有机葡萄栽培病虫草害的防治

有机食品是指来自于有机农业生产体系，根据有机农业生产要求和相应的标准生产加工的、并通过独立的有机食品认证机构认证的一切农副产品。有机葡萄是有机食品的一种，是根据有机农业的标准生产出来，经过有关认证机构认证，授予有机葡萄标志的葡萄。     

家田食品：打造有机食品的春天

提到有机食品,大众可能还不清楚其含义,有机食品是一种国际通称,是从英文Organic Food直译过来的,其他语言中也有叫生态或生物食品等。这里所说的“有机”不是化学上的概念,而是指采取一种有机的耕作和加工方式。有机食品是指按照这种方式生产和加工的、产品符合国际或国家有机食品要求和标准,并通过国家认证机构认证的一切农副产品及其加工品,包括粮食、蔬菜、水果、奶制品、禽畜产品、蜂蜜、水产品、调料等。     

有机湖西岛谱写四国认证传奇

<正>有机食品,顾名思义是来自于有机农业生产体系,根据国际有机农业生产要求和相应的标准生产加工的,通过独立的有机食品认证机构认证的食品,无认证则不能以"有机"的概念进入市场,可见获得有机食品认证的重要性。有机认证作为国家认证认可监督管理委员会统一管理的形式,是推动和加快有机产业发展、保证有机产品生产和加工质量的有效形式,各个国家都有相关认证标准。但因地域、文化的不同,每个国家又都有着自成一体的认证标     

发展有机食品

有机食品是国际上通行的环保生态食品,是指来自于有机农业生产体系,根据国际有机农业生产要求和相应的标准生产加工的、并通过独立的有机食品认证机构认证的一切农副产品,包括粮食、蔬菜、水果、奶制品,禽畜产品、蜂蜜、水产品、调料等,生产和加工有机食品不能使用任何化学农药、化肥、化学防腐剂等合成物质,有机食品比国内能行的绿色食品的环保标准更高。     

怎样申请有机食品的认证?

首先需要说明什么是有机食品。有机食品或称有机农业产品,是指来自于有机农业生产体系的食品,有机农业是指一种在生产过程中不使用人工合成的肥料、农药、生长调节剂和饲料添加剂的可持续发展的农业,它强调加强自然生命的良性循环和生物多样性。有机食品认证机构通过认证证明该食品的生产、加工、储存、运输和销售点等环节均符合有机食品的标准。有机食品认证范围包括种植、养殖和加工的全过程。有机食品认证的一般程序包括:生产者向认证机构提出申请和提交符合有机生产加工的证明材料,认证机构对材料进行评审、现场检查后批准。我国现在生…     

有机食品引领农业新潮流

有机食品 (OrganicFood) ,是指完全依靠来源于有机农业生产技术体系的产品 ,采取有机加工方式生产和加工的符合国际或国家有机食品要求和标准 ,并通过了国家认可的认证机构认证的农副产品及其加工品 ,称为有机食品。与无公害农产品、绿色食品相比 ,有机食品最大的特点是把自然、优质、健康、环保融为一体 ,是一类真正源于天然 ,富营养、高品质的环保食品 ,包括粮食、蔬菜、水果、奶制品、禽畜产品、蜂蜜、水产品、调料等等。有机食品来源于有机农业。 1972年由法国、美国、英国、南非和瑞典等五国发起成立了“国际有机农业运动联合会”(简…     

对话席运官:有机其实是这样

正QAQ:"有机食品"的准确概念是什么?国家、国际的标准是什么?A:(一)"有机食品"的概念有机食品这一名词是从英文Organic Food直译过来的,这里所说的"有机"不是化学上的概念,而是指来自有机农业生产体系,根据有机农业生产要求和相应标准生产加工,并且通过合法的、独立的有机产品认证机构认证的农副产品,包括粮食、蔬     

有机食品业——方兴未艾的产业

有机食品是指来自于有机农业生产体系,根据国际有机农业生产要求和相应的标准生产加工,符合国家食品卫生标准和有机食品技术规范的一切农副产品,并且必须通过独立的有机食品认证机构认证,有机食品在原料生产和产品加工过程中禁止使用农药、化肥、生长激素、化学添加剂、化学色素和防腐剂等化学物质,不使用基因工程技术等。总之,有机食品的生产、加工和消费过程更强调环境的安全性,突出人类、自然与社会的持续和协调发展。1972年由英国、瑞典、南非、美国和     

