Boundary traction vector estimation in a vibrating structure using series expansion of the stress tensor

Well-conditioned estimation of the inverse problem of calculating the dynamic boundary traction vector, acting on a vibrating structure is addressed. In this paper a well-conditioned, fully three-dimensional method in the frequency domain is proposed. The method is based on linear three-dimensional continuum mechanics and Hilbert space Fourier series. Moreover, the three-dimensional displacement vector and the second order stress tensor are expanded in spatial Fourier series. The proposed method is demonstrated on an analytical one-dimensional example consisting of a beam, and validated on a three-dimensional example. The validation gives very good results, especially in the L₂-norm over the surface of interest.Acknowledgments The author would like to thank all Adam Zdunek, Mats Dalenbring and Ulf Tengzelius at the Structural Dynamics research group, Department of Structures and Materials, Aeronautics Division, Swedish Defence Research Agency, for advice, support and encouragement.     

A Well-conditioned Cubic B-spline Model for Processing Laser Anemometry Data

A well-conditioned method for processing laser anemometry data is presented. It involves the use of a cubic b-spline model which is suitably arranged to take into account the effects of ill-conditioning as well as data sampling and truncation. The problem of ill-conditioning is analysed in terms of the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the equation and the resulting loss of information is expressed in terms of resolution limitations which are easily incorporated within such a model. The method is applied to various sets of simulated and experimentally determined data and the results are discussed. The range of application includes the analysis of data obtained from anemometry experiments which employ frequency shifting techniques.     

Explicit solution for a vibrating bar with viscous boundaries and internal damper

We investigate longitudinal vibrations of a bar subjected to viscous boundary conditions at each end and an internal damper at an arbitrary point along the bar’s length. The system is described by four independent parameters and exhibits a variety of behaviors including rigid motion, super stability/instability and zero damping. The solution is obtained by applying the Laplace transform to the equation of motion and computing the Green’s function of the transformed problem. This leads to an unconventional eigenvalue-like problem with the spectral variable in the boundary conditions. The eigenmodes of the problem are necessarily complex-valued and are not orthogonal in the usual inner product. Nonetheless, in generic cases we obtain an explicit eigenmode expansion for the response of the bar to initial conditions and external force. For some special values of parameters the system of eigenmodes may become incomplete, or no non-trivial eigenmodes may exist at all. We thoroughly analyze physical and mathematical reasons for this behavior and explicitly identify the corresponding parameter values. In particular, when no eigenmodes exist, we obtain closed form solutions. Theoretical analysis is complemented by numerical simulations, and analytic solutions are compared to computations using finite elements.     

Singular boundary elements for three-dimensional elasticity problems

The focus of this paper is a set of semi-discontinuous, traction-singular surface elements introduced to help the rigorous boundary integral analysis of problems in three-dimensional solid mechanics. In contrast to the singular boundary elements developed for linear fracture mechanics where the square-root singularity is of primary interest, traction shape functions featuring the proposed four- and eight-node boundary elements can be used to represent power-type singularities of arbitrary order, such as those arising at non-smooth material boundaries and interfaces. Apart from being capable of rigorously handling traction singularities and discontinuities across the domain boundaries and interfaces, these elements also permit a smooth transition to adjacent regular elements. Complemented with a family of suitable displacement and geometry shape functions, the singular surface elements are incorporated into a regularized boundary integral equation method and shown, through a set of benchmark results, to perform well for both static and dynamic problems.     

Direct second kind boundary integral formulation for Stokes flow problems

A direct boundary element method is formulated for the Stokes flow problem based on an integral equation representation for the components of traction. For problems in which the components of velocity are prescribed on the boundary of the domain, this new formulation results in a hypersingular Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. A method of regularization to evaluate the hypersingular integral is discussed. For certain problems involving flows about particles, the integral equation representation for the tractions is not unique because of the existence of rigid body eigenmodes. A method to constrain out these rigid body modes is also discussed. Several example problems are considered in which this new formulation is compared to more traditional boundary element formulations.     

