低温离子硬化处理对AISI 420不锈钢组织与性能的影响

研究了低温离子渗氮、离子氮碳共渗和离子渗碳硬化处理对AISI 420马氏体不锈钢的显微组织、表面硬度、耐蚀性、耐磨性的影响。结果表明,离子渗氮、氮碳共渗和离子渗碳处理都可提高马氏体不锈钢的表面硬度;经不同工艺处理后的试样,除500 ℃×4 h渗氮工艺外,其他不锈钢试样表面的耐蚀性均未出现明显降低,当渗氮温度过高（500 ℃）时,由于CrN的析出使得渗氮层的耐蚀性显著下降;磨损试验的结果表明,离子渗碳处理后硬化层的耐磨性最佳。     

低温离子氮碳共渗温度对AerMet100钢摩擦学性能的影响

研究了不同温度对AerMet100钢渗氮层和氮碳共渗层的显微组织、表面硬度、渗层截面硬度梯度以及耐磨性的影响,并考察了渗层的磨损机理。结果表明,氮碳共渗层相较于渗氮层表面生成的化合物更加细小,表面更加平整光滑;离子渗氮、离子氮碳共渗处理都可显著提高AerMet100钢的表面硬度;随着温度的增加,共渗层厚度也明显增加;氮碳共渗层比渗氮层具有更低的摩擦因数,在共渗温度为480 ℃时氮碳共渗试样具有最低摩擦因数和磨损率,表现出最佳的耐磨性。渗氮层的磨损机理为氧化磨损和表面疲劳磨损,氮碳共渗层的磨损机理为氧化磨损、磨粒磨损以及表面疲劳磨损。     

表面改性技术对38CrMoAl钢组织与性能的影响

对38CrMoAl钢进行碳氮共渗、氮碳共渗和脉冲真空渗氮处理,研究了表面改性后钢.的显微组织、表面相结构、硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性能.结果表明,碳氮共渗试样表面组织为回火马氏体;氮碳共渗试样表面组织为Fe24N10化合物;脉冲真空渗氮试样表面组织为Fe2_3N化合物.脉冲真空渗氮试样的表面硬度最高(1026 HV),磨损...     

低温渗氮对水泵用0Cr13Ni4Mo钢表面改性研究

为提高马氏体不锈钢0Cr13Ni4Mo的耐磨性,对水泵叶片进行表面处理,具体为分别在450℃、480℃和510℃对其进行2 h的盐浴渗氮。使用显微硬度计、XRD衍射仪、光镜、电化学工作站、摩擦磨损试验机及SEM等设备,研究了渗氮温度对0Cr13Ni4Mo钢的表面物相、硬度、渗层显微形貌、耐蚀性以及耐磨性的影响。结果显示:随着渗氮温度升高,物相由氮原子在马氏体中的过饱和固溶体α'N转变为Cr N和γ'相,材料点蚀电位下降,同时表面硬度增加,510℃处理后可达HV 1 200,渗层厚度为20μm,Cr N相大量析出,点蚀电位下降360 m V,磨损体积为未渗氮样品的17.6%,减磨效果明显。     

氮碳氧复合处理(QPQ)对MPS700A钢组织与性能的影响

采用氮碳氧复合处理(QPQ)技术对耐蚀耐热不锈钢MPS700A钢进行表面改性,分别进行(450～500) ℃×5 h和(550～570) ℃×3 h盐浴氮碳共渗试验,氧化处理工艺均为400 ℃×30 min。对QPQ处理后试样渗层的表面形貌、表面硬度、脆性及其耐磨性进行了分析。结果表明:渗层主要由氧化膜层、疏松层、化合物层和扩散层构成,QPQ处理后试样的硬度明显提高,相对低温段490 ℃盐浴氮碳共渗试样的硬度最高,相对高温段550 ℃处理的试样硬度最高,分别为1295、1344 HV0.1,分别是基体硬度的3.75和3.90倍。QPQ处理试样的渗层组织细小,均匀致密,脆性低,耐磨性好,比祼钢具有较好的高温摩擦磨损性能,尤其在500 ℃以上性能更加优异。且与550 ℃盐浴氮碳共渗QPQ试样相比,490 ℃盐浴氮碳共渗QPQ试样具有更低的脆性,更好的高温摩擦磨损性能。     

马氏体不锈钢低温表面改性技术研究进展

综述了马氏体不锈钢的低温表面改性处理技术及其研究进展,重点介绍了马氏体不锈钢低温渗氮、低温渗碳、低温氮碳共渗和离子注入技术,以期为马氏体不锈钢的表面改性提供参考。     

304 不锈钢低温离子渗氮及氮碳共渗处理

目的研究304不锈钢离子渗氮层和氮碳共渗层的组织、硬度及耐磨、耐蚀性能,并考察渗层的磨损机理。方法利用离子渗氮及氮碳共渗工艺在304不锈钢表面获得硬化层,利用XRD,OM及共聚焦显微镜、显微硬度仪、电化学测试仪,分析处理前后渗层的组织、相结构及渗层的硬度及耐磨耐蚀性能。结果 304不锈钢氮碳共渗和渗氮层主要为S相层,在相同工艺条件下,氮碳共渗工艺获得的渗层为γN+γC的复合渗层,且厚度大于单一渗氮层。渗氮层和氮碳共渗层硬度约为基体硬度的3.5倍。在干滑动摩擦条件下,氮碳共渗层比渗氮层具有更好的耐磨性能;渗氮层的磨损机理为磨粒磨损的犁沟效应和断裂,氮碳共渗层的磨损机理为磨粒磨损的犁沟和微切削。电化学测试表明,渗氮层和氮碳共渗层的耐蚀性能均优于基体。结论 304不锈钢在420℃进行离子渗氮和氮碳共渗处理后,硬度和耐磨性能可大幅提高,且氮碳共渗处理效果更佳。     

