原奶质量季节性变化规律研究

试验对四川某市部分奶牛养殖基地的原奶进行抽样和分析,检验相对密度、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、非脂乳固体含量和细菌总数五个指标。结果表明,所检测指标均随季节的变化而有较大变化,牛奶的相对密度、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和非脂乳固体含量均在冬季(11月~次年1月)最高,夏季(5月~7月)最低,部分奶农原奶的乳脂率、乳蛋白率在春季最低。而细菌总数在夏季最高,冬季最低;不同饲养管理方式对原奶质量也有所影响,相对于散户饲养,较大规模养殖场奶牛所产原奶其相对密度、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、非脂乳固体含量和细菌总数均较低。该市原奶的质量随四季变化和饲养管理方式呈现规律性的波动。     

乳脂乳球菌CH5生长特性的研究

本文以农家干酪生产使用的乳脂乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis ssp．cremoris)为研究对象，从细菌总数(CFU)，pH值和滴定酸度三个指标对本实验室分离得到的乳脂乳球菌CH5在脱脂乳中的生长特性和4℃下保存过程中的活力变化进行了研究。结果表明乳脂乳球菌CH5在脱脂乳中的延滞期短，能较快进入对数生长期，6h时进入稳定期，活菌数达109CFU／ml，Tdg约为1．03h，Tda约为2．87h，这表明乳脂乳球菌CH5细胞增长速度快于产酸速率。乳脂乳球菌CH5在4℃下保存时，稳定性较好，前11d活菌数和最大产酸速率(μacid)基本保持不变，此后逐渐下降，表明CH5发酵剂在前11d的活力比较稳定，可以确定生产农家干酪的CH5母发酵剂的最佳传代时间为11d，冷却保藏第3d为最佳生产使用时间。     

摩拉×西林水牛乳化学组成变化的研究

本实验采用7头1胎的摩拉×西林水牛,分别在产犊后2h、12h、24h、36h、48h、3d、4d、5d、6d、7d、15d、30d、60d、90d、120d、150d、180d、210d采集乳样,称量产乳量,测定乳的物理性质和化学组成。结果表明:摩拉×本地水牛的泌乳高峰出现在产后第三个月(126.56kg),210d总产量805.47kg,平均日产量3.84kg;水牛产犊后2h乳的pH为6.23,乳糖2.33%,之后逐渐上升,15d之后分别在pH6.51～6.55,乳糖4.42%～4.79%之间变化;2h时乳的酸度为36.73°T,之后逐渐下降,15d之后在19.43～23.15°T之间变化;2h时乳密度、蛋白质、固形物分别为1.057、18.23%、31.460%,3d内迅速下降,然后分别在1.028～1.031、4.83%～6.02%、19.12%～20.59%之间变化;脂肪含量在2h为9.73%,之后逐步上升,36h时达到最高值11.57%,之后呈缓慢下降趋势,4d时为9.76%,之后在8.26%～9.06%之间变化;酪蛋白在粗蛋白中的比例逐步上升,2h时为40.15%,5d时达到79.13%,之后在81.07%～83.23%变化。     

摩拉×西林水牛乳化学组成变化的研究

本实验采用7头1胎的摩拉×西林水牛，分别在产犊后2h、12h、24h、36h、48h、3d、4d、5d、6d、7d、15d、30d、60d、90d、120d、150d、180d、210d采集乳样，称量产乳量，测定乳的物理性质和化学组成。结果表明：摩拉×本地水牛的泌乳高峰出现在产后第三个月（126．56kg），210d总产量805．47kg，平均日产量3．84kg：水牛产犊后2h乳的pH为6．23，乳糖2．33％，之后逐渐上升，15d之后分别在pH6．51～6．55，乳糖4．42％-4．79％之间变化；2h时乳的酸度为36．73。T，之后逐渐下降，15d之后在19．43-23．15。T之间变化；2h时乳密度、蛋白质、固形物分别为1．057、18．23％、31．460％，3d内迅速下降，然后分别在1．028～1．031、4．83％~6．02％、19．12％~20．59％之间变化：脂肪含量在2h为9．73％，之后逐步上升，36h时达到最高值11．57％，之后呈缓慢下降趋势，4d时为9．76％，之后在8．26％～9．06％之间变化：酪蛋白在粗蛋白中的比例逐步上升，2h时为40．15％，5d时达到79．13％，之后在81．07％～83．23％变化。     

