Preparation,electrical and photoelectrochemical properties of magnesium doped iron oxide sintered discs

Sintered discs of magnesium substituted iron oxides have been prepared by gel routes or classical solid state reaction techniques and their crystallographic, electrical, and photoelectrochemical properties examined. The discs, sintered between 1200 and 1400°C for 20 hours, contain both α-Fe₂O₃ and a spinel phase. The electrical properties of the discs have been correlated with spinel concentration, the electrical resistivity decreasing with increasing spinel content. The materials were found to be consistently n-type by Seebeck voltage measurements. Photoelectrochemical measurements in aqueous solution showed however that the sintered disc electrodes exhibit photocathodic currents that are characteristic of p-type semiconductors. Evidence is presented which suggests that inhomogeneities in the near surface region of the discs are responsible for the observed photoelectrochemical properties.     

Temperature- and frequency-dependent electrical characterization with humidity properties in MZC nanoferrites

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - In this study, Mg0.75Zn0.25CrxFe2?xO4 (x?=?0.4, 0.5) (MZC) nanoferrites were prepared by chemical co-precipitation. The...     

Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric properties of lithium orthophosphate LiBaPO4

The lithium barium orthophosphate LiBaPO₄ compound has been synthesized by the classic ceramic method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The electrical conductivity and modulus characteristics of the system have been investigated in the temperature and the frequency range 681–872 K and 200 Hz–1 MHz respectively by means of impedance spectroscopy. The activation energy value of LiBaPO₄ sample is bigger than of the LiMPO₄ (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Fe) compounds. The frequency dependent conductivity of the present system shows the power law feature. Dielectric data were analyzed using complex electrical modulus M* at various temperatures. The peak positions ω_m of the above spectra shift towards higher frequencies with increase in temperature. The above spectra have been characterized in terms of Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) relaxation function to understand relaxation behavior. The activation energy responsible for relaxation calculated from the modulus spectra is found to be almost the same as the value obtained from temperature variation of dc conductivity. The electrical modulus and its scaling behavior are also investigated and the relationship between power-law exponent n and stretched exponential exponent β is found.     

Growth ambient dependent electrical properties of lithium and nitrogen dual-doped ZnO films prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

Lithium (Li) and nitrogen (N) dual-doped ZnO films with wurtzite structure were prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering ZnO target with Li₃N in growth ambient of pure Ar and the mixture of Ar and O₂, respectively, and then post annealing techniques. The film showed week p-type conductivity as the ambient was pure Ar, but stable p-type conductivity with a hole concentration of 3.46 × 10¹⁷ cm^− 3, Hall mobility of 5.27 cm²/Vs and resistivity of 3.43 Ω cm when the ambient is the mixture of Ar and O₂ with the molar ratio of 60:1. The stable p-type conductivity is due to substitution of Li for Zn (Li_Zn) and formation of complex of interstitial Li (Li_i) and substitutional N at O site, the former forms a Li_Zn acceptor, and the latter depresses compensation of Li_i donor for Li_Zn acceptor. The level of the Li_Zn acceptor is estimated to be 131.6 meV by using temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectrum measurement and Haynes rule. Mechanism about the effect of the ambient on the conductivity is discussed in the present work.     

水热法合成铬掺杂尖晶石型锂离子筛及其锂吸附性能

以LiOH、H2O2、Mn(NO3)2和Cr(NO3)3·9H2O为原料,直接水热合成出具有尖晶石结构的铬元素掺杂锂离子筛前驱体,再经酸浸脱锂后得到对Li+具有选择吸附性能的掺杂型锂离子筛;采用XRD和1R研究了产物的性能,测定了离子筛在不同pH值的纯锂溶液中对锂的饱和交换容量.结果表明,在LiOH浓度为1.1mol/...     

Structural,morphological, optical and electrical properties of CdS thin films simultaneously doped with magnesium and chlorine

CdS thin films simultaneously doped with Mg and Cl at different doping concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 at%) were prepared on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis technique using perfume atomizer at 400 °C. The effect of Mg and Cl doping concentration on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of the deposited films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy and dc electrical measurements, respectively. XRD analysis showed that the undoped and doped CdS films exhibit hexagonal structure with a preferential orientation along the (0 0 2) plane. The 2θ angle position of the (0 0 2) peak of the doped films was shifted towards a higher angle with increasing Mg and Cl concentration. The UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectra of Mg and Cl doped thin films are measured and classical Tauc approach was employed to estimate their band gap energies. The increase in band gap energy from 2.46 to 2.73 eV with the reduction in crystallite size supports quantum size effect. Raman spectra implied that more defects existed in the doped samples. Electrical studies showed that all the films have resistivity in the order of 10¹ Ω-cm and the CdS film with 6 at% Mg and Cl concentration has a minimum resistivity of 1.332 × 10¹ Ω-cm.     