A fast boundary cloud method for exterior 2D electrostatic analysis

An accelerated boundary cloud method (BCM) for boundary‐only analysis of exterior electrostatic problems is presented in this paper. The BCM uses scattered points instead of the classical boundary elements to discretize the surface of the conductors. The dense linear system of equations generated by the BCM are solved by a GMRES iterative solver combined with a singular value decomposition based rapid matrix–vector multiplication technique. The accelerated technique takes advantage of the fact that the integral equation kernel (2D Green's function in our case) is locally smooth and, therefore, can be dramatically compressed by using a singular value decomposition technique. The acceleration technique greatly speeds up the solution phase of the linear system by accelerating the computation of the dense matrix–vector product and reducing the storage required by the BCM. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于矩量法的移动荷载识别

从桥梁响应识别桥面移动荷载往往出现逆问题的病态（不适定性）等共性问题。本文基于移动荷载识别理论，借助矩量法求解积分方程理论并采用整域基函数——正交勒让德多项式表达桥面移动荷载，提出了一种移动荷载识别的时域改进算法。两轴车辆多种组合工况下的常载和时变荷载数值仿真研究表明：与时域法比较，改进时域法识别桥面移动荷载时，其识别精度高、抗噪能力强，识别结果不适定性有显著改善。     

A boundary element method for solving 3D static gradient elastic problems with surface energy

 A boundary element methodology is developed for the static analysis of three-dimensional bodies exhibiting a linear elastic material behavior coupled with microstructural effects. These microstructural effects are taken into account with the aid of a simple strain gradient elastic theory with surface energy. A variational statement is established to determine all possible classical and non-classical (due to gradient with surface energy terms) boundary conditions of the general boundary value problem. The gradient elastic fundamental solution with surface energy is explicitly derived and used to construct the boundary integral equations of the problem with the aid of the reciprocal theorem valid for the case of gradient elasticity with surface energy. It turns out that for a well posed boundary value problem, in addition to a boundary integral representation for the displacement, a second boundary integral representation for its normal derivative is also necessary. All the kernels in the integral equations are explicitly provided. The numerical implementation and solution procedure are provided. Surface quadratic quadrilateral boundary elements are employed and the discretization is restricted only to the boundary. Advanced algorithms are presented for the accurate and efficient numerical computation of the singular integrals involved. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the method and demonstrate its merits. Received: 9 November 2001 / Accepted: 20 June 2002 The first and third authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Karatheodory program for basic research offered by the University of Patras.     

A stabilization technique for the regularization of nearly singular extended finite elements

In this contribution a simple, robust and efficient stabilization technique for extended finite element (XFEM) simulations is presented. It is useful for arbitrary crack geometries in two or three dimensions that may lead to very bad condition numbers of the global stiffness matrix or even ill-conditioning of the equation system. The method is based on an eigenvalue decomposition of the element stiffness matrix of elements that only possess enriched nodes. Physically meaningful zero eigenmodes as well as enrichment scheme dependent numerically reasonable zero eigenmodes are filtered out. The remaining subspace is stabilized depending on the magnitude of the respective eigenvalues. One of the main advantages is the fact that neither the equation solvers need to be changed nor the solution method is restricted. The efficiency and robustness of the method is demonstrated in numerous examples for 2D and 3D fracture mechanics.     

Forced torsional oscillations of multilayered solids

A new approach is proposed for obtaining the dynamic elastic response of a multilayered elastic solid caused by a forced torsional oscillation inside the solid. The elastodynamic Green’s function of the center of rotation and a point load method are used to solve the problem. The solution of the center of rotation for multilayered solids is obtained by solving a set of simultaneous linear algebraic equations using the boundary conditions for the singularity and for the layer interfaces. The solution of the forced torsional oscillation is formulated by integrating the Green’s function over the contact area with unknown surface traction. The dual integral equations of the unknown surface traction are established by considering the boundary conditions on the contact surface of the multilayered solid, which can be converted into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind and solved numerically.     

