relatively less. In such a mine, a series of characteristics can be observed to accompany the pumpage when the pumped discharge exceeds the ground water recharge. It is rather difficult to predict the drainage of such a mine, owing to the unsteady drawdown of the ground water level, and the complicated boundary conditions. In addition there is difficulty in measuring the hydrogeological parameters such as the permeability coefficient of the aquifer, etc. Quoting the concept of “unit static resource” that has been well defined previously, this paper offers a new type of “unit static resource method”. It was developed in 1972 and has been effectively applied to drainage prediction problems at several mines in the northern part of China. The method is applicable not only to partially closed mines but also to completely closed ones, and furthermore, includes the earlier “unit static resource method”. It can be used to appreciate water supply besides predicting mine drainage.     

Heavy Metal Pollution Index of Ground Water of an Abandoned Open Cast Mine Filled with Fly Ash: a Case Study

Ground water samples were collected from the periphery of a fly ash filled open cast mine, from within the mine property, and from a half kilometre away from the site. Concentrations of metals such as Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr were consistently below the permissible limit for drinking water, but concentrations of Fe and Mn were above the permissible limit. The data were used to calculate a heavy metal pollution index (HPI). The HPI of the ground water of the ash filled mine was 36.67, which was below the critical index limit of 100. The HPI of Dhanbad Township ground water, from very near to the mining area, was 11.25. The results indicate that leachate from the fly ash filled mine has apparently contaminated the ground water to a limited extent.     

汾西矿区复杂老窑水矿井瞬变电磁法探测研究

汾西矿区众多小煤窑形成复杂的采空区,老窑水具有隐蔽性、复杂性和突发性,对矿井安全生产形成巨大威胁。探讨了阻尼最小二乘法的反演过程,应用矿井瞬变电磁法的相关原理及探测方法,分析了老窑富水性的地物特征,对掘进面超前探测数据反演后得到的结果进行了解释和验证。研究表明,矿井瞬变电磁法对老窑水的探测具有很好的效果,为老窑水防治提供了可靠依据。     

基于multi-agent的煤矿水害演化模型

根据矿区的水文地质条件,分析了煤矿水害事故的形成原因和演化机制,采用复杂系统理论和多主体建模方法,建立了煤矿水害演化模型;利用NetLogo仿真平台,对不同类型水害事故进行仿真模拟,动态表现煤矿水害演化过程以及影响因素之间的脆弱性关系。研究表明：煤矿水害是一种受控于多种因素、具有非线性动力特征的复杂自适应现象,只有了解矿区水文地质条件,并将复杂系统理论和多主体建模方法引入水害防治研究中,才能从本质上描述水害演化机制。     

大厂100号矿体疏干排水方案的确定

在分析100矿体的地质与水文地质条件的基础上,指出了岩溶发育地区矿床开采时必须对矿坑水加以治理。根据基建矿山探采结合的特点,通过方案比较,提出了坑内疏干斜井排水的疏干方案,并对疏干效果进行了评议。     

厚婆坳锡矿采空区涌水的封堵

厚婆坳矿全矿分西、中、东三个区段开采,西区已采完,东区为主要出矿区段。由于巷道开拓范围大,井下总涌水量达500～610m~3/h。为了减少矿坑涌水量,需对来自采空区的涌水加以封堵。为此采用构筑隔水墙的方法来减少矿坑总涌水量。文中对隔水墙的设置位置、墙体形状及有关参数、隔水墙结构及原材料、构筑工艺等方面作了阐述。指出这一方法是一种适用经济、简便可靠的有效措施。     

西部地区淹水井筒冻结法施工监测分析

为了在西部地区某矿淹水井筒冻结法施工过程中,准确掌握冻土发展情况和冻土压力对上部已有井壁影响情况,对盐水温度、冻土温度以及冻土压力进行了实时监测;通过对监测数据的整理和分析,得出了淹水井筒在冻结过程中盐水温度、冻土温度和冻土压力的变化规律。分析结果表明,测温孔和泄压孔内外测温数据的结合,能更好地掌握冻土的发展规律,井筒周围的泄压孔对冻胀压力的减小有一定的效果,淹水井筒冻土帷幕形成后,通过提高盐水温度等措施,控制了冻土过快发展,冻土压力下降并趋于平缓,指导了井筒顺利排水和开挖,并保证了上部井壁的安全。     

