激光点云实现探地雷达图像地形校正的研究

探地雷达在地形起伏条件下采集数据时,必须考虑因地形变化产生的图像畸变和精确定位问题。本文采用车载激光扫描系统可快速获取研究区高精度的地形数据,通过探地雷达测量线上均匀分布的离散点,实现测量区地形数据与探地雷达图像之间的同步。根据时间移位原理和线性差值方法,选择某一标准的水平基准面作为参考平面,将探地雷达各道数据的双程传播时间进行校正,从而实现探地雷达图像的地形校正。校正后图像跟校正前相比,不仅显示出复杂地形下介质真实分布形态,而且有助于探地图像的解译和地下目标物及介质层的精确定位。     

基于地面激光的探地雷达图像地形校正方法

为消除地形起伏对探地雷达图像畸变和解译的影响,需进行地形校正处理。本文主要通过地面激光建立的数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)来实现探地雷达图像的地形校正。首先,利用激光点云构建高精度DEM,借助靶球标记的雷达测线起始和结束位置实现雷达图像与DEM上提取出相应的二维地形剖面之间的匹配。然后,选择测线上最高点所在的水平面为参考基准面,根据时间移位原理并结合线性插值法对雷达图像上各道数据的双程传播时间进行校正;最后,选择实例数据并以差分GPS采集的地形数据为标准,着重分析了不同分辨率DEM下提取出的地形剖面对地形校正效果的影响。结果表明利用激光点云建立DEM实现探地雷达图像地形校正的有效性,当DEM分辨率与探地雷达数据采集道间距相一致时,从DEM上提取出的地形剖面实现探地雷达图像地形校正的效果最佳。     

环视SAR成像处理中的几何失真校正方法

环视合成孔径雷达（SAR）工作于波束扫描模式,雷达天线以垂直地面方向为轴线作圆锥扫描,实现对载机周围360°范围内的聚焦成像。为了研究环视SAR成像处理中几何失真校正问题,通过波束扫描至空间不同位置处的成像几何关系,分析了成像过程中引起几何失真的机理,提出了一种基于子图像素实际地理坐标的几何失真校正方法。利用文中给出的方法对实测环视SAR数据进行处理,得到无几何失真的SAR图像,证明该方法有效。     

利用雷达图像模拟研究S波段地表散射特性

给出利用宽间Ｓ波段合成孔径雷达图像对一些干燥地区进行实验研究的初步结果。该研究的目的是获得有关地面地形和地质特性的定量资料。为了评估合成孔么雷达图像的用途，选择了一个地形和地质数据已知的试验场地。这些数据被用来验证合成孔径雷达成像的几何模型和辐射模型。合成的Ｓ波段合成孔径雷达图像几乎与真实图像相同。对雷达成像过程的正确理解使我们能够建立利用Ｓ波段空间雷达数据恢复准确地形参数的有效方法。     

一种基于数字地形的雷达模拟器设计

雷达图像仿真是雷达系统模拟的一个重要方面,以数字地形为基础产生逼真的雷达图像,是雷达图像仿真的一个热点研究领域。探讨了一种基于软件化的以数字地形为基础的雷达图像仿真方案,通过在预处理阶段对数字地形格式和地形纹理进行转换,有效提高了运行时的数据加载速度和图像生成逼真度,并详细论述了模拟器的结构及软件的设计方法。仿真表明,该方法产生的图像逼真,实时性好,为工程实践提供了一种新的可行的雷达图像仿真方法。     

地面起伏对雷达景象匹配定位性能影响的分析

雷达是通过接收一定时间间隔内电磁回波成像,它与可见光成像不同。地面高程起伏不仅导致地面景物在不同成像条件下几何分布的畸变,而且引起成像灰度特性分布上的不一致,影响雷达景象匹配定位性能。在分析地面高程起伏和雷达成像模型之间关系的基础上,提出了一种基于垂直投影的雷达实时图像校正方法。试验表明了该方法的有效性。     

基于数字地形的雷达图像仿真系统设计

基于数字地形的雷达图像仿真是目前雷达仿真领域的一个新的发展方向.以数字地形在雷达图像仿真中的应用特点为牵引,讨论了雷达图像仿真框架设计中各种工具的实现方法和相互间的作用关系.同时对系统实现中的地形数据转换、雷达散射特性库、纹理映射及雷达地物回波仿真框架等关键技术进行了详细的探讨.     

