Initial stages of local corrosion destruction of pipe steel in solutions imitating underfilm electrolyte

Using the method of scanning reflectometry, it was determined that the pipe steel dissolves non-uniformly with a high rate of the appearance of local corrosion defects (pittings) in neutral solution imitating electrolyte. The parameters of individual pittings were determined, along with the fact that they propagate mainly at a depth that may cause corrosion cracking under cyclic mechanical stresses. Factors of stress intensity that cause local corrosion defects were calculated.     

X60螺旋缝埋弧焊管在湿H2S环境中的腐蚀行为

采用自行设计的焊管实物管段腐蚀试验方法和装置研究了内胀成形和外控成形两种X6 0螺旋缝埋弧焊管在含H2 S的NACE溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明 ,焊管在H2 S介质中的损伤表现为母材表面氢鼓泡及应力腐蚀裂纹 ;随着施加应力的提高及残余应力的增大 ,H2 S腐蚀倾向增大 ;在H2 S介质中和外加应力及残余应力的共同作用下 ,焊管的氢损伤机理既有氢致开裂 ,又有氢致应力腐蚀 ,应力不但促进氢致应力腐蚀 ,同时也促进氢致开裂过程 ;试验结果说明改进焊管焊缝表面质量、降低残余拉应力、控制工作应力是改善和控制焊管H2 S腐蚀的重要措施     

The corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking of α-brass in ammoniacal solutions

A study of the corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking under a constant strain-rate in 70 Cu?30 Zn brass as a function of pH has been made. Correlation between the two has been discussed. Corrosion fatigue was very dependent on pH both with respect to the lifetime and to the nature of cracks as well as those of stress corrosion cracking. A minimum in fatigue life and a large fatigue crack growth rate were observed in neutral tarnishing solutions of pH 6.5–7.0. The fatigue crack propagation rate in neutral tarnishing solution was about twice as great as that in an acidic non-tarnishing solution. Fractographic examination on the fracture surfaces of corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking showed that intergranular cracking predominated both in neutral tarnishing and acidic non-tarnishing solutions, and transgranular cracking predominated in alkaline solution. It is concluded that the tarnish film is not a primary factor controlling the cracking mode in the acidic to neutral pH range and that intergranular cracking may result from the localized dissolution of alloy at grain boundaries.     

Determination of corrosion‐assisted stress crack growth rate in 304L stainless steel welds

The corrosion assisted stress crack growth rate of 304L stainless steel welds, was determined by the rising displacement test method. The experiments were carried out in a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) environment, using a refreshed autoclave loop system at 288 °C and 8 MPa of pressure. Pre‐fatigued CT specimens were used and the crack length was monitored by the potential drop technique. After testing, fractographical analysis and measurement of the initial and final crack length were made. The displacement rates of 3.6 and 2.37 μm/h allowed the initiation and propagation of cracks by stress corrosion cracking, and the test results agree with the crack growth rate values determined with another method. The fracture surfaces are evidence of stress corrosion crack propagation with a transgranular appearance in some cases and transgranular with localized areas of intergranular propagation in others.     

Effect of stress corrosion cracking on stress-strain response of steel wires used in prestressed concrete beams

This paper presents an experimental study of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) process on 8-mm-diameter wires which are used industrially in precast concrete prestressed by pre-tension. The service life of steel wires under accelerated SCC and the reduction of their mechanical performance are studied. A dynamic analysis to detect the damage to corroded wire due to SCC before brittle failure and the influence of internal defects on the service life of stress corroded wire are also presented. The study shows that stress corrosion cracking is characterized by an evolution to SCC from pitting corrosion attacks that result in the development of both micro-cracking and micro-voids in the steel bulk. The stress level does not influence the composition of corrosion products. It is a major factor of SCC development, leading to a considerable reduction in the ultimate strain and thus to brittle failure of the corroded wires. Local defects on the steel surface increase the SCC effect due to stress corrosion concentration. A reduction in the elastic modulus and the elastic limit, which may reach 25% and 15%, respectively, can be expected due to steel micro-cracking. No damage detection through mechanical analysis seems possible before the brittle failure occurs as the corrosion is very localized and so does not globally reduce the tension in the wires.     