掺镁铌酸钾锂晶体的生长与介电特性

首次用提拉法生长了K3Li2 Nb5O15∶Mg晶体 ,在 10～70 0K的温度范围内 ,研究了该晶体的c、a方向片的介电温度特性 ,测量了频率在 5× 10 2 ～ 5× 10 8Hz范围内介电常数的频率依赖关系。结果表明除了在 62 3K附近有铁电 -顺电相变以外 ,还在 80K左右存在铁电 -铁电相变 ,其介电弛豫频率约为2 5 0MHz左右。     

Investigation of thermoluminescence properties of metal oxide doped lithium triborate

In this study, lithium triborate (LiB₃O₅) doped with different metal oxides were investigated to explore its thermoluminescence properties. Solid-state reaction method was employed for the synthesis of the desired materials. The formation of the produced phases was confirmed by Powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared (IR), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examinations. It was found that, CuO and Al₂O₃ doped lithium triborate samples exhibit very significant thermoluminescence glow curves to be promising dosimetric material.     

Growth and properties of manganese and lithium doped TGS crystals

Mn⁺² doped and Li⁺ doped TGS crystals (MTGS and LTGS) have been grown from the TGS solution containing MnSO₄·H₂O and Li₂SO₄·H₂O respectively by the slow cooling method. The growth habit and domains configuration of MTGS and LTGS are altered from those of TGS crystal. The dielectric properties of both crystals are of the same order to that of TGS, but the pyroelectric coefficients are much higher than that of TGS. An internal chemical bias field has been observed in LTGS and MTGS crystals.     

Structure and electrical properties of ZnO doped barium-metaphosphate glasses

The zinc–barium–metaphosphate glasses (ZBP) with composition of (50 − x)BaO–xZnO–50P₂O₅; (0 ≤ x ≤ 50 mol %), have been successfully prepared. The influences of the amount of ZnO on the structure, physical and chemical properties, and crystallization behavior of the glasses were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray techniques (XRD/EDX). The density and the glass transition temperature (T_g) of glass were measured using Archimedes' method and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The FTIR analysis revealed a shortening of the phosphate chains by the shift of (P–O–P)_as band to higher wave number owing to the substitution ZnO of BaO. The amount of ZnO was further increased, [ZnO4] tetrahedra were formed and ZnO acted as a glass network former, integrating the phosphate glass network. The density, chemical stability and the activation energy of crystallization of the glasses increased with the amount of ZnO, whereas the glass transition temperature decreased. The dc- and ac-conductivity were measured. The results obtained from ac-conductivity reveals that the values of σ(ω) increases on increasing frequency and it is also increases on increasing the ZnO content level. The dc-conductivity of all the glasses increases with an increase in temperature. The dielectric permittivity (?′) and loss factor (?″) were calculated in the frequency range of 50 Hz–1 MHz. The dipolar relaxation occurred between 10⁵–10⁶ Hz. Finally, the dielectric strength (Δ?) and the relaxation time (τ) were estimated.     

Temperature dependent optical properties of PbS nanocrystals

A comprehensive study of the optical properties of PbS nanocrystals (NCs) is reported that includes the temperature dependent absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and PL lifetime in the range of 3-300 K. The absorption and PL are found to display different temperature dependent behaviour though both redshift as temperature is reduced. This results in a temperature dependent Stokes shift which increases from ～75 meV at 300 K with reducing temperature until saturating at ～130 meV below ～150 K prior to a small reduction to 125 meV upon cooling from 25 to 3 K. The PL lifetime is found to be single exponential at 3 K with a lifetime of τ(1) = 6.5 μs. Above 3 K biexponential behaviour is observed with the lifetime for each process displaying a different temperature dependence. The Stokes shift is modelled using a three-level rate equation model incorporating temperature dependent parameter values obtained via fitting phenomenological relationships to the observed absorption and PL behaviour. This results in a predicted energy difference between the two emitting states of ～6 meV which is close to the excitonic exchange energy splitting predicted theoretically for these systems.     

Structure and electrical properties of sputtered lithium cobaltite thin films

Li_xCoO_y films with x<1 and y>2 have been prepared by radio-frequency (rf) sputtering from high temperature (HT) LiCoO₂ targets. Their structures have been examined with high resolution electron microscopy. Conductivities have been studied between 77 and 400 K. The electrochemical behaviour of film electrodes have been investigated with Li/LiClO₄-PC/Li_xCoO_y cells. The annealed films consist of nanocrystalline domains with amorphous boundaries. Electrical conductivities appear to arise from variable-range hopping (VRH) of holes. The films form good electrodes with operating potentials between 2.7 and 3.8 V. The observations have been discussed on the basis of a tentative and heuristic molecular orbital based energy band diagram.     