Evaluation of Floor Water Inrush based on Fractal Theory and an Improved Analytic Hierarchy Process

A new evaluation model, based on fractal theory and an improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP), was developed to predict the potential for water inrush. Fractal theory was used to quantitatively evaluate the complexity of the fault zones, which is a major water inrush factor. Study of the Lu-an mining area showed that the faults there can be subdivided into four levels of complexity: simple, medium, relatively complex, and complex. The overall complexity of the fault network in the study area was moderate. The IAHP was used to study the potential for coal floor water inrush through these faults. The results indicated that this mining district can be divided into risk-based zones. The extremely high risk zones were mainly located in the northern Tun-liu mine and the northern Chang-cun mine; high risk zones were primarily distributed in the Tun-liu mine and the southwestern Wang-zhuang mine. All other mines were classified as medium and low risk zones.     

复杂岩溶矿区降水开采条件下的地表水渗漏定量评价

福建马坑铁矿属国内特大型地下开采铁矿,也是水文地质条件复杂的岩溶充水矿区,其外源性河流--溪马河流经矿区并多处与断层相交,可能通过断层破碎带渗漏补给矿区岩溶水,对矿区深部开采构成明显威胁。在详细分析溪马河与矿区岩溶水关系的基础上,针对可能发生渗漏的地段,设计并建设了地表水流量自动监测系统,不仅解决了山区深切河系人工测量费时、费力、误差大的问题,并通过对获得的监测数据进行计算与分析,掌握了目前生产排水,岩溶水位不断下降的条件下,溪马河各段的渗漏情况,为矿区地表、地下水的联合防治提供了基础性依据。介绍的工作方法可为相似条件矿区提供借鉴和指导。     

三种时间序列模型在地下水动态模拟中的应用分析

地下水系统是一个复杂的时间序列系统，其变化与区域气候条件和生态环境密切相关，具有明显的年际周期性变化和随机性波动。用合适的模型描述地下水位动态变化，可以极大地提高地下水位的预测精度，使田间土壤水分的适时适量调节方便可行；对于农田水利工程的规划和管理也有所裨益。本文通过三种时间序列模型对地下水实测资料的模拟，阐述了这三种模型的特点和模拟精度。     

基于综合瞬变电磁法的采空区探测技术应用

通过地面与井下2种瞬变电磁仪的灵活运用及其视电阻率值的分析,对黔南地区某煤矿采空区的位置及含水情况进行探测,并利用打反向钻孔与水质化验分析的方法对探测结果的准确性进行验证,分析了瞬变电磁法的使用效果,也为该煤矿的安全生产提供了可靠依据。     

长汀矿区矿坑涌水量模糊水文地质比拟法预测

基于长汀矿区勘探资料,分别从含水层组特征、断裂构造带水文地质特征、地下水补给、径流、排泄特征、矿井充水类型等方面对该矿区的水文地质条件进行了分析,结果表明:1矿区侵蚀基准面以上的主要充水来源为大气降水、接触裂隙水和断层接触水;2矿区侵蚀基准面以下的主要充水来源为接触裂隙水和断层接触水;3矿区地下水补给主要来源于大气降水,浅部可直接获得补给,深部通过裂隙和断层间接获得降水补给。在上述分析的基础上,基于矿区用水量实测资料,采用模糊水文地质比拟法、传统水文地质比拟法预测的矿坑涌水量分别约为44.69,46.73m3/h。尽管模糊水文地质法的预测结果略小于传统水文地质比拟法,但由前者充分考虑了降雨量、水头降深、开采面积、给水度、渗透系数和补给水源等因素,故其预测结果相对于传统水文地质比拟法而言可靠性更强。分析结果对于精确预测该矿区矿坑涌水量,确保井下安全开采有一定的参考价值。     

群孔注浆方法在四铺铁矿中的应用

介绍了四铺铁矿采用井下帷幕注浆法防治岩溶地下水.在施工过程中,一次性打许多孔,通过关放水试验确定各孔之间的水力联系情况,后采用群孔注浆法一次性灌注多孔,取得了成效.这种方法效率高,能摸清岩溶裂隙发育规律,了解浆液在岩体中渗透情况以及注浆盲区,便于引导浆液形成帷幕层和合理布设检查孔.对类似矿井防治水也有借鉴意义.