一种星载SAR图像的系统级几何校正技术

在星历参数和星载SAR空间几何模型的基础上，本文实现了星载SAR图像的系统级几何校正，给出了一种基于空间几何模型的星载SAR图像像素定位技术，说明了经纬网中任意点所在距离线被雷达波束中心照射的时刻的估算方法。最后利用仿真数据验证了这种几何校正方法的有效性。     

CBERS-02B影像HR数据的地形效应校正实现

中巴资源卫星CBERS-02B星是我国第一颗能为众多行业提供高分辨率图像数据的卫星,广泛应用于国土资源、农业、林业、水利、环保、灾害监测、测绘、城市规划等众多领域。考虑到山区地形对高分辨影像的山区地表特征反演精度的影响,对数字高程模型(DEM)精度对地形校正的影响进行了初步分析,比较了几种常用地形校正模型：C校正、SCS+C校正、Minnaert校正和Ekstrand-r校正,并对校正结果进行了评价,结果表明以往的地形校正方法对CBERS-02B影像HR数据具有一定可行性,从而为中巴资源卫星CBERS-02B影像的地形校正提供了依据。     

高速几何校正卡设计与实现

机载航拍摄影时,地球曲率和飞行器的姿态变化会引起传感器倾斜,传感器倾斜拍摄使图像产生几何畸变。研究了基于坐标变换与重采样的几何校正方法,有效地矫正了图像的几何畸变,并设计了适用于机载航拍图像几何校正的集成了8片TS201芯片的高速处理板卡。经工程验证,该图像校正板卡充分满足图像几何校正对运算速度和存储容量的要求,能够快速准确地实现几何校正。     

The generation of SAR layover and shadow maps from digitalelevation models

As almost fully automated techniques as well as expert systems obtain more and more importance in the geocoding of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, the solution to the problem of the identification of homologue points between the SAR image and reference system moves into the fields of pattern recognition and feature matching. Shadow regions, which appear as dark regions in the SAR image, are independent from the backscattering of the imaged terrain. Due to the multiplicity of signals, layover regions appear brighter than the surrounding regions. Hence, the phenomena of layover and shadow are stressed in the present paper. The reasons for their occurrence are studied through the digital elevation model representing the Earth's surface. An algorithm to define layover and shadow regions directly in the geometry of the digital elevation model is presented. The results are given in a so-called layover and shadow map     

一种InSAR建筑物图像仿真及高程反演方法

城市建筑区域叠掩、阴影严重,图像理解困难且干涉相位变化复杂紊乱,一直是InSAR处理的困难区域。SAR图像仿真能为图像理解和处理方法研究提供数据支撑,然而现有建筑区域SAR图像仿真方法大多无法获得具有相干性的干涉SAR图像对。该文提出了一种面向建筑区域的干涉SAR复图像对仿真方法,能够获得建筑的复数图像对、干涉相位图以及叠掩成分数目等信息,为城区干涉SAR处理及信息提取研究提供仿真数据支撑。同时,基于仿真中对相位变化规律的分析,提出叠掩区相位解缠时的基准确定方法,解决传统解缠方法面临的叠掩区域干涉相位不连续问题,进而反演建筑高程信息。最后,通过建模仿真结果与实际SAR图像和干涉相位的对比,验证了仿真方法的正确性,并对仿真及实际干涉相位进行解缠和高程反演处理,验证了该文高程反演方法的有效性。      

Removal of terrain effects from SAR satellite imagery of Arctictundra

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the Earth's terrestrial surface contain geometric and radiometric image effects which are caused by varying terrain elevation and slope. The radiometric effects tend to mask signal variations caused by other physical variables such as soil moisture and surface vegetation type, which are known to influence SAR backscatter signals. As a result, raw SAR images are of limited use in classifying surface vegetation type or quantifying the spatial distribution of soil moisture in regions of terrain relief, The authors present a technique for removing radiometric terrain effects from SAR images. Image correction was carried out in two steps. First, an existing modeling package was used in combination with digital elevation data in order to map the raw image pixels onto a geodetic coordinate system, thereby removing the geometric portion of the image distortion. Radiometric effects were then removed with the aid of a backscatter model which treats the reflected radiation as a combination of diffuse-Lambertian and specular components. Parameters in the backscatter model were determined by comparing two C-band SAR images of a test area in a region of Arctic tundra which were taken from ascending and descending orbit tracks of the ERS-1 satellite. The ascending and descending images displayed reductions in pixel value variance of 30% and 13%, respectively, after processing. Direct comparison of the two test area images reveals a dramatic improvement in image similarity after processing     

弹载SAR图像几何失真校正误差分析

该文主要讨论了弹载侧视合成孔径雷达(SAR)在导弹下降飞行过程中所获取图像的几何失真校正及其误差分析问题。由于要求成像的过程中,弹体的高度在不断减小,SAR图像存在严重的几何失真,该文根据成像过程中的几何关系,说明了采用子孔径RD算法获得的SAR图像几何失真的校正方法,着重对校正后图像的几何失真误差进行了分析,通过成像处理仿真试验验证了几何校正方法以及误差分析的正确性。     

