纤维增强树脂基复合材料拼接结构拉伸性能

为了解拼接结构的力学特性,更好地设计高强度的拼接结构,测试了三种含拼接结构的单向碳纤维增强环氧树脂基(CF/EP)层合板复合材料的拉伸性能,通过监测结构在拉伸过程中的形态分析其破坏特点,并利用有限元软件对不同拼接结构的拉伸过程进行模拟,分析拼接结构受拉过程中的受力特点。所有材料均采用真空辅助灌注工艺(VARTM)获得。结果表明,拼接结构的引入大大降低了CF/EP材料的拉伸强度;由于拼接位置产生明显的应力集中,结构破坏从拼接位置开始,最终破坏模式为层间破坏;拼接位置处的剪切应力和侧向拉伸应力是结构发生初始破坏的主要因素;为了尽可能避免产生拼接位置处的剪切应力和侧向拉伸应力以提高结构强度,应尽可能设计为对称结构。     

Tensile properties of partially austenitised and austempered ductile irons with dual matrix structures

Abstract

In the present study, an unalloyed ductile iron containing Fe–3·50C–2·63Si–0·318Mn–0.047Mg (wt-%) were intercritically austenitised (partially austenitised) in two phase region α+γ at various temperatures of 795, 805, 815 and 830°C for 20 min and then quenched into salt bath held at austempering temperature of 365°C for various times to obtain different ausferrite volume fractions (AFVFs). Results showed that dual matrix structure containing proeutectoid ferrite, new ferrite (also called epitaxial ferrite) and ausferrite (bainitic ferrite+high carbon austenite, which is retained or stabilised austenite) has been developed. Within each of the austempered series in α+γ temperature range, new ferrite volume fraction increased with increasing intercritical austenitising temperature (ICAT). Although, transforming percentage of new ferrite from parent austenite present at ICAT increased with decreasing ICAT. Some specimens were also conventionally austempered from 900°C for comparison. The new ferrite was absent in these samples. The volume fraction of proeutectoid ferrite, new ferrite and ausferrite can be controlled to determine the strength and ductility. Austempered specimens in α+γ temperature range exhibited much greater ductility than conventionally austempered ones. The tensile strength increased while ductility decreased with increasing AFVF. On the other hand, the ductility increased with increasing proeutectoid ferrite and new ferrite volume fractions at the expense of strength. The specimen with ～47·2%AFVF exhibited the best combination of high strength and ductility. The strength and ductility of this material is much higher than that of ferritic grades. Its strength is at the same level as while ductility almost more than four times higher than that of pearlitic grades. Meanwhile, the specimen with ～ 75%AFVF exhibited the best combination of high strength and ductility compared with those of pearlitic grades. The strength of this material is much higher and its ductility is almost more than two times higher than that of pearlitic grades yet slightly lower than that of ferritic grades. This material also meets the requirements for the strength of quenched and tempered grades and its ductility is higher than that of this grade.     

Tensile properties of directionally solidified Al-Al3Ni composites with off-eutectic compositions

Ingots (1/8 in. diameter) of Al-Al₃Ni with off-eutectic compositions were directionally solidified at two growth rates. At 1 cm h^–1 fibres exhibited a blade-like morphology, and at 11 cm h^–1, a rod-like morphology. Speciments were mechanically evaluated in tension. The composite modulus at stresses above the yield strength of the aluminium matrix obeyed the rule of mixtures, assuming ideal plastic behaviour of the matrix. An extrapolation of these data for composites with rod fibres gave a value of 146 GN m^–2 for the modulus of Al₃Ni. Tensile strength of composites with rod-like fibres followed the rule of mixtures, whereas those with non-uniform blade fibres showed a lower strength. In composites with blade-like fibres the extrapolated aluminium matrix strength was 86.3 MN m^–2, a high value attributed to dispersion hardening, and that of the fibres was 2.69 GN m^–2. Composites with blade-like fibres failed at lower strains than did those with more uniform rod-like fibres.     

