多尺度绿地景观格局对滞蓄能力的影响研究

城市绿地系统作为构建城市海绵系统中的重要组成要素,通过优化绿地景观格局以提升城市整体滞蓄能力的方式更符合可持续发展的要求.以沈阳市三环内建成区为研究范围,利用景观格局指数方法,对城区、场地2个研究尺度的绿地景观格局进行评价,并利用相关性分析与回归分析等数理统计方法对2个研究尺度的绿地景观格局与内涝风险之间的关系进行分析...     

Back to Von Thunen: a Southern European perspective on mono-centric urban growth,economic structure and non-urban land decline*

This study assesses trends (1960–2010) in forest cover over a Mediterranean metropolitan region (Attica, Greece) with the aim to investigate the role of local contexts promoting changes in the use of land. Forest cover decreased in a spatially heterogeneous manner over the study period determining a land-use structure coherent with the Von Thunen mono-centric model. We used a multivariate exploratory analysis of 26 contextual variables to identify changes in the urban spatial structure at the local scale. The shift from a land-use structure based on urban–rural and cropland-forest polarizations in the early 1960s to a pattern based on the polarization in medium-density, mixed urban/agricultural areas and low-density, sparse forest land has been observed in the last 50 years. Urban expansion into rural land and the establishment of protected areas in economically marginal and remote districts has been identified as relevant drivers of landscape transformation in the area. Our study demonstrates that land-use changes driven by expansion of dispersed settlements may consolidate mono-centric urban structures. A concentric land-use distribution around the central city is compatible with urban sprawl and may be indirectly supported by ‘green belt’ regional planning and environmental policies protecting high-quality natural land.     

Energy hierarchy and urban landscape system

The study of ecosystems suggests principles by which the flow of energy generates hierarchies in all systems. From viewpoint of ecological energetics, urban system lies on the highest level of ecosystem hierarchy. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of energy flows on the hierarchies and spatial organization of urban zonation. This research uses Taipei metropolitan region as the area for the case study. “Emergy” is used as the principal conceptual tool for energy analysis; “transformity” is used to measure the hierarchies of land uses and urban landscape systems. Based on the calculation of the spatial distribution of energy flows, using GIS, the empower density and transformity increase from rural to urban center. In order to delineate zones of different energetics, the 1178 administrative districts of the Taipei metropolitan region are used as units for multivariate classification, in which 19 variables of energy flows are condensed into four factors. The factor scores of each districts are then used as input for cluster analysis and discriminate analysis. As a result, different energy structures, and subsequently, different types and amount of energy flows tend to associate with different intensities of urbanization. The Taipei metropolitan region is classified into six energetic zones: mixed-use urban core; high density urban residential district; service and manufacturing urban district; agricultural district, newly developed suburban district; and natural area. The calculation of transformity and emergy indices further establish the hierarchical order of these zones. The distribution of the six energetic zones, reveals the spatial energetic hierarchies of Taipei metropolitan region. The implication of energetic characteristics to planning practice is also discussed to conclude this research.     

特大城市"低碳"城乡规划的思路与技术应用

高度聚集的城镇人口、高速发展的城市建设和急剧拓展的城镇空间使特大城市在发展过程中面临"高碳"瓶颈.特大城市的城乡规划亟待充分融入低碳理念,以"低碳"城乡规划构建"低碳"城市空间发展格局,并辅以相应的"低碳"技术方法作为支撑.武汉都市发展区的"低碳"城乡规划采用了逾渗理论、CA模型、碳氧平衡分析、GIS用地适宜性分析等相...     

Rural ethos and urban development: the emergence of the first Hebrew town in modern Palestine

Since the late nineteenth century, the Zionist movement emphasized ruralism not only for the pastoral areas of Palestine, but also for its urban centres. This paper explores the emergence of Tel Aviv, the first Hebrew town, in the light of the Zionist rural/pastoral ideology and within the late nineteenth century discourse on city planning. It discusses early Tel Aviv’s rural images and the various means that were implemented by local and international planners, Zionist cultural agents, volunteer organizations and residents in order to materialize the green vision for the first Hebrew town. This paper argues that till the mid‐1930s, the development of Tel Aviv discarded the common modern dichotomy of nature/culture or pastoral/urban, proving that the development of the rural, agricultural landscape and the construction of the urban metropolis were complementary facets of the Zionist dream.     