碘对氮碳共渗钢件组织和硬度的影响

在６００￣７００℃地不同材料进行了催渗氮碳共渗，对试样进行了金相分析，硬度测定，对渗层进行电子探针成分析。结果表明，在共析温度以下进行催渗氮碳共渗，具有渗速快、渗层硬度高的特点；化合物随催渗温度升高而增厚，致密碳共渗后快冷，在渗层获得含氮碳的马氏体组织，用该工艺处理轮模具等零件，变形小，耐磨性高，零件的寿命高。     

离子渗氮温度对不锈钢组织及性能的影响

对1Cr18NigTi、1Cr13、0Cr18Ni9不锈钢进行了不同温度的离子渗氮.利用金相显微镜及扫描电镜观察了渗氮层显微组织形貌;利用能谱仪测试了渗层中元素的含量及分布情况;利用HVS-1000型数显显微硬度计测定了渗层不同深度处的硬度变化;采用改制的摩擦磨损试验机测试了渗氮层的摩擦磨损特性;利用盐雾腐蚀试验箱测试了渗氮层的耐腐蚀性.结果表明,随渗氮温度增加,3种钢的渗层表层组织中氮化物量减少,高氮浓度的ε相转变为γ'相,440 ℃渗氮形成了氮在基体中的过饱和固溶相;1Cr13不锈钢比1Cr18Ni9Ti及0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的渗层厚;渗层表面硬度降低,但从表面向心部的峰值硬度增加;在一定范围内渗层耐磨性降低,但比未渗氮试样均提高4倍左右;渗层的耐盐雾腐蚀性降低,但440℃的低温渗层的耐蚀性与未渗氮试样差不多.     

直流等离子氮化工艺对316L不锈钢组织和磨损的影响

应用高压直流辉光放电等离子技术,改变氮化工艺参数,对316L奥氏体不锈钢进行表面渗氮处理。利用XRD衍射仪分析渗氮层的相组成,SEM观察氮化层厚度和结构,表面显微硬度计检测渗层的表面硬度,结果表明:当氮化温度T为400℃时,氮化层为单一的S-phase;当420℃≤T<480℃时,氮化层为CrN S-phase两相混合;当温度为480℃时,S-phase衍射峰消失,仅出现CrN相;渗层厚度约为5~9μm,渗层深度随着温度和气压的升高而增加;表面显微硬度随着温度和气压的增加而增加,最高的表面显微硬度可达839Hv0.1。在MM200磨损实验机上用环块式的方法评价磨损性能,结果表明等离子氮化显著提高了不锈钢表面的耐磨性能;用SEM观察磨损表面形貌,表明未氮化的不锈钢的磨损机制主要是粘着磨损、氧化磨损和磨粒磨损;等离子氮化试样的磨损机制主要是氧化磨损。     

Plasma nitriding and nitrocarburising of a supermartensitic stainless steel

Abstract

Supermartensitic stainless steels (SMSSs) are a new generation of the classic 13%Cr martensitic steels, lower in carbon and with additional alloying of nickel and molybdenum offering better weldabilty and low temperature toughness. Several works have shown that plasma nitriding and nitrocarburising of stainless steels at low temperatures produces a hard surface layer which results in increased wear resistance. In this work, SMSS samples were plasma nitrided and nitrocarburised at 400, 450 and 500°C. The plasma treated SMSS samples were characterised by means of optical microscopy, microhardness, X-ray diffraction and dry wear tests. The thickness of the layers produced increases as temperature is raised, for both plasma nitriding and nitrocarburising. X-ray diffraction demonstrates that the chromium nitride content grows with temperature for nitriding and nitrocarburising, which also showed increasing content of iron and chromium carbides with temperature. After plasma treating, it was found that the wear volume decreases for all temperatures and the wear resistance increased as the treatment temperature was raised. The main wear mechanism observed for both treated and untreated samples was grooving abrasion.     

Corrosion behavior of martensitic and precipitation hardening stainless steels treated by plasma nitriding

Plasma nitriding is a well established technology to improve wear and corrosion properties of austenitic stainless steels. Nevertheless, in the case of martensitic stainless steels, it continues being a problem mainly from the corrosion resistance viewpoint.In this work, three high chromium stainless steels (M340, N695 and Corrax) were hardened by ion nitriding at low temperature, intending to preserve their corrosion resistance.Corrosion behavior was evaluated by CuSO₄ spot, salt spray fog and potentiodynamic polarization in NaCl solution. Microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy, SEM (EDS) and glancing angle X-ray diffraction. All the samples showed an acceptable corrosion resistance in experiments with CuSO₄, but in salt spray fog and electrochemical tests, only Corrax showed good behavior. The poor corrosion performance could be explained by chromium carbides formed in thermal treatment stage in martensitic steels and chromium nitrides formed during nitriding, even though the process was carried out at low temperature.     

Influence of oxygen in plasma nitriding

Abstract

The development of low temperature nitriding treatments to enhance wear resistance over the past 40 years is reviewed. The progress achieved is illustrated with evidence from extensive laboratory investigations and industrial trials on textile machine components and other parts. It is demonstrated that small additions of an oxidising component to gaseous nitrocarburising or plasma nitriding/nitrocarburising atmospheres have a beneficial effect on layer formation and on the wear properties of the treated components. The presence of oxygen increases layer formation rates and stabilises the ?-compound layer. The role of oxygen on surface activation is important for chromium containing steels but also on plain carbon or alloyed steels and to neutralise the passivating effect of finishing procedures. Applying a post-oxidation step after nitrocarburising can significantly increase the corrosion resistance of the surface but close control of gas composition and treatment parameters is necessary.     

High temperature wear and friction properties of