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 采用拉伸试验、金相分析和能谱分析等方法对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢高压油管开裂的原因进行了分析。分析结果表明,高压油管的开裂是应力腐蚀开裂造成的。油管的固溶处理工艺不当,没有有效消除冷轧过程所产生的应力,材料处于严重的加工硬化状态,增加了材料的应力腐蚀敏感性。热轧过程产生的大量水蒸汽并含有氯和氧是引起高压油管应力腐蚀开裂的环境因素。     

Korrosionsprobleme in chlorhaltigen Medien: Lösungsmöglichkeiten durch einige nichtrostende Spezialstähle

Corrosion problems in chloride containing media: possible solution by some stainless special steels The increasing water pollution forces the chemical industry to use water with increasing chloride content for cooling and other purposes. This trend brings about increasing corrosion danger, in particular pitting, stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue as well as crevice corrosion. The present paper deals with some steels characterized by resistance to these specific corrosion phenomena. A steel containing (%) 21 Cr., 7.5 Ni, 2.5 Mo, 1.5 Cu, to 2 Mn, to 1 Si and 0.06 C is particularly resistant to stress corrosion cracking. It contains 30 to 50% ferrite in an austenitic matrix. Even in Mg chloride solutions it may be kept under a load of 7 kg/mm² without stress corrosion occurring (with a steel of the 18 10 CrNiMo type the admissible load is only 2 kg/mm²). A steel containing (%) 25 Ni, 21 Cr, 4.5 Mo, 1.5 Cu, to 1 Si, to 2 Mn, and 0.02 C has a broad passivity range and is resistant to general corrosion in acid reducing media and phosphoric acid of all concentrations. A ferritic steel containing (%) 26 Cr. 1 Mo and minor additions of C, Mn, Si, Cu, Ni and nitrogen is resistant to stress corrosion cracking in neutral chloride solutions and general corrosion in oxidizing and neutral media, even against hydrogen sulfid and organic acids; it is beyond that lergely resistant to pitting in chloride solutions.     

不同热处理态的304和321奥氏体不锈钢在氯化铵环境中的应力腐蚀行为对比研究

目的 对比研究原始、固溶和敏化态的304和321奥氏体不锈钢在模拟加氢催化氯化铵环境中的应力腐蚀（SCC）行为及机理。方法 将304和321奥氏体不锈钢经过热处理制备成固溶和敏化态试样,采用U形弯试样在模拟加氢催化氯化铵环境中浸泡的应力腐蚀试验方法对其进行研究,通过观察U形弯弧顶的腐蚀形貌和开裂时间,并结合腐蚀及裂纹的SEM照片和电化学测试结果进行分析。结果 原始和固溶状态304不锈钢U形弯试样在氯化铵溶液环境中开裂时间为25 d左右,断口形貌分别为穿晶断口和沿晶断口;敏化态试样18 d后发生开裂,断口形貌为穿晶和沿晶的混合断口。原始和固溶态321不锈钢U形弯试样在该环境中经过39 d均无应力腐蚀裂纹;敏化试样经30 d后产生宏观开裂。电化学测试结果显示,不同热处理态的304不锈钢在氯化铵溶液中均具有明显的点蚀敏感性,321不锈钢在该环境中耐点蚀和应力腐蚀的能力优于304不锈钢。结论 不同状态的304不锈钢在高温氯化铵环境中具有较强的应力腐蚀倾向,特别是敏化态试样;321不锈钢在该环境中的应力腐蚀敏感性相对较小,但敏化处理显著增加了其沿晶应力腐蚀倾向,而固溶态试样具有明显的沿晶腐蚀特征。     

不同应力条件下不锈钢局部腐蚀行为的研究进展

不锈钢因具有良好的耐腐蚀性能而倍受重视,在众多工业领域内被广泛使用,但在实际应用中,由于受到腐蚀环境和应力的共同作用,不可避免地会产生点蚀或裂纹,导致服役性能下降,甚至引发各类安全事故.所以,应力条件下不锈钢的腐蚀行为一直是不锈钢材料腐蚀领域的重要研究课题.总结了部分代表性的不锈钢材料在应力作用下局部腐蚀行为的研究进展,主要总结与讨论了弹性应力、塑性应力以及残余应力对不锈钢点蚀及腐蚀开裂行为的影响规律.弹性应力如何影响不锈钢点蚀与腐蚀开裂还不是特别清楚,一般认为弹性拉应力会促进点蚀的萌生,使点蚀坑内产生应力集中,促进腐蚀扩展,但也发现了较小弹性拉应力会抑制点蚀的情况,而且机理也尚不明确,并且弹性压应力到底是促进还是抑制点蚀萌生也尚未达成一致.塑性应力对不锈钢局部腐蚀的影响机理已经比较明确,塑性应力会导致位错的产生,从而促进点蚀和裂纹的生长.残余拉应力会促进不锈钢点蚀和裂纹的生长,但残余压应力却能够有效抑制不锈钢点蚀和裂纹的生长.因此,在较低至中等弹性应力下的不锈钢局部腐蚀行为及其影响机理应该加强研究,而对于塑性应力与残余应力,则应该进一步深入探讨其作用下不锈钢局部腐蚀行为的各阶段特征和断裂临期特征,以期精确进行腐蚀断裂风险的评估和解决寿命评估的难题.     