钢管混凝土框架-RC剪力墙混合结构滞回性能分析

为了研究带钢管混凝土边柱钢筋混凝土(RC)剪力墙的抗震性能,在其他研究者完成的带钢管混凝土边柱RC剪力墙和普通钢筋混凝土剪力墙滞回性能试验结果的基础上,采用开源非线性分析程序OpenSees平台中的非线性纤维模型对其进行了低周往复试验的数值模拟,通过直接在截面层次定义非线性剪切恢复力的方法来模拟纤维截面的抗剪。计算结果与实测结果总体吻合较好,研究表明：这种考虑剪切效应的纤维模型法能够较好的模拟该类组合剪力墙的抗剪承载力、捏缩效应以及刚度退化,而且运算效率较高。     

Tensile fracture properties of an Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) with steel fiber

This paper presents a study of the tensile fracture properties of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) considering the effects of the fiber content. To investigate the impact of fiber content, notched 3-point bending tests were executed, where the fiber volume ratio was varied from 0% to 5%. From the bending tests, it was found that the flexural tensile strength of UHPFRC linearly increases with increasing fiber volume ratio and the rule of mixture can be applied to UHPFRC. Furthermore, an inverse analysis was performed to determine the tensile fracture model of UHPFRC and a tri-linear tensile softening model is suggested. The suggested model successfully represents the increase of the stress-constant bridging zone and the decrease of the stress-resisting zone with increasing fiber content. The proposed model for various fiber content levels is simple and versatile and can be readily applied to structural design or numerical analysis of UHPFRC.     

Tensile behaviour of multi-layered braided structures

Multi-layered braided structures are formed as a result of over-braiding the previously formed braids and they are increasingly being used for numerous applications ranging from hoses to energy absorbing composites. In this research work, a series of multi-layered braided structures were prepared on circular braiding machine for obtaining various combinations of braid angles of 30° and 45° in inner and outer layers. Subsequently, the tensile properties of multi-layered braided structures were analysed and it was found that the braid angle in the outer layer has significantly affected the stress–strain behaviour. A simple analytical model for predicting the tensile behaviour of multi-layered braided structures has also been proposed based on the previously developed model of ‘braid-elastic core’ system. A clear distinction has also been made between the helix and braid angles. Furthermore, a comparison has been made between theoretical and experimental values of braid angle, toughness and stress–strain characteristics of multi-layered braided structures.     

Tensile behaviour of nonwoven structures: comparison with experimental results

Nonwoven structures have been recently explored for numerous novel applications ranging from composites to scaffolds. The tensile property of nonwovens is a pre-requisite and indeed, one of the main parameters to determine their performance for such applications. In the first part, a modified micromechanical model describing the tensile behaviour of thermally bonded nonwovens was proposed by incorporating the effect of fibre re-orientation during the deformation (Rawal et al., J Mater Sci 45:2274, 2010). In this study, an attempt has been made to compare the theoretical and experimental stress–strain curves of thermally bonded and spunbonded nonwoven structures. These theoretical findings have been obtained from the most popular analytical tensile models of nonwovens available in the literature in addition to our modified tensile model. Poisson’s ratio has also been determined experimentally in order to predict the stress–strain behaviour of nonwoven, and its relationship with longitudinal strain has clearly distinguished between the randomly and preferentially orientated types of structures. In thermally bonded nonwovens, the tensile strength in various test directions is computed through pull-out stress and a comparison is made with the experimental results.     

多层多向层联三维机织复合材料的拉伸性能

设计制备了3种不同结构的多层多向层联三维机织复合材料(M3DAWC),利用非接触式全场应变测量系统和SEM对其拉伸性能进行了研究。研究表明,织物结构对M3DAWC的宏观力学行为有重要的影响,沿0°方向拉伸,破坏模式随着斜向纱体积分数的增加,从齐口破坏演变为斜向纱的抽拔失效,沿90°方向拉伸,破坏模式基本一致,表现为斜向纱的抽拔和滑脱。同时,斜向纱体积分数对M3DAWC的拉伸强度和拉伸模量也有显著影响,沿0°方向拉伸,随着斜向纱体积分数的增加,拉伸强度和拉伸模量逐渐减小,沿90°方向拉伸则表现出相反的变化规律。      