乳脂乳球菌复配发酵乳贮藏期品质变化研究

探讨了分离自新疆酸奶疙瘩的一株乳脂乳球菌,在乳制品应用中具有的潜在益生价值。通过测定多肽、滴定酸度、丁二酮、乙醛、黏度、活菌数等指标,研究了乳脂乳球菌复配菌株发酵乳在贮藏期间的发酵特性。结果表明,在贮藏期发酵乳各指标均显著高于对照组,酸度升高了29.59 °T,后酸化能力较强。丁二酮含量在整个贮藏过程中较稳定,乙醛、多肽、黏度、胞外多糖的含量在贮藏7 d后达到最大值。多肽含量最高达3.34 mg/mL,胞外多糖含量与测定的黏度值呈现正相关。活菌数呈下降趋势,贮藏21 d后,为7.8×107 CFU/mL,仍高于发酵乳标准中活菌数1×106 CFU/mL的要求。     

驴初乳理化性质和主要成份的动态变化

对驴初乳物理性质和化学组成研究。结果表明,驴初乳的相对密度、折光度、电导率、酸度均高于常乳,而pH 值低于常乳;驴初乳中蛋白质、灰分、脂肪含量均随泌乳期延长呈下降趋势;分娩后第一次(6h)所挤初乳中乳糖含量最低,之后随泌乳期延长乳糖含量呈上升趋势;随泌乳期的延长,初乳中各项指标逐渐接近常乳。应用亲和色谱法测定驴初乳免疫球蛋白含量,结果表明,随泌乳期的延长驴初乳中IgG 含量呈下降趋势。     

西藏奶拉及牦牛奶中优良乳酸菌的筛选

以德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus)6047为对照菌株，采用分离自西藏牧民自制奶拉及牦牛奶中的2株德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)DB-3和JD-2发酵制备酸乳，通过测定酸乳的发酵时间以及发酵结束、4℃后熟24 h及冷藏7 d、14 d、21 d时的p H值、滴定酸度、脱水收缩性、黏度和游离氨基酸态氮含量筛选出具有优良发酵特性的菌株。结果表明，菌株DB-3的发酵特性较好，凝乳时间较短，仅需8.44 h，发酵终点、后熟24 h及冷藏21 d时pH值分别为4.51、4.35、4.06，滴定酸度分别为71.95°T、74.23°T、88.68°T，黏度分别为943 m Pa·s、1 054 m Pa·s、1 522 m Pa·s，脱水收缩性分别为32.43%、32.91%、35.81%，游离氨基酸态氮含量分别为5.27 mmol/L、5.46 mmol/L、6.24 mmol/L，说明菌株DB-3符合工业化生产需求，具有较好的产酸、产黏、持水性能及蛋白水解能力，作为酸乳发酵剂具有潜在...     

蛋白含量对搅拌型发酵乳微流变和贮藏特性的影响

蛋白质含量会影响发酵乳特性,进而决定发酵乳品质。采用多频扩散波谱法分析蛋白含量分别为2.4%,2.8%和3.2%时对发酵乳发酵过程中微流变特性影响,分析贮藏期间不同蛋白含量发酵乳的质构特性和稳定性,同时做感官评价。发酵过程微流变分析结果显示,蛋白含量增加形成的乳凝胶具有较高的固-液平衡值和较低的弹性因子,对流动因子虽没有影响,但到达凝胶点的时间较短,缩短了发酵时间。推测蛋白含量的增加加速了酪蛋白颗粒的聚集。发酵终点时蛋白含量2.8%组发酵乳黏度因子最高。贮藏期间,蛋白含量2.8%发酵乳的黏度、稠度、内聚性等均显著高于另外两组(P<0.05),质构状态最佳;蛋白含量2.4%发酵乳的持水力显著低于蛋白含量2.8%组和蛋白含量3.2%组(P<0.05);pH值和滴定酸度随蛋白含量的增加而变大,3组发酵乳pH值和滴定酸度值均匀变化(P>0.05),蛋白含量3.2%组的pH值始终高于另外两组,即蛋白含量越高,滴定酸度越高。感官评价结果显示,蛋白含量2.8%和3.2%的发酵乳各项指标评分接近,总体优于蛋白含量2.4%的。本研究为不同蛋白含量发酵乳的开发提供了试验数据,对多元化发酵乳产品研发具有一定的指导意义。     