Some applications of the WKB method to the wrinkling of bi-annular plates in tension

An application of WKB methods is proposed here for a stretched annular thin plate with piecewise-constant mechanical properties (also known as a bi-annular plate). Unlike the classical scenario involving only a simple annular such plate, in certain cases the neutral stability curve fails to be convex and the critical eigenmodes behave rather differently as the plate becomes progressively thinner (equivalent to ${\mu \to \infty}$ in our notations). On one side of this curve, the corresponding eigenmodes are localised near the inner rim of the annulus, while in the remaining part these functions are concentrated along the interface separating the two annular sub-regions. By using the asymptotic reduction technique proposed by Coman and Haughton in (Acta Mech 185:179–200, 2006), the original fourth-order three-point boundary-value problem is formally reduced to a pair of second-order differential equations coupled through a set of matching conditions at the interface. It is shown that for ${\mu \gg 1}$ the critical eigenvalues for both cases mentioned above can be approximated by solving a couple of simple transcendental equations and that the results predicted compare well with the direct numerical simulations of the original problem.     

On boundary conditions of the characteristic based split (CBS) algorithm for fluid dynamics

This paper discusses alternative procedures which can be used in the application of boundary conditions for the CBS algorithm. Attention is focused on the problem of application of prescribed velocity and traction conditions. The paper is illustrated with some incompressible flow problems. Although previously logical and correct boundary condition specifications were introduced, the procedures outlined in this paper simplify calculations and generally make it more accurate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analyzing the interaction between collinear interfacial cracks by an efficient boundary element-free method

A new traction boundary integral equation is presented for analyzing the interaction effect of any number of collinear interface cracks in a two-dimensional bimaterial. The dislocation densities on every crack surface are expressed in the products of the characteristic terms and the weight functions, and the unknown weight functions are approximated using the moving least-squares technique based on the constructed orthogonal basis functions. An efficient numerical integral method is employed to evaluate the Cauchy principal integrals that appear in the meshless method. The boundary element-free method is established, and a series of numerical results is presented. The interaction between the collinear interfacial cracks is analyzed.     

Transient thermal contact problem for axial crack in a hollow circular cylinder

The transient behavior of an axial-cracked hollow circular cylinder subjected to a sudden heating is investigated. It is shown that surface heating may induce compressive thermal stress near the inner surface of the cylinder which in turn may force the cracked surfaces to close together. Assuming that the existence of the crack does not alter the temperature distribution, this problem can be divided into two parts and solved by the principle of superposition. First, the temperature and transient thermal stress distributions along the axisymmetric surface of the imaginary cylinder without a crack are obtained by finite element/implicit time integration method. The calculated temperature and thermal stress distributions are in good agreement with the values predicted by the analytical method. Secondly, the opposite senses of the stress distributions along the cracked surfaces, which are obtained previously, are treated as the traction boundary conditions, and the contact length and contact pressure of the real cracked cylinder are obtained by a modified elimination finite element scheme. In this scheme, the concepts of contact-node-pairs' penetration, contact-double-forces and compliance matrix are introduced. The calculated results indicate that the contact length ratio becomes smaller when the crack length ratio increases, and becomes larger as the radius ratio increases. Finally, the normalized stress intensity factor for the crack tip of the cylinder is obtained. It is shown that the larger the crack length ratio the higher the stress intensity factor.     

Coupled transient thermoelastic contact problems for axial cracks in hollow cylinders

A coupled transient thermoelastic behaviour of an axial-cracked hollow circular cylinder subjected to a sudden heating is investigated in this study. It is shown that surface heating may induce the compressive thermal stress near the inner surface of the cylinder which in turn may force the cracked surfaces to close together. Assuming that the existence of the crack does not alter the temperature distribution, we can divide this problem into two parts and solve it by the principle of superposition. First, the temperature and transient thermal stress distributions along the axisymmetric surface of the imaginary cylinder without crack are obtained by finite element implicit time integration method Secondly, the opposite sense of the stress distributions along the cracked surfaces, which is obtained previously, is treated as the traction boundary conditions; the contact length and contact pressure of the real cracked cylinder are obtained by modified elimination finite element scheme. Finally, we also obtained the normalized stress intensity factor for the crack tip of the cylinder. It is concluded that the effect due to thermoelastic coupling term on stress intensity factor becomes more important for higher coupling coefficient, and this coupling term also results in a small time lag in temperature, thermal stress and stress intensity factor.     