有机食品

一、什么是有机食品 有机食品是国际上通行的环保生态食品。它要求在生产和加工中,不使用任何化学农药、化肥、化学防腐剂等合成物质,有机食品比国内通行的绿色食品的环保标准更高。有机食品指来自于有机农业生产体系、根据国际有机农业生产要求和相应的标准生产加工的、并通过独立的有机食品认证机构认证的一切农     

有机食品常识

有机食品，即来自有机农业生产体系，根据国际有机农业生产要求和相应标准生产加工出来的、通过独立的有机食品认证机构认证、确认为是纯天然、无污染、安全营养的农副产品，包括粮食、蔬菜、水果、奶制品、禽畜产品、水产品、调料等。有机食品在生产加工过程中，不使用任何人工合成的化肥、农药和添加剂，是真正意义上源自自然的富营养、高品质环保“生态食品”。     

Management practices and reported antimicrobial usage on conventional and organic dairy farms

The primary objective was to compare reported antimicrobial usage between conventional and organic dairy farms. A secondary objective was to contrast selected management characteristics of conventional and organic dairy herds. A questionnaire was administered on site to selected dairy farmers located in Michigan, Minnesota, New York, and Wisconsin. Organic herds (n = 32) were smaller and produced less milk than conventional herds (n = 99). Lactating cows in organic dairies were more likely to be housed in tie stalls, whereas most conventional dairies housed cows in free stalls and milked in a parlor. Total mixed rations and purchased feeds were used on more conventional dairy farms compared with organic dairy farms. Conventional dairy producers were more likely to use advice from veterinarians for recommendations of treatment, and organic dairy producers were more likely to rely on advice from other farmers. Based on recall of antibiotic usage in the previous 60 d, 5.1, 84.9, 9.1, and 0.9% of farmers with conventional herds reported treatment of none, 1 to 10%, 11 to 25%, and >25% of milk cows, respectively. Most organic farmers (90.6%) reported no antibiotic treatments of milk cows, whereas 9.4% reported treating 1 to 10% of milk cows. Ceftiofur was the most commonly reported antibiotic for both farm types. Milk replacer containing antibiotics was reportedly used on 49.5% of conventional herds but only on one organic herd (3.1%). Antibiotics were used in heifer calves on 74.7% of conventional herds versus 21.9% of organic herds. Antibiotics to treat mastitis were used on 79.8% of conventional herds but on none of the organic herds. Most organic farms were in compliance with standards in advance of implementation of regulations.     

Milk and plasma disposition of thymol following intramammary administration of a phytoceutical mastitis treatment

Despite the recent growth of the organic dairy industry, organic producers and veterinarians have limited information when choosing mastitis treatments for animals in organic dairy production. Organic producers commonly administer homeopathic or other plant-based products without having research evaluating the efficacy of these products and using estimated or no withholding times to treat mastitis and other health problems in their herds. In this pilot study, we attempted to identify several active ingredients of Phyto-Mast (Penn Dutch Cow Care, Narvon, PA), a plant-based mastitis treatment used on organic dairy farms, and to quantify the product residue in milk and plasma after intramammary administration. We developed an assay to quantify thymol (one of the active ingredients in Phyto-Mast) in milk and plasma using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thymol is a volatile aromatic compound with antiinflammatory properties. As a model for dairy cows, 5 healthy, lactating alpine dairy goats were given 5 mL of Phyto-Mast per udder half. For 10 d following treatment, we analyzed blood and milk samples for thymol residues using GC-MS. The GC-MS assay was very sensitive for thymol detection, to a concentration of 0.01 μg/mL in plasma. Using thymol as a marker, Phyto-Mast was detectable and quantifiable in plasma beginning with the 15-min posttreatment sample, but was no longer detectable in the 4-h posttreatment sample. Thymol residues were only detected in the 12-h posttreatment milk sample. An inflammatory response was not evident in the udder following phytoceutical administration. Although this study provides information about the elimination of thymol, the product contains several other active chemicals, which may have different pharmacokinetic behaviors. Further analysis and additional study animals will help to determine a milk withholding time for Phyto-Mast. Given the recent growth of the organic dairy industry, understanding the pharmacokinetics of therapeutics used in organic production and developing accurate withholding recommendations will help to ensure milk safety.     