河南奶山羊及其杂种羊泌乳早期乳成分动态变化

对河南奶山羊及其杂种羊泌乳早期初乳及常乳主要常规成分进行分析。结果表明:奶山羊和杂种羊乳中干物质含量分别在泌乳的第1天和第2天最高,分别达24.14g/100g和26.17g/100g,高峰后随着泌乳期的延长总体上呈下降趋势;乳糖含量在两组羊乳中随着泌乳期的延长总体上均呈上升趋势;乳脂率均在泌乳第5天和第4天时最高,分别达6.32g/100g和5.38g/100g,随着泌乳期的延长呈下降趋势。奶山羊前5d含量所泌初乳中,乳蛋白含量逐渐升高,常乳中乳蛋白含量基本稳定,杂种羊乳蛋白含量在初乳期随着泌乳期的延长呈下降趋势,常乳中含量基本稳定。乳中的灰分含量随着泌乳期的延长总体呈下降趋势,到常乳期有波动。乳中钙含量在实验期趋于稳定,磷含量在初乳期随泌乳期延长而稍有增加,常乳期平稳下降。河南奶山羊及其杂种羊乳中主要成分随着泌乳时间的变化而变化,各主要成分含量的变化与饲养管理条件和羊只营养状况等因素存在密切关系。     

牛乳中体细胞数与乳成分的相关性研究

为了研究牛乳中体细胞数对乳成分的影响,对呼和浩特犇腾第一牧场2015年处于泌乳盛期(2胎~4胎)各胎次的15头荷斯坦奶牛日产奶量进行了测定,并采其乳样分别测定体细胞数(SCC)、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖和总固形物,运用方差分析和多重比较方法,确定奶牛乳汁中SCC与各指标的相关性。结果表明:SCC与日产奶量和乳糖呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与乳蛋白率、总固形物呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率关系不显著(P0.05)。选取第3胎奶牛泌乳期(1个月~10个月)的15头荷斯坦奶牛对日产奶量及乳成分进行了分析,结果表明:6~10月份,乳中体细胞数有逐渐上升趋势,第10个泌乳月SCC达到最大;日产奶量和总固形物与其他各成分之间相关性极显著(p0.01);乳脂率与乳蛋白率和乳糖之间相关性不显著(p0.05);乳蛋白率和乳糖之间相关性极显著(p0.01)。     

不同胎次中国荷斯坦牛鲜乳脂肪酸组成研究

对5个胎次共98头中国荷斯坦牛鲜奶乳成分及脂肪酸含量进行了测定分析。结果表明，乳脂率、乳蛋白率及体细胞数在胎次间存在显著（P＜0．05）或极显著（P＜0．01）差异；短、中链脂肪酸（C4∶0～C16∶0）中，除C6∶0在第一胎与其他4胎间含量差异显著（P＜0．05）、C12∶0在第2、5胎间含量差异显著（P＜0．05）外，其他脂肪酸含量在胎次间差异不显著（P＞0．05）；长链脂肪酸中，硬脂酸（C18：0）在第1胎含量最高。第3胎含量最低，1、3胎间差异极显著（P＜0．01）；油酸（C18∶1）和亚油酸（C18∶2）含量在胎次间变化规律相似，均表现为第1胎最低，第3胎最高，且两胎间存在极显著（P＜0．01）和显著差异（P＜0．05）。     

Genetic parameters for milk urea nitrogen in relation to milk production traits

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for test-day milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and its relationships with milk production traits. Three test-day morning milk samples were collected from 1,953 Holstein-Friesian heifers located on 398 commercial herds in the Netherlands. Each sample was analyzed for somatic cell count, net energy concentration, MUN, and the percentage of fat, protein, and lactose. Genetic parameters were estimated using an animal model with covariates for days in milk and age at first calving, fixed effects for season of calving and effect of test or proven bull, and random effects for herd-test day, animal, permanent environment, and error. Coefficient of variation for MUN was 33%. Estimated heritability for MUN was 0.14. Phenotypic correlation of MUN with each of the milk production traits was low. The genetic correlation was close to zero for MUN and lactose percentage (−0.09); was moderately positive for MUN and net energy concentration of milk (0.19), fat yield (0.41), protein yield (0.38), lactose yield (0.22), and milk yield (0.24), and percentage of fat (0.18), and percentage of protein (0.27); and was high for MUN and somatic cell score (0.85). Herd-test day explained 58% of the variation in MUN, which suggests that management adjustments at herd-level can reduce MUN. This study shows that it is possible to influence MUN by herd practice and by genetic selection.     