从二元到三元：城乡统筹视角下的都市区空间重构

在都市区化的进程中,固化的城乡二元制度与城市化的双向路径,塑造出我国大都市区城乡空间的三元格局。本文认为,独立于城乡二元异质空间的都市边缘区,是仍将长期存在的城乡过渡地域,必然扮演着统筹大都市城乡协调发展的核心角色。然而,始终延续的城乡二元思维、二元制度乃至二元规划,导致了都市边缘区城乡一体化发展的结构性失衡。基于此,本文在厘清都市边缘区内涵与价值的基础上,试图探索都市边缘区城乡统筹的治理策略,使其成为积极健康且独具价值的城乡协调地域。     

Proposing an agricultural belt to protect a city’s semi-rural characteristics: The example of Bartın,Turkey

Urban sprawl, a type of urban expansion, is perceived as a global problem due to changes in land conversions and landscape patterns. Farms, forests and shores have been converted into urban areas; this transformation affects energy flow, biochemical cycles and climatic conditions. To follow and evaluate the physical, social and ecological results of urban sprawl, we identified and measured temporal changes in land use and land cover. This is especially important for urban planning policies. In this study, temporal change is identified in the city of Bart?n using remote sensing and landscape metrics. An analysis of land cover and land transformation was done with LANDSAT5 TM/ETM satellite images from 1985 and 2015. These images were used to identify agricultural areas as land that has most commonly undergone drastic changes. Bart?n is a small semi-rural city that has undergone significant changes. Among the most important reasons for these changes were uncontrolled urban sprawl due to political and administrative decisions that lacked long-term planning and a comprehensive city plan. This study examined the risk factors for loss of semi-rural characteristics using the example of Bart?n city. To protect semi-rural city characteristics and control urban sprawl, we propose an agricultural belt based on spatial suitability and an evaluation of landscape metrics.     

Identifying the spatial mixture distribution of bird diversity across urban and suburban areas in the metropolis: A case study in Taipei Basin of Taiwan

This study utilized a finite mixture distribution model (FMDM) to identify the distribution of bird diversity in urban and suburban areas of the Taipei basin. The spatial patterns of Shannon's diversity index were estimated using Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) with bird investigation data. To validate the results of FMDM, bird groups were classified by two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) based on bird presence-absence records. The probabilities exceeding FMDM's cut-off values for suburban bird communities were obtained from SGS realizations. The results showed that bird diversity in the Taipei basin could be comprised of two-component mixture distributions for urban and suburban bird communities, respectively. The FMDM bird diversity classifications fit the TWINSPAN groups of urban and suburban species. The spatial maps of bird diversity in the study area provide evidence that a metropolis can cause changes in the spatial characteristics of bird communities at the landscape level. Furthermore, the bird diversity and land use maps could be useful for future conservation and urban planning in Taipei Basin, particularly urban green spaces and wetlands. The maps could also be utilized in network planning of green belts or corridors for ecological conservation.     

Biotope patterns in urban areas: a conceptual model integrating biodiversity issues in spatial planning

We present a model that considers the spatial aspects of biodiversity in urban planning. Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, is used as a study area. The model comprises three steps of strategic selection: (1) information sources; (2) target biotopes, and (3) presentation strategies adapted to priorities in spatial planning. A classification system based on the interpretation of colour infrared aerial photographs was developed. Established methods for the study of woodland and agricultural landscapes were merged and modified in order to fit the present objectives. Ecologically valuable biotopes were found both in green and built-up areas. The methods developed have been used in the comprehensive planning of Stockholm to designate the core areas and the zones in the surrounding landscape with different demands for spatial planning. The model to support urban planners with context-sensitive planning tools was sufficiently flexible for the adaptation to the conditions of each individual area and the level of detail suited to the planning situation. It also provided information on the effects of fragmentation, creating a platform for meaningful follow-up work.     