Organic dairy producer experiences and decisions related to disease prevention and treatment

Organic dairy producers have distinct perspectives, approaches, challenges, and experiences when managing herd health, but little research has been conducted to develop a deeper understanding of producer decision-making related to disease-prevention and treatment strategies. We used 23 semi-structured interviews with organic dairy producers to better understand their perceived herd health challenges and overall disease-prevention strategies; decision-making and attitudes related to vaccination; and approaches to the treatment of infectious diseases using alternative or conventional antimicrobial therapies. Organic dairy producers reported improvements in overall animal health after they transitioned from a conventional to an organic system. Outdoor access, a balanced forage-based diet, and animal and environmental cleanliness were reported as the predominant disease-prevention measures. Over half of producers vaccinated their animals, and almost all preferred to use vaccines sparingly. Among producers who did not use vaccines, reasons cited were low perceived risk for infectious disease and minor vaccine safety concerns, yet many were not opposed to using vaccines in the future. Non-antimicrobial therapies were viewed as alternative effective treatment strategies for most common infectious diseases. Producers used antimicrobials very rarely and generally reserved them for severe cases when alternative treatments failed. Because US organic standards prohibit selling milk from cows that have ever been treated with antimicrobials, producers described the decision to use antimicrobials as extremely challenging and involved balancing considerations of economics, convenience, and animal welfare. This research fosters a better understanding of organic dairy producers' disease-prevention and treatment strategies and could be used by veterinarians and other animal health specialists to facilitate services for organic clients.     

Organic dairy production systems in Pennsylvania: a case study evaluation

The current market demand and price for organic milk is encouraging dairy producers, particularly those on smaller farms, to consider organic production as a means for improving the economic viability of their operations. Organic production systems vary widely in scale, in practices, and across agroclimatic settings. Within this context, case studies of 4 actual organic dairy farms were used to characterize existing systems in Pennsylvania. Based on data from these farms, a whole-farm simulation model (Integrated Farm System Model) was used to compare 4 production systems representing organic grass, organic crop, conventional crop with grazing, and conventional confinement production. The performance of each of these systems was simulated over each year of 25 yr of central Pennsylvania weather data. Simulation results indicated that farm level accumulation of soil P and K may be a concern on organic farms that use poultry manure as a primary crop nutrient source, and that erosion and runoff loss of P may be of concern on organic farms producing annual crops because more tillage is required for weed control. Whole-farm budgets with prices that reflect recent conditions showed an economic advantage for organic over conventional production. A sensitivity analysis showed that this economic advantage depended on a higher milk price for producers of organic milk and was influenced by the difference in milk production maintained by herds using organic and conventional systems. Factors found to have little effect on the relative profitability of organic over conventional production included the differences between organic and conventional prices for seed, chemicals, forage, and animals and the overall costs or prices assumed for organic certification, machinery, pasture fencing, fuel, and labor. Thus, at the current organic milk price, relative to other prices, the case study organic production systems seem to provide an option for improving the economic viability of dairy operations of the scale considered in Pennsylvania. To motivate transition to organic systems, the economic advantage found requires the persistence of a substantial difference between conventional and organic raw milk prices.     

谁来为我国乳品行业营销?——从美国乳品行业推广机制引发的思考

<正>过去的5年是我国乳业发展最快的时期,奶类产量、乳品加工量和城市居民乳品消费量都保持了两位数的发展水平。2005年我国奶类总产量2,864．8万吨,人均奶类占有量达到21．7公斤,比2000年增长了2．1倍,乳制品产量达1,310．4万     

Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk.