Temperature dependent magnetic properties of barium-ferritethin-film recording media

Temperature dependencies of magnetic properties were measured in barium-ferrite thin films with grains having in-plane aligned as well as randomly oriented easy axes. The temperature dependence of H_c was shown to be similar to that of the effective anisotropy field, which is determined by the crystalline and shape anisotropies. The measured H _c values in the easy-axis aligned and randomly oriented films are significantly smaller than those predicted by the Stoner-Wohlfarth (SW) coherent rotation model. Such discrepancies are believed to be caused by incoherent rotation. Deviations from the SW model were also found within a wide temperature range in the angular dependence of coercivity and remanent coercivity, the field dependence of torque and rotational hysteresis. These led to the conclusion that temperature has only weak affects on the rotation mode of the magnetization. The discrepancies between the thermal activation volume and the grain size which were found previously at room temperature, and were believed to be yet another signature of incoherent rotation, were shown to also exist at a low temperature of 173 K     

Temperature dependent luminescence in (Eu, Dy) doped tellurite glass

This short paper reports both the photoluminescence and the lifetime measurements of a prominent emission transition (⁵D₀→⁷F₂) of Eu³⁺ both in the presence and absence of the codopant rare earth ion (Dy³⁺) in an optical glass of the composition (79−x)TeO₂+6AlF₃+15LiF+xLn₂O₃ as a function of temperature down to 10 K.     

Study of electrical and optical properties of Mn doped ZnS clusters

A simple, easy approach to the synthesis of manganese Mn doped zinc sulphide (ZnS) clusters is reported. The synthesis of Mn–ZnS clusters involved mixing and drying of zinc acetate, sodium sulphide and acrylic acid in appropriate ratio and adding Mn at proper conditions. These clusters were trapped in polyacrylic acid (PAA) to form PAA capping to provide stability. The clusters were characterized using high resolution SEM for morphological investigation; XRD for its crystalline nature; photoluminescence (PL) for optical characterization and electrical conductivity measurement. Clusters of Mn–ZnS were formed of the size ~ 10 nm.     

Study of magnetic and electrical properties of nanocrystalline Mn doped NiO

Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors (DMS) are intensively explored in recent years for its applications in spintronics, which is expected to revolutionize the present day information technology. Nanocrystalline Mn doped NiO samples were prepared using chemical co-precipitation method with an aim to realize room temperature ferromagnetism. Phase formation of the samples was studied using X-ray diffraction-Rietveld analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis results reveal the nanocrystalline nature of the samples, agglomeration of the particles, considerable particle size distribution and the near stoichiometry. Thermomagnetic curves confirm the single-phase formation of the samples up to 1% doping of Mn. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer measurements indicate the absence of ferromagnetism at room temperature. This may be due to the low concentration of Mn2+ ions having weak indirect coupling with Ni2+ ions. The lack of free carriers is also expected to be the reason for the absence of ferromagnetism, which is in agreement with the results of resistivity measurements using impedance spectroscopy. Arrhenius plot shows the presence of two thermally activated regions and the activation energy for the nanocrystalline Mn doped sample was found to be greater than that of undoped NiO. This is attributed to the doping effect of Mn. However, the dielectric constant of the samples was found to be of the same order of magnitude very much comparable with that of undoped NiO.     

Growth of lithium doped silver niobate single crystals and their piezoelectric properties

Lithium doped silver niobate (Ag_1−xLi_xNbO₃, 0 < x < 0.1) is one of the candidate materials for lead-free piezoelectric materials. In this study, Ag_1−xLi_xNbO₃ single crystals were successfully grown by a slow cooling method. Crystal structure was assigned to perovskite-type orthorhombic (monoclinic) phase. Dielectric properties were measured as a function of temperature. As a result, with increasing lithium contents, the phase transition at around 60 °C was shifted to lower temperature while the phase transition at around 400 °C was shifted to higher temperature. On the basis of these peak shifts, the lithium contents in Ag_1−xLi_xNbO₃ single crystals were determined. Moreover, P–E hysteresis measurement revealed that pure silver niobate crystal was weak ferroelectrics with P_r of 0.095 μC/cm² while Ag_0.9Li_0.1NbO₃ (ALN10) crystal was normal ferroelectrics with P_r of 10.68 μC/cm². About this ALN10 crystal, polling treatment was performed and finally piezoelectric properties were measured. As a result, high electromechanical coupling coefficient k₃₁ over 70% was observed.     

Synthesis and optical properties of a lithium niobiosilicate glass doped with europium

The sol–gel method was used to prepare a lithium niobiosilicate glass doped with europium ions, 91SiO₂–4Li₂O–4Nb₂O₅–1Eu₂O₃ (% mole). The dried gel was heat-treated between 500 °C and 750 °C and glass ceramics were obtained. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman studies show that crystallization starts at temperatures above 600 °C. The LiNbO₃ and EuNbO₄ nanocrystals were found in the heat-treated samples as corroborated by the structural, morphological and optical properties. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) studies allow us the identification of multiple Eu-related optical centres and the strongest red ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₂ intraionic transitions occur in the samples heat-treated at 600 °C where the LiNbO₃ crystal phase was detected.