基于非均匀快速傅里叶变换的SAR方位向运动补偿算法

沿航向的非匀速运动对SAR成像质量有很大影响,而运动补偿后SAR图像存在几何形变,影响子图像拼接和多波段SAR图像融合。当沿航向速度误差较大时,实图像域插值校正后图像残留的几何形变不能忽略。基于上述问题,该文提出一种基于非均匀傅里叶变换的SAR方位向运动补偿算法,算法直接对方位向的非均匀数据进行非均匀快速傅里叶变换(NUFFT)。该算法的定位误差和几何形变比实图像域插值校正几何形变算法小1到2个数量级,对沿航向速度误差有很强的鲁棒性,补偿后数据的幅度和相位信息都得以保留。SAR仿真和实测数据验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于人类视觉的感知立体图像质量评价方法

为了实现对不同失真类型的立体图像进行质量评 价,提出了一种基于人类视觉的立体图像 质量客观评价方法,分别从图像清晰度与立体感两方面进行评价。图像清晰度方面,将原始 与失真立体图 像分解为5个带通图像后利用对比度敏感度函数(CSF)优化各失真带通图像,并模拟掩 盖效应,通过整合各原始 带通图像,综合感知误差,构造信噪比(SNR)作为评价图像 清晰度的性能指标;立体感方面,对绝对差值图像进 行视觉感知模拟,建立SNR指标评价立体感的优劣。实验结 果表明,对不同失真类型立体图像的评价 结果表明,Pearson线性相关系数(PLCC)与Spearman等级 相关系数(SRCC)均优于现有评价方法。     

Evaluation of terrain models for the geocoding and terraincorrection, of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images

The variability of the resolutions and the presence of artifacts cause inaccurate correction of the terrain-induced geometric distortions in synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. To quantify the effects of these inaccuracies on SAR terrain correction, corrections of a Seasat SAR image were performed using a 1° US Geological Survey (USGS) terrain model, a 7.5-min USGS terrain model, and a terrain model derived from stereoimagery acquired from SPOT. Geometric verifications of the corrected imagery showed that the resolution of the 1° terrain model is not adequate to resolve many features in the Seasat image. Geometric verifications of images corrected with the two higher resolution terrain models showed localized errors as large as 52 m for mountain peaks. However, comparison of data corrected with those models shows that both produce results that differ by less than the resolution of either of them. Periodic artifacts observed in the terrain models translated to ground range differences of 18 m, which are well below the resolution of the SAR imagery     

几何模型约束的SAR图像建筑物提取

利用高分辨率SAR图像进行建筑物提取的常规方法是首先利用二次散射特征线确定建筑物边界, 然后利用叠掩、阴影等散射特征来提取建筑物高度.当建筑物目标走向与星载SAR方位向夹角较大时, 其二次散射特征不明显, 常规重建方法不能取得理想结果.针对这类建筑物目标, 在分析SAR图像上的散射特征为平行四边形条带的基础上, 提出一种基于几何模型约束的建筑物自动提取与三维重建方法.将该方法应用于TerraSAR-X聚束模式图像, 并对提取结果进行了分析和评价, 表明该方法能够有效提取建筑物目标及其三维信息.     

A simple simultaneous geometric and intensity correction method for echo-planar imaging by EPI-based phase modulation

A technique, based on Echo planar imaging (EPI)-based phase modulation factor maps, is described for correction of EPI distortions resulting from field inhomogeneity. In this paper, a phase modulation factor was employed to remove the distortions. The phase modulation factor was obtained experimentally by collecting EPI images with a spin-echo (TE) spacing, deltaTE, equal to the inter-echo time interval, T(i). Then, the distortions resulting from the field inhomogeneity were removed by modulating the kappa-space data with the phase modulation factor. One of the advantages of this method is that it requires only a few extra scans to collect the information on field inhomogeneity. The proposed method does not require a phase unwrapping procedure for field inhomogeneity correction and, hence, is easier to implement, compared to other techniques. In addition, it corrects geometric distortion as well as intensity distortions simultaneously, which is robust to external noise or estimation error in severely distorted images. In this work, we also compared the proposed technique with others including, a) interpolation method with EPI-based displacement maps, and b) modulation method with phase modulation factor maps generated from spin-echo images. The results suggest the proposed technique is superior in correcting severely distorted images.     

Spotlight mode SAR stereo technique for height computation

This paper examines the feasibility of extracting three-dimensional (3-D) or topographic information in spotlight mode stereo synthetic aperture radar (SAR). A display of a SAR (intensity) image has two axes: range and cross-range. Elevated scatterers appear closer in range; this phenomenon is called radar image layover. How the height of each scatterer can be computed from the difference in its layover between two images is investigated. This is analogous to computing height from disparity distance (triangulation) in optical stereo. The same procedure can be applied on pixel by pixel basis for terrain elevation mapping. A general expression is derived for the accuracy of the height estimate as a function of the range resolution and the angular difference between the image planes. Accuracy increases as the angle between the image planes increases, but the bright scatterers in one image tend to fade in the other image. This limited angular persistence of radar scatterers is also discussed. Trajectories for data collection are examined that provide near-optimal height estimates while eliminating the scatterer persistency problem.