3钉带衬套复合材料/金属接头拉伸疲劳性能

带衬套沉头螺栓连接已经在复合材料连接结构中得到了一定应用,需要对其疲劳性能进行研究.本工作在单搭接 3 钉带衬套碳纤维复合材料/钛合金沉头螺栓连接接头实验研究基础上,建立复合材料及金属结构的疲劳分析模型,对结构的疲劳性能进行有限元分析,并与无衬套接头模型进行对比,研究衬套对接头疲劳性能的影响.结果表明,使用衬套比仅采用螺杆过盈装配能够更加有效地提升接头的疲劳寿命,其中层合板寿命提高了约 3 .6 倍,钛合金板寿命提高了约 2 .7 倍,螺栓寿命提升了约 1 4 倍,并且仅出现钛合金板破坏,紧固件不破坏.结合实验结果分析发现,由于复合材料和金属材料自身疲劳性能的差异,其机械连接结构的疲劳破坏模式会因载荷水平的不同而发生变化;当载荷水平较低时,金属结构更容易发生破坏.     

Interfacial structures and mechanical properties of steel–Ni and steel–Ti diffusion bonds

Static and fatigue shear tests of steel–Ni bonds and steel–Ti bonds were carried out to obtain the relations between the strengths and the bonding conditions. Ultrasonic measurements were also made to examine the relations between the strengths and the size of the bonded region (the estimated diameter). At the bonding interface of the steel–Ni bonds, no intermediate phase was observed. At the bonding interface of the steel–Ti bonds, a thin layer of intermetallic compound was formed at lower bonding temperatures but, at higher bonding temperatures, the interlayer melted and the bonding interface became rough. The intensity of the ultrasonic wave reflected from the bonding interface changed, depending on the state of the bonding interface. In shear tests of the steel–Ni and steel–Ti bonds, cracks propagated along the bonding interface, and the strength was proportional to the square of the estimated diameter. In fatigue tests, cracks propagated in the thickness direction of the plate and no relation was obtained between the fatigue life and the estimated diameter. Fatigue life distributions were represented by two- and three-parameter Weibull distributions. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Vibration damping properties of steel/rubber/composite hybrid structures

By using hybrid structures, attractive and advantageous combinations of material properties can be achieved. In addition to the combination of good mechanical properties and low weight, also dynamical properties can be enhanced by suitable materials selection. However, the hybrid structure properties depend on the properties of the constituent materials as well as on the interfacial properties.     

Tensile properties and failure mechanisms of 3D woven GRP composites

Tensile tests were performed on glass reinforced polymer (GRP) composites with three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal, normal layered interlock, and offset layered interlock woven fibre architectures. The mechanical properties and failure mechanisms under tensile loading were similar for the three composites. Cracks formed at low strains within the resin-rich channels between the fibre tows and around the through-thickness binder yarns in the composites, although this damage did not alter the tensile properties. At higher applied tensile stresses the elastic modulus was reduced by 20–30% due to inelastic tow straightening and cracking around the most heavily crimped in-plane tows. Further softening occurred at higher strains by inelastic straightening of all the tows. Composite failure occurred within a localised region and the discrete tow rupture events that have caused tow lock-up and pullout mechanisms in other 3D woven composites were not observed.     

橡胶颗粒-钢纤维混掺对碾压混凝土抗冻性及抗冲击性能的影响

本文研究了在质量分数为25%的醋酸钾（KAc）为冻融介质的环境中,橡胶颗粒（RP）-钢纤维（SF）混掺对碾压混凝土（RCC）抗冻性及抗冲击性能的影响,获得了冻融过程中RCC的抗弯冲击性能、相对动弹性模量、质量损失、微观形貌及孔结构变化等参数。结果表明：RCC累计质量损失随冻融次数增加而增大,RP对质量损失的影响较小,而SF能较明显控制质量损失快速增长,300次冻融循环后累计质量损失仅83.94 g/m²; RP能降低RCC的总孔隙率约0.6%,而SF能有效降低总孔隙率,但冻融后期锈蚀作用会导致总孔隙率迅速增长; SF能极大RCC提高抗弯冲击性能,试验条件下抗冲击次数从3~5次水平提升至140~170次水平,而RP对冲击性能并无明显影响,冻融结束掺有SF试验组RCC初、终裂次数降幅超过70%,但终裂次数仍达到30~40次的水平,绝对韧性均随冻融次数增加逐渐降低; RCC相对动弹模量均表现出先降低后缓慢回升的规律,掺有SF试验组下降阶段相对更短且幅度更小,最大仅8%,而RP影响并不明显,但4组降低程度均在10%内。     