Assessment of the electrochemical corrosion properties and environmentally induced cracking of an A106 Gr B steel pipe weld in a NaCl solution saturated with H2S gas

In the area of heavy construction, welding processes are vital in the production and maintenance of pipelines and power plants. The fusion welding process generates formidable welding residual stress and metallurgical change, which together increase the crack driving force and reduce the resistance against brittle fracturing and environmental fracturing. This is a serious problem with many alloys, and it also arises in A106 Gr B steel pipes. This type of piping, which is used in petrochemical and heavy chemical plants, either degrades due to the corrosive environment, e.g., those containing chlorides and sulfides, and/or become damaged during service due to various corrosion damage mechanisms. Thus, in this study, after numerical and experimental analyses of the welding residual stress of a multi-pass welded A106 Gr B steel pipe weld, the electrochemical corrosion properties and environmentally induced cracking of an A106 Gr B steel pipe weld were assessed in a 5.0 wt.% NaCl solution that was saturated with H2S gas at room temperature on the basis of NACE TM 0177-90. In terms of sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) and sulfide corrosion fatigue (SCF), the low SSCC limit of smooth specimens, σ_SSCCsmooth, and the SCF limit, Δσ_SCF, were 46 % and 32 % (160 MPa) of the ultimate tensile strength (502 MPa) of an A106 Gr B steel pipe weld, respectively. Further, (Δσ_res)_SCF was assessed under 75 MPa, which is 15 % of the tensile strength.     

409L不锈钢后消连接管失效分析

用409L不锈钢作焊管的汽车排气系统后消连接管使用一段时间后焊缝部位发生开裂。采用扫描电镜、金相、能谱检测、化学成分测试等方法对失效件进行综合分析。结果表明,409L钢连接管缝部位开裂的主要原因是燃烧尾气中的SO2与冷凝水反应生成的硫酸、亚硫酸等酸性液体使焊缝部位形成应力腐蚀裂纹,另外,焊缝部位的晶粒粗大促进其晶间腐蚀。     

爆炸焊不锈钢复合钢板封头裂纹成因及解决方法

对16台大型爆炸焊不锈钢复合钢板制压力容器进行检验,发现14台容器封头内部存在大量裂纹,通过宏观检查、硬度测试、金相检测、磁记忆检测、介质组分分析等方法,确定封头内壁裂纹属应力腐蚀裂纹。磁记忆检测出裂纹发生的部位均为高应力区,与介质中含有的敏感性F~-、Cl~-共同作用导致应力腐蚀开裂的发生。对封头产生的高应力进行了分析,对大型复合钢板封头的选取及裂纹的处理提出了建议。     

时效对SiCw/2024Al复合材料应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用双悬臂梁试验方法研究了经时效处理的SiCw／2024Al复合材料在3．5％NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀行为，用透射电子显微镜对时效处理后复合材料的微观组织形貌进行了观察与分析，用扫描电子显微镜观察应力腐蚀试样的裂纹扩展形貌．结果表明，在3种不同的时效状态下，复合材料内部的微观组织形貌发生了较大的变化，引起3种时效状态下复合材料的应力腐蚀行为发生变化，相应的裂纹尖端的微观组织形貌也出现了较大的差别．     

低合金高强度抗应力腐蚀开裂海洋软管用钢的开发

通过合金成分设计,轧制、热处理工艺的探索,开发了低合金高强度海洋软管用钢,其屈服强度大于600 MPa且满足抗氢脆、抗氢致开裂、抗应力腐蚀开裂性能,并通过全浸腐蚀实验对该钢的海水腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明,采用低C、低Mn并复合添加耐蚀元素Cr、Mo和采用合理的热轧、冷轧、调质处理工艺,可获得满足抗应力腐蚀开裂性能的600 MPa级高强钢。耐蚀元素的添加使实验钢具有良好的耐海水腐蚀能力,腐蚀稳定状态下的平均年腐蚀速率为0.11 mm/a。     

