钎焊中Au80Sn20共晶钎料与Ni/Au镀层的界面反应

采用Au80Sn20共晶钎料钎焊4J34可伐合金基板与铝硅基板(50%Si-Al),板材表面均有Ni/Au镀层。通过光学显微镜研究了工艺参数对钎缝宏观形貌的影响。采用扫描电镜、EDS能谱分析和XRD检测研究了钎缝组织成分以及钎料与基板、基板镀层间的元素扩散和界面反应,从而探究异种金属材料钎焊连接机理。结果表明,钎焊时,基板材料表面的Au层完全进入钎料中,暴露出的Ni层与钎料中的Sn形成金属间化合物Ni_3Sn_4,钎料发生共晶反应生成AuSn共晶与Au5Sn棒状枝晶,并析出大量的Au,Au_5Sn包围在Ni_3Sn_4外围,钎料中间层形成AuSn共晶与富Au区。基板元素Fe、Co、Al、Si和钎料元素Au、Sn均无法通过Ni镀层的阻挡相互扩散,唯一能突破Ni镀层在基板和钎料中扩散的是P元素。     

Au / Ni / Cu 多层薄膜热带海洋气候腐蚀失效机制研究

目的了解Au/Ni/Cu多层金属薄膜在热带海洋气候下的失效机制,为研究电子元器件表面腐蚀失效的早期预警提供参考。方法采用磁控溅射法在p型单晶Si(100)基片上沉积Au/Ni/Cu薄膜,在热带海洋气候环境下进行时效实验,采用原子力显微镜及俄歇电子能谱对薄膜失效表面与界面结构微观变化进行研究。结果时效实验初期,Au/Ni/Cu薄膜表面发生了Au原子聚集,形成了不再连续的岛状结构,岛与岛之间产生了表面微裂纹。随着时效时间的延长,表面形成腐蚀洞,腐蚀洞附近有Ni和Cu扩散至Au层表面。时效时间进一步延长后,腐蚀洞的数量增加,面积增大,此时样品处于腐蚀末期;与此同时,在未产生腐蚀洞的区域,Au/Ni/Cu薄膜界面未出现明显粗化。结论 Au/Ni/Cu薄膜在热带海洋气候中的失效主要是通过表面产生的腐蚀洞进行的。     

表面机械研磨处理制备纳米晶Ni表层的磁性能研究

通过表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)在镍样品表面形成一层纳米品表层,组织和成分分析表明不锈钢球上的Fe、Cr等元素在研磨处理过程中能扩散和渗入Ni样品表层,Fe、Cr等元素在升温过程中能进一步扩散和均匀化,并能与Ni元素结合成新合金.新合金的形成导致Ni表层磁性能发生变化.研究表明:经SMAT制备的纳米晶M表层的居里温度可达600℃以上,远高于粗晶纯Ni的354.3℃,显示了SMAT不仅是一种表面纳米化工艺,而且是一种有效的表面改性工艺.     

Pd/Ni和Pd(Y)/Ni复合材料的界面结构与界面扩散

本文研究了Pd／Ni和Pd（Y）／Ni复合丝材的界面结构与界面扩散行为。研究表明，Pd／Ni复合丝材的界面结构及界面扩散行为与Pd和Ni的氧化特性有关；Pd（Y）／Ni复合丝材的界面结构及界面扩散行为不仅与Pd和Ni的氧化特性有关，还与Y元素的分布和氧化特性有关，Y元素在扩散界面的偏聚阻碍了Ni层Pd层的扩散；Pd／Ni和Pd（Y）／Ni复合丝材的界面扩散动力学相似，且试样Ni在界面层的扩散深度ξ和时间t符合下列规律：ξ＝K1t^1/3（对于Pd／Ni），ξ＝K2t1/3（对于Pd（Y）／Ni，且K2＜K1）。     

Au/NiCr/Ta多层金属膜退火后的电阻率异常增大

用磁控溅射方法在Al2O3基片上沉积Au/NiCr/Ta多层金属膜，通过X射线衍射技术研究退火前后薄膜晶体取向的变化，Auger电子能谱分析退火前后薄膜沿深度方向的元素分布，四点探针测试退火前后薄膜表面电阻率。结果表明：退火后111Au与200Au衍射强度相对比值减小；薄膜表面电阻率异常增大；退火温度越高，薄膜表面电阻率越大。分析认为主要是由于Ni,Cr元素向金属表层扩散导致薄膜表面电阻率异常增大。     