Tensile properties of a few Mg-Li-Zn alloy thin sheets

The tensile properties of experimentally produced Mg-6Li-1Zn, Mg-9.5Li-1Zn and Mg-12Li-1Zn alloy thin sheets at room temperature are investigated in this study. Uniaxial tension tests are carried out for various strain rates between 1.4 × 10^–5 and 8.3 × 10^–2 s^–1, and the microstructural and textural changes during the tests are examined. The Mg-6Li-1Zn sheet is composed mainly of the (hcp) phase and inferior to the other sheets in ductility. The (bcc) phase is dominant in the Mg-9.5Li-1Zn and Mg-12Li-1Zn sheets, and they have a considerable sensitivity to strain rate. It is observed that the grains are elongated with textural change mainly in the phase at low strain rates, and the Mg-9.5Li-1Zn and Mg-12Li-1Zn sheets have sufficiently high ductility at low strain rates. The Mg-9.5Li-1Zn sheet composed of ( + ) two phase is superior to the Mg-12Li-1Zn sheet of single phase in the tensile strength.     

Magnetic properties of solid solutions between BiCrO3 and BiGaO3 with perovskite structures

Magnetic properties of BiCr_1−xGa_xO₃ perovskite-type solid solutions are reported, and a magnetic phase diagram is established. As-synthesized BiCrO₃ and BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃ crystallize in a monoclinic (m) C2/c structure. The Néel temperature (T_N) decreases from 111 K in BiCrO₃ to 98 K in BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃, and spin-reorientation transition temperature increases from 72 K in BiCrO₃ to 83 K in BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃. o-BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃ with a PbZrO₃-type orthorhombic structure is obtained by heating m-BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃ up to 573 K in air; it shows similar magnetic properties with those of m-BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃. T_N of BiCr_0.8Ga_0.2O₃ is 81 K, and T_N of BiCr_0.7Ga_0.3O₃ is 63 K. Samples with x = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 crystallize in a polar R3c structure. Long-range antiferromagnetic order with weak ferromagnetism is observed below T_N = 56 K in BiCr_0.6Ga_0.4O₃, T_N = 36 K in BiCr_0.5Ga_0.5O₃ and T_N = 18 K in BiCr_0.4Ga_0.6O₃. BiCr_0.3Ga_0.7O₃ shows a paramagnetic behaviour because the Cr concentration is below the percolation threshold of 31%.     

Magnetic properties of solid solutions between BiCrO3 and BiGaO3 with perovskite structures

Abstract

Magnetic properties of BiCr_1?xGa_xO₃ perovskite-type solid solutions are reported, and a magnetic phase diagram is established. As-synthesized BiCrO₃ and BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃ crystallize in a monoclinic (m) C2/c structure. The Néel temperature (T_N) decreases from 111 K in BiCrO₃ to 98 K in BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃, and spin-reorientation transition temperature increases from 72 K in BiCrO₃ to 83 K in BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃. o-BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃ with a PbZrO₃-type orthorhombic structure is obtained by heating m-BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃ up to 573 K in air; it shows similar magnetic properties with those of m-BiCr_0.9Ga_0.1O₃. T_N of BiCr_0.8Ga_0.2O₃ is 81 K, and T_N of BiCr_0.7Ga_0.3O₃ is 63 K. Samples with x = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 crystallize in a polar R3c structure. Long-range antiferromagnetic order with weak ferromagnetism is observed below T_N = 56 K in BiCr_0.6Ga_0.4O₃, T_N = 36 K in BiCr_0.5Ga_0.5O₃ and T_N = 18 K in BiCr_0.4Ga_0.6O₃. BiCr_0.3Ga_0.7O₃ shows a paramagnetic behaviour because the Cr concentration is below the percolation threshold of 31%.