管线钢在近中性pH值溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂

用电化学极化测试技术、慢应变速率拉伸试验研究了 管道钢(16Mn钢)在近中性pH值溶液中的应力腐蚀行为,并探讨了外加电位、CO2、温度等 因素的影响.结果表明,应力腐蚀开裂为氢脆型应力腐蚀开裂;随着阴极电位的增加SCC敏 感性增大,溶液中加入CO2后对应力腐蚀有着明显的促进作用.     

某焦化厂煤调湿蒸汽回转干燥机管束失效分析

某焦化厂煤调湿蒸汽回转干燥机管束在运行过程中发生开裂.采用化学成分分析、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜以及EDS能谱等手段对失效钢管进行取样分析.根据宏观和微观断口形貌、显微组织、钢管的腐蚀坑及力学性能测试结果,确定了钢管失效原因为应力腐蚀开裂.裂纹起源于钢管表面的点蚀坑,应力来自于钢管承受冷热交替时产生的热应力.     

某焦化厂煤调湿蒸汽回转干燥机管束失效分析

某焦化厂煤调湿蒸汽回转干燥机管束在运行过程中发生开裂。采用化学成分分析、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜以及EDS能谱等手段对失效钢管进行取样分析。根据宏观和微观断口形貌、显微组织、钢管的腐蚀坑及力学性能测试结果，确定了钢管失效原因为应力腐蚀开裂。裂纹起源于钢管表面的点蚀坑，应力来自于钢管承受冷热交替时产生的热应力。     

X70管线钢在硫酸盐还原菌作用下的应力腐蚀开裂行为

目的油气管输中X70钢的应力腐蚀开裂问题日趋严重,而且土壤环境中微生物腐蚀现象备受关注,因此拟通过实验室模拟土壤环境下X70管线钢的腐蚀,获得高强度管线钢在硫酸盐还原菌作用下的应力腐蚀开裂规律。方法采用自制的应力电化学测试装置,通过慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)对材料的应力腐蚀敏感性进行分析,利用交流阻抗以及扫描电镜(SEM)对断口形貌以及生物膜的成分进行研究。结果当应变速率为5×10~(-7)s~(-1)时,无菌模拟溶液中试样的应力腐蚀敏感性远大于含SRB模拟溶液中试样的应力腐蚀敏感性,SRB的存在对X70管线钢应力腐蚀起到很大程度的促进作用。当应变速率为1×10~(-6)s~(-1)时,SRB对于X70管线钢应力腐蚀敏感性的影响较小,断裂主要由力学因素主导,SRB起辅助作用。结论 X70管线钢在沈阳土壤模拟溶液中具有一定的应力腐蚀敏感性。SRB对于X70管线钢在沈阳土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀起到一定程度的促进作用。     

酸性土壤环境中剥离涂层下X80钢应力腐蚀行为及机理

目的研究酸性土壤环境中剥离涂层下X80管线钢应力腐蚀行为及机理。方法采用电化学极化曲线测试、慢应变速率拉伸试验和腐蚀形貌扫描电子显微镜观察,对服役于鹰潭土壤环境的X80管线钢在剥离涂层下滞留液中的应力腐蚀行为及机理进行了分析研究。结果 X80管线钢在剥离涂层下的滞留液中具有一定的SCC敏感性,应力腐蚀开裂类型属于TGSCC,敏感性较大位置为近漏点处、剥离区中下部及剥离区底部,且近漏点处滞留液体系中X80钢的SCC机理受阳极溶解(AD)机制控制,剥离区底部滞留液中SCC机理受阳极溶解+氢脆(AD+HE)的混合机制控制。结论服役于酸性土壤中的X80管线钢在外防腐涂层破损后,除开放破损处将发生腐蚀外,剥离涂层下的管线钢还会存在一定的应力腐蚀敏感性。     

304不锈钢焊接管开裂原因分析

利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDX)和显微维氏硬度计对某开裂的不锈钢焊接管进行了失效原因分析。结果表明,该不锈钢管局部补焊区域存在残余应力,补焊造成附近组织晶界敏化,协同环境中存在S离子和Cl离子等腐蚀性介质,故在补焊位置发生应力腐蚀沿晶开裂。