Effects of somatic cell counts on the physicochemical and rheological properties of yoghurt made from sheep’s milk

In the present work, yoghurts were made from sheep’s milk with two different somatic cell count (SCC), at low (200 000 cells mL^?1) and high (750 000 cells mL^?1) levels. The characteristics of the final product were analysed for pH, acidity, protein, total solids, fat, syneresis, water holding capacity (WHC) and apparent viscosity. Samples were analysed on days 1, 7 and 14 after production of yoghurts. The SCC had no significant effect either on the acidity or pH of the yoghurt at 24 h (P > 0.05) but a significant effect (P < 0.05) was observed at 168 h. No effects of SCC were observed on total solids and fat content of the yoghurt after 24 and 168 h. High SCC (HSCC) yoghurt had higher protein content (P < 0.05). The yoghurt with the highest SCC had the highest level of syneresis. Viscosity of HSCC yoghurt was higher than that of the low SCC yoghurt on days 1, 7 and 14 of storage. The flow properties also showed that the low SCC yoghurt was softer than that from milk with high content in somatic cells.     

山羊奶与牛奶和人奶营养成分的比较

对山羊奶、牛奶和人奶中蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质等主要营养成分进行了比较,分析了3种奶中主要营养成分的差别。通过比较发现,山羊奶在总体营养成分方面优于牛奶,更接近人奶。但山羊奶存在铁、叶酸和维生素B12含量较低以及羊奶膻味的问题,应在营养上对这方面加以重视。     

不同哺乳动物乳中主要营养成分比较的研究进展

通过对牛乳、水牛乳、绵羊乳、山羊乳、骆驼乳和人乳中的蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、矿物质和维生素等主要营养成分进行比较,发现山羊乳总体营养成分接近于人乳,对婴幼儿有极高的营养价值;绵羊乳和水牛乳中干物质含量较高,有利于开发成乳粉类产品;骆驼乳中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,应在功能食品开发方面加以重视。      

母乳脂中微量成分的研究进展

母乳脂是母乳的重要组成部分,除提供婴儿生长发育所需一半以上的能量来源外,还含有多种生物活性成分。目前的研究主要聚焦于母乳脂中脂肪酸、甘油三酯等主要成分,对母乳脂的微量成分研究较少。为深化对母乳脂中微量成分及其功能的认识,为纯母乳喂养婴儿提供更为全面的营养建议,并为婴儿配方奶粉的升级制造提供更多参考,综述了母乳脂中磷脂、脂溶性维生素、胆固醇等微量成分的种类、含量和营养学功能。母乳脂对婴儿的发育有着重要的生物学功能,包括帮助婴儿建立免疫功能,维持大脑和骨骼发育等。     

Effects of protein and fat levels in milk on cheese and whey compositions

Bulk tank milk was standardised to six levels of fat (3·0, 3·2, 3·4, 3·6, 3·8, 4·0%) and similarly to six levels of protein, thus giving a total of 36 combinations in composition. Milk was analyzed for total solids, fat, protein, casein, lactose and somatic cell count and was used to make laboratory-scale cheese. Cheese samples from each batch were assayed for total solids, fat, protein and salt. Losses of milk components in the whey were also determined. Least squares analysis of data indicated that higher protein level in milk was associated with higher protein and lower fat contents in cheese. This was accompanied by lower total solids (higher moisture) in cheese. Inversely, higher fat level in milk gave higher fat and lower protein and moisture contents in cheese. Higher fat level in milk resulted in lower retention of fat in cheese and more fat losses in the whey. Higher protein level in milk gave higher fat retention in cheese and less fat losses in the whey. Regression analysis showed that cheese fat increased by 4·22%, while cheese protein decreased by 2·61% for every percentage increase in milk fat. Cheese protein increased by 2·35%, while cheese fat decreased by 6·14% per percentage increase in milk protein. Milk with protein to fat ratio close to 0·9 would produce a minimum of 50% fat in the dry matter of cheese.     

Effect of prepartum administration of monensin in a controlled-release capsule on milk production and milk components in early lactation

Dry cows and pregnant heifers from 25 farms near Guelph, Ontario, Canada were enrolled in a large double-blind, randomized clinical trial that was designed to evaluate the impact of monensin on energy metabolism, health, and production. A total of 503 cows was given monensin in controlled-release capsules, and 507 were administered placebo capsules 3 wk prior to the expected calving date. The effects of treatment on milk production and milk components at the first three Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) tests were evaluated using repeated measures analysis of variance. Treatment with monensin increased milk production, but this effect was dependent on body condition score prior to calving. Cows that were classified as thin (score of < or = 3.0) did not have increased production in response to monensin treatment. Cows with fair body condition (score of 3.25 to 3.75) produced significantly more milk at the second DHI test (+0.85 kg), but cows that were fat (score of > or = 4.0) produced significantly more milk than did controls for all three DHI tests (+1.25 kg) in early lactation. Monensin significantly increased projected 305-d milk production in cows from herds at increased risk of ketosis. Treatment with monensin had no significant effect on either milk fat percentage or milk protein percentage.     