从大城市到都市区——全球化时代中国城市规划的挑战与机遇

首先对都市区的概念内涵、空间特征、形成条件等进行了讨论与分析 ,指出都市区是城乡居民共同的生活地域空间 ,它直接反映了城乡居民的居住—工作、居住—购物、居住—游憩等关系 ;接着分析了全球化背景下的中国城市化特点 ,指出未来 1 0～ 2 0年是中国大城市向都市区过渡即都市区不断形成、发展乃至完善的关键时期 ,都市化将成为城市发展的主题 ,都市区也将成为中国城市规划的新领域。文章还重点对中国开展都市区规划所面临的问题与挑战作了分析 ,并对都市区的研究、规划、调控、管理等提出了建议 ;最后指出都市区规划是中国城市规划界在全球化时代面临的最重要的任务与最严峻的挑战之一 ,它的成功与否 ,不仅关系到我国城市化进程的健康持续发展 ,还关系中国城市规划能否真正走向世界     

地表温度与城市空间分布结构的关系及其 预测模型

就城市尺度级别下的热环境进行评价,为了能够落 实影响绿地规划的具体空间区域,并提供可以指导绿地布局的 方法,以西安为例,量化植被、建设用地空间分布与地表温度 的关系,确定绿地降温的具体区域;通过卷积计算,以温度变 化为0作为界限,细化冷区和热区,提取城市微更新下绿地布 局待调整的位置;基于机器学习的回归算法,由绿地、建设用 地和水体分布预测作为热环境指示因子的地表温度,从而为规 划的合理性提供参考。通过对研究结果的评价,以及与已有方 法的比较,利用地表温度和地表覆盖变化,量化城市空间分布 结构,为绿地规划提供可以落实的具体空间区域。     

都市农业与城市绿色空间的有机契合——城乡空间统筹的规划探索

城乡统筹发展涉及经济、社会、环境等方方面面,本文侧重从城乡统筹规划的实质——城乡空间布局方面进行探索。以济南市为例,探讨符合现代农业生产力布局理论并与城市总体规划有机结合的农业经济区域布局框架,重点确定与城市绿色空间关系最为密切的都市农业的布局,统筹协调都市农业与城市绿色空间之间的有机契合,尽可能赋予有限的土地资源以多种功能,兼顾城市与都市农业发展的双重需求。     

解析当代大都市区绿带规划、建设与治理——以上海环城绿带为例

1990年以后，大都市区绿带规划由限制城市蔓延的现代主义规划策略逐渐转变为能够促进地区发展的政治治理手段。首先梳理了国际绿带规划范式演进趋势和影响绿带规划的关键因素，其次回顾了上海环城绿带的规划思路、建设机制和治理路径，并以上海宝山区顾村公园绿带为对象进一步分析了上海环城绿带由城市空间的结构性要素向区域功能性要素转变的过程，最后对上海环城绿带的规划转型提出了几点建议。上海环城绿带曾肩负着控制城市蔓延的阶段性使命，现在主要承载培育周边土地价值、服务社区居民和提高整个城市吸引力的任务。未来，上海需：1）建设更多具有互通功能的楔形绿地；2）为新规划的绿带制定更为详细的控制性规划；3）将绿带与周边土地整合起来用于培育土地价值和孵化创新产业发展。     

Assessing and mapping ecosystem services to support urban green infrastructure: The case of Barcelona,Spain

The ecosystem services approach provides an efficient way to support urban green infrastructure planning. Such an assessment, together with mapping, can effectively produce spatial analyses on a specific scale, helping to maintain multi-functional landscapes and plan urban green infrastructure. In turn, green infrastructure can offer a wide variety of ecosystem services, promoting landscape sustainability. This study develops a methodology for the planning of urban green infrastructure based on an ecosystem services approach that assesses the supply capacity of ecosystem services, and identifies possible spatial characteristic areas for interlinking urban green infrastructure within the study area. More specifically, from a landscape perspective, we use 32 ecosystem services (as X-axis) and different land use types (as Y-axis) to build an ecosystem service assessment matrix. We then take the municipality of Barcelona as an example, using the latter to assess and map ecosystem services within the city through ArcGIS, which shows the spatial distribution characteristics of ecosystem services provision. We identify possible spatial areas - which include ecosystem services provision, barren, and obstructed areas - by overlapping the ecosystem services assessment maps. Ultimately, the results provide a reference for urban green infrastructure planning by recognizing priority protected areas, new construction areas, potential areas, and renewal areas.     