Bulk tank milk from 131 dairy herds in eastern South Dakota and western Minnesota was examined for the presence of for foodborne pathogens. Campylobacter jejuni, shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica were detected in 9.2, 3.8, 4.6, 6.1, and 6.1% of bulk tank milk samples, respectively. Thirty-five of 131 (26.7%) bulk tank milk samples contained one or more species of pathogenic bacteria. Isolates of Salmonella belonged to group D (n = 4), B (n = 2), C (n = 1), and E (n = 1) "O" serogroups. All six isolates of Listeria monocytogenes were identified as O antigen type 1. Four of five isolates of E. coli encoded for the shiga-toxin 2 gene, while one strain encoded for the shiga-toxin 1 gene. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was not isolated from bulk tank milk samples. Based on autoagglutination testing, it was inferred that all eight isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica were likely to be virulent. Non A-grade (manufacturing grade) raw milk producers were at a higher risk (odd's ratio, 4.98; confidence interval, 1.96 to 12.22) of having one or more pathogens in their bulk tank milk than were Grade A producers. It was observed that 21 of 79 (26.6%) dairy producers who consumed raw milk had one or more pathogenic bacteria in their bulk tank milk. The findings of the study warrant the need for educational programs for dairy producers about the risks associated with consumption of raw milk.     

A survey of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk and raw milk consumption among farm families in pennsylvania

A 2-part study was conducted to determine the risk of exposure to human pathogens from raw milk. The first part of the study focused on determining raw milk consumption habits of dairy producers. A total of 248 dairy producers from 16 counties in Pennsylvania were surveyed. Overall, 105 (42.3%) of the 248 dairy producers consumed raw milk and 170 (68.5%) of the 248 dairy producers were aware of foodborne pathogens in raw milk. Dairy producers who were not aware of foodborne pathogens in raw milk were 2-fold more likely to consume raw milk compared with dairy producers who were aware of foodborne pathogens. The majority of dairy producers who consumed raw milk indicated that taste (72%) and convenience (60%) were the primary factors for consuming raw milk. Dairy producers who resided on the dairy farm were nearly 3-fold more likely to consume raw milk compared with those who lived elsewhere. In the second part of the study, bulk tank milk from the 248 participating dairy herds was examined for foodborne pathogens. Campylobacter jejuni (2%), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (2.4%), Listeria monocytogenes (2.8%), Salmonella (6%), and Yersinia enterocolitica (1.2%) were detected in the milk samples. Salmonella isolates were identified as S. enterica serotype Typhimurium (n = 10) and S. enterica serotype Newport (n = 5). Of the 248 bulk tank milk samples, 32 (13%) contained ≥1 species of bacterial pathogens. The findings of the study could assist in developing farm community-based educational programs on the risks of consuming raw milk.     

Measuring the financial risks of New York dairy producers

The financial risks of a group of New York dairy producers were measured from 1988 through 1997 and were decomposed by source of risk by two procedures. Decomposition of the variance suggested major contributors to variability in returns to New York dairy farms were variabilities in purchased feed quantities and milk production; milk price variability contributed substantially less. Similarly, decomposing the Gini measure of income dispersion indicated that milk revenues and purchased feed expenditures contributed most to farm return inequality over time. Controlling feed costs and maintaining high and stable milk production appear to be the principal approaches that dairy producers can use to control their financial risks.     

Factors affecting the decision to exit dairy farming: a two-stage regression analysis

Substantial attention has focused on the dairy industry because of a concern that many producers are getting out of dairying. Although low milk prices are postulated as a primary reason for exits from dairying, other factors may be important as well. Data from a representative 64-farm subset of a 2002 survey of dairy producers in Maine were used in the current study. Of the 64 farms, 15 indicated an imminent exit from dairying, whereas 49 dairy farms expected to remain in business for > or =5 yr. A binary choice logit regression model, based upon the dependent variable decision to exit or remain in the industry, was used as part of a 2-stage regression process to ascertain why dairy producers are choosing to leave the industry. The hypothesis states that the decision is a function of 3 independent variable categories: demographic, efficiency, and opportunity costs. Four variables were revealed that significantly influence the exit decision. Older producers, higher off-farm income, lower returns over variable cost, and greater diversification of farm income were more likely associated with a decision to leave dairy farming. Because factors other than milk price are involved in exit decisions, perhaps national or regional dairy programs should consider strategies beyond price supports to provide for a stable dairy industry and a reduction in the rate of dairy farm exits.