The dual boundary contour method for two-dimensional crack problems

This paper concerns the dual boundary contour method for solving two-dimensional crack problems. The formulation of the dual boundary contour method is presented. The crack surface is modeled by using continuous quadratic boundary elements. The traction boundary contour equation is applied for traction nodes on one of the crack surfaces and the displacement boundary contour equation is applied for displacement nodes on the opposite crack surface and noncrack boundaries. The direct calculation of the singular integrals arising in displacement BIEs is addressed. These singular integrals are accurately evaluated with potential functions. The singularity subtraction technique for determining the stress intensity factor K_I, K_II and the T-term are developed for mixed mode conditions. Some two-dimensional examples are presented and numerical results obtained by this approach are in very good agreement with the results of the previous papers. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A stable Galerkin reduced order model for coupled fluid–structure interaction problems

A stable reduced order model (ROM) of a linear fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problem involving linearized compressible inviscid flow over a flat linear von Kármán plate is developed. Separate stable ROMs for each of the fluid and the structure equations are derived. Both ROMs are built using the ‘continuous’ Galerkin projection approach, in which the continuous governing equations are projected onto the reduced basis modes in a continuous inner product. The mode shapes for the structure ROM are the eigenmodes of the governing (linear) plate equation. The fluid ROM basis is constructed via the proper orthogonal decomposition. For the linearized compressible Euler fluid equations, a symmetry transformation is required to obtain a stable formulation of the Galerkin projection step in the model reduction procedure. Stability of the Galerkin projection of the structure model in the standard L² inner product is shown. The fluid and structure ROMs are coupled through solid wall boundary conditions at the interface (plate) boundary. An a priori energy linear stability analysis of the coupled fluid/structure system is performed. It is shown that, under some physical assumptions about the flow field, the FSI ROM is linearly stable a priori if a stabilization term is added to the fluid pressure loading on the plate. The stability of the coupled ROM is studied in the context of a test problem of inviscid, supersonic flow past a thin, square, elastic rectangular panel that will undergo flutter once the non‐dimensional pressure parameter exceeds a certain threshold. This a posteriori stability analysis reveals that the FSI ROM can be numerically stable even without the addition of the aforementioned stabilization term. Moreover, the ROM constructed for this problem properly predicts the maintenance of stability below the flutter boundary and gives a reasonable prediction for the instability growth rate above the flutter boundary. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2D SH modelling of ultrasonic testing for cracks near a non-planar surface

A model of 2D SH ultrasonic nondestructive testing for interior strip-like cracks near a non-planar back surface in a thick-walled elastic solid is presented. The model employs a Green's function to reformulate the 2D antiplane wave scattering problem as two coupled boundary integral equations (BIE): a displacement BIE for the back surface displacement and a hypersingular traction BIE for the crack opening displacement (COD). The integral equations are solved by performing a boundary element discretization of the back surface and expanding the COD in a series of Chebyshev functions which incorporate the correct behaviour at the crack edges. The transmitting ultrasonic probe is modelled by prescribing the traction underneath it, enabling the consequent calculation of the incident field. An electromechanical reciprocity relation is used to model the action of the receiving probe. A few numerical examples which illustrate the influence of the non-planar back surface are given.     

Eigenoscillations of a thin-walled azimuthally closed,axially open shell of revolution

This paper generalizes earlier authors’ results on the analytical approximation of the singularly perturbed boundary problem describing the eigenoscillations of a thin-walled axisymmetric shell. The asymptotic behavior of the eigenmodes at the clamped ends is studied, and a set of trial functions capturing this behavior is constructed to be used in the Ritz method. Illustrative numerical examples demonstrate a fast convergence so that the eigenmodes are accurately approximated in a uniform metric together with their second-, third-, and fourth-order derivatives. The numerical results are validated by comparing them with an asymptotic eigensolution and computations done by the ANSYS codes based on the finite-element method.