Effects of land-use master plans in the metropolitan fringe of Japan

The complexity of the landscape in Japanese metropolitan suburbs is the result of high competition among land-demanding economic activities. Although both urban and rural planning legislation has played certain roles in the ordering of land-use, lack of coordination among different zoning systems is still a key issue in the proper development and conservation of limited land. This study investigated the effects of land-use master plans on actual control of land use through maximal utilization of detailed grid data with advanced GIS functions. We analyzed land-use changes in the Osaka metropolitan area for three periods: 1979–1985; 1985–1991; 1991–1996, and compared these changes with the zoning status in each period. This study demonstrates that disordered developments resulted in an increase of vacant areas in urban fringes, which also accelerated the fragmentation of forests and farmlands, causing a disordered spatial pattern from which it will be difficult to recover with the present land-use master plans.     

乡村振兴背景下大都市地区村庄“群落化”规划探索——以广州从化米埗乡村群规划为例

随着"城乡等值"逐步成为新时期城乡发展的新导向,大都市地区村庄的内涵发生改变。传统的"单村独建"出现了产业同质、设施低效、建设破碎等诸多困境,阻碍其可持续发展和品牌打造。广州从化米埗乡村群规划从产业共荣、设施共享、空间共建、社会共治四个方面探索大都市地区村庄"群落化"规划策略,以期探索乡村振兴背景下村庄规划的创新模式,为广州乡村振兴提供一种长效机制和实施路径。     

Effects of land-use master plans in the metropolitan fringe of Japan

The complexity of the landscape in Japanese metropolitan suburbs is the result of high competition among land-demanding economic activities. Although both urban and rural planning legislation has played certain roles in the ordering of land-use, lack of coordination among different zoning systems is still a key issue in the proper development and conservation of limited land. This study investigated the effects of land-use master plans on actual control of land use through maximal utilization of detailed grid data with advanced GIS functions. We analyzed land-use changes in the Osaka metropolitan area for three periods: 1979–1985; 1985–1991; 1991–1996, and compared these changes with the zoning status in each period. This study demonstrates that disordered developments resulted in an increase of vacant areas in urban fringes, which also accelerated the fragmentation of forests and farmlands, causing a disordered spatial pattern from which it will be difficult to recover with the present land-use master plans.     

农村住宅建设管理的思考与探讨——以广东省增城市为例

农村住宅建设"乱""差""难"的问题在我国经济较为活跃的地区普遍存在,困扰着乡镇政府和规划管理部门.广东省增城市位于大都市边缘区,农村人口众多,具有城市化、工业化和农业化地区的特点,针对其农村住宅建设存在的问题和困惑,从规划实施机制、土地管理机制和行政惯例体制等方面进行分析,系统地提出解决农村建房问题的思路,构建由农村...     

大都市郊县村镇体系规划研究——以广州增城市为例

目前,我国总体上进入了以工促农、以城带乡和统筹城乡一体化发展的阶段。虽然县域村镇体系规划取代了传统的城镇体系规划,但由于区位、文化和经济基础的千差万别,县域村镇体系规划的编制内容和方法还需要进一步探讨。基于此,研究在分析村镇体系规划演变和大都市郊县发展特征的基础上,以广州市郊县增城市为例,提出与县域资源禀赋、大都市发展战略规划、大都市战略性发展平台规划、战略性基础设施规划、土地利用总体规划以及农村居民点发展实际相协调的观点,以期在大都市郊县村镇体系规划编制方面做出一些有益探索。