Relationships among body condition score, body weight, and milk production variables in pasture-based dairy cows

The objective of the present study was to identify and quantify relationships among dairy cow body condition score (BCS) and body weight (BW) and production variables in pasture-based, seasonal-calving herds. More than 2,500 lactation records from 897 spring-calving Holstein-Friesian and Jersey dairy cows were used in the analyses. Six variables related to BCS and BW, including observations precalving, at calving, and nadir as well as days to nadir and change precalving and between calving and nadir were generated. An exponential function was fitted within lactation to milk and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield data to model lactation curves. The milk production variables investigated were the parameters of the fitted function as well as accumulated yield of milk and FCM at 60 and 270 days in milk and average milk composition. Mixed models were used to identify BCS and BW variables that significantly affected milk production. After adjusting for the fixed effect of year of calving, parity, and days dry, milk and FCM yields were nonlinearly associated with calving and nadir BCS, increasing at a declining rate up to BCS 6.0 to 6.5 (10-point scale; approximately 3.5 in the 5-point scale) and declining thereafter. However, there was very little increase in milk and FCM yields above a calving BCS of 5.0 (approximately 3.0 in the 5-point scale). Average milk fat content over 60 and 270 days in milk was positively correlated with increasing calving and nadir BCS. In comparison, milk protein percentage was not influenced by calving BCS but was positively associated with nadir BCS and negatively associated with BCS lost between calving and nadir. The effect of BW and changes in BW were similar to the effect of BCS, although the scale of the effect was breed-dependent. For example, milk and FCM yield increased linearly with increasing calving BCS, but the effect was greater in Holstein-Friesians compared with Jersey cows. The results are consistent with the literature and highlight the important role that BCS and BW loss has on milk production, irrespective of the system of farming.     

Annual rhythms of milk and milk fat and protein production in dairy cattle in the United States

An annual pattern of milk composition has been well recognized in dairy cattle, with the highest milk fat and protein concentration observed during the winter and lowest occurring in the summer; however, rhythms of milk yield and composition have not been well quantified. Cosinor rhythmometry is commonly used to model repeating daily and annual rhythms and allows determination of the amplitude (peak to mean), acrophase (time at peak), and period (time between peaks) of the rhythm. The objective of this study was to use cosinor rhythmometry to characterize the annual rhythms of milk yield and milk fat and protein concentration and yield using both national milk market and cow-level data. First, 10 yr of monthly average milk butterfat and protein concentration for each Federal Milk Marketing Order were obtained from the US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service database. Fat and protein concentration fit a cosine function with a 12-mo period in all milk markets. We noted an interaction between milk marketing order and milk fat and protein concentration. The acrophase (time at peak) of the fat concentration rhythm ranged from December 4 to January 19 in all regions, whereas the rhythm of protein concentration peaked between December 27 and January 6. The amplitude (peak to mean) of the annual rhythm ranged from 0.07 to 0.14 percentage points for milk fat and from 0.08 to 0.12 percentage points for milk protein. The amplitude of the milk fat rhythm generally was lower in southern markets and higher in northern markets. Second, the annual rhythm of milk yield and milk fat and protein yield and concentration were analyzed in monthly test day data from 1,684 cows from 11 tiestall herds in Pennsylvania. Fat and protein concentration fit an annual rhythm in all herds, whereas milk and milk fat and protein yield only fit rhythms in 8 of the 11 herds. On average, milk yield peaked in April, fat and protein yield peaked in February, fat concentration peaked in January, and protein concentration peaked in December. Amplitudes of milk, fat, and protein yield averaged 0.82 kg, 55.3 g, and 30.4 g, respectively. Milk fat and protein concentration had average amplitudes of 0.12 and 0.07, respectively, similar to the results of the milk market data. Generally, milk yield and milk components fit annual rhythm regardless of parity or diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A polymorphism, with only cows of the low-frequency AA genotype (5.2% of total cows) failing to fit rhythm of milk yield. In conclusion, the yearly rhythms of milk yield and fat and protein concentration and yield consistently occur regardless of region, herd, parity, or DGAT1 genotype and supports generation by a conserved endogenous annual rhythm.