能量输出幅度对电火花沉积 Ni201 修复层界面行为的影响

目的获得电火花沉积质量较好的Ni201修复层。方法运用电火花沉积技术,采用DHD-6000型电火花沉积设备在Q235钢表面制备Ni201修复改性层,利用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等检测方法,研究修复层与基体结合界面的微观结构、元素分布、相组成以及修复层表面残余应力。结果 Ni201修复层组织均匀致密,基体与修复层之间发生元素扩散;修复层结合界面处主要由Fe10.8Ni、γ(Fe,Ni)固溶体、Co Fe15.7及Fe相组成;Ni201修复层表面残余应力随能量输出幅度的增加而增大,在40%与45%能量输出条件下,残余应力分别为-38.1,-81.6 MPa,残余应力较小。结论 Q235钢基体与Ni201修复层元素相互扩散,基体与修复层之间形成了冶金结合,Ni201修复层为冶金结合层。再制造修复设备工艺参数选择是决定修复层质量的关键因素,能量输出幅度为40%的修复层质量优于能量输出幅度为45%。     

温度对LaNi_(3.8)Co_(0.6)Mn_(0.3)M_(0.3)储氢合金结构和电极性能的影响（英文）

对La Ni3.8Co0.6Mn0.3M0.3(M=Ni,Al,Cu)储氢合金在238,273,303和323 K温度下的结构和电化学性能进行了一系列的实验研究。A,B,C分别代表La Ni4.1Co0.6Mn0.3(Ni替代),La Ni3.8Co0.6Mn0.3Al0.3(Al替代)和La Ni3.8Co0.6Mn0.3Cu0.3(Cu替代)3种储氢合金,通过X射线衍射仪分别对样品A,B,C的结构进行了研究,对样品A,B,C合金粉末制成的电极进行了模拟电池测试。结果证实,制备的合金均由具有Ca Cu5型六方晶格结构的La Ni5相构成。3种合金中,Cu替代的合金电极低温性能得到改善,Al替代的合金电极高温放电能力得到提高。交流阻抗图谱分析表明,B合金电极样品的高温放电能力提高是由于合金电极表面形成的致密氧化膜层减缓了合金腐蚀所致,样品B,C的高倍率性能衰退是由于电极表面的充放转移反应和氢原子扩散速率下降造成的,而样品C的优良低温性能则是合金电极表面高的充放电转移反应速率所致。     

利用APT对RPV模拟钢中界面上原子偏聚特征的研究

核反应堆压力容器(RPV)模拟钢样品经过660℃调质处理和370℃时效3000 h后,用原子探针层析法研究了晶界和相界面上原子偏聚的特征.结果表明,Ni,Mn,Si.C,P和Mo在晶界处均有不同程度的偏聚,偏聚倾向由强到弱依次为:C,P,Mo,Si,Mn和Ni.Cu在晶界处会出现贫化现象.Si在晶界上的偏聚程度与晶界的特性有关.在这几种元素中,C在晶界上偏聚的宽度最大,如以成分分布图中浓度峰的半高宽来比较,C的偏聚宽度是Mn,Ni和M0的1.5倍.在富Cu相与α-Fe的相界面处,Ni和Mn有明显的偏聚,而C,P.Mo和Si倾向偏聚在相界面的α-Fe一侧,且偏聚的程度比晶界处的低.     

填充Co的CoCrCuFeNi高熵合金扩散焊接头的组织和扩散机制

在850,950,1050和1100℃下,填充Co中间层对CoCrCuFeNi高熵合金（HEA）进行了扩散焊接,并对接头微观组织和扩散机制进行了分析。结果表明,在各温度下接头均形成了牢固的结合,接头无金属间化合物生成,高熵合金侧界面周围残留部分柯肯达尔孔。对Cr、Fe、Cu和Ni在Co填充层中的扩散系数进行了计算,排序如下：Cu>Cr>Fe>Ni。所有元素的扩散速度均在相同水平,CoCrCuFeNi高熵合金和Co填充层之间的扩散是在空位机制和晶界扩散机制的共同作用下发生的。     

等离子W、Mo、Y共渗层的组织研究

研究了Y元素对等离子W、Mo、Y共渗渗层的晶粒大小、厚度和渗层中W、Mo原子扩散系数的影响。研究发现,偏聚在晶界上的Y原子和少量金属间化合物Fe17Y2阻碍了渗层晶粒的长大,细化了渗层的晶粒。从扩散热力学角度,探究了Y元素对渗层厚度的影响。Y元素降低了表面W、Mo原子的活度,表面W、Mo原子的化学势降低,进而使表面与基体之间的化学梯度减小,W、Mo原子的扩散速率减慢,渗层厚度变薄。通过Fick第二扩散定律计算渗层中不同位置、浓度下的W、Mo原子扩散系数,结果表明W、Mo原子的扩散系数在10-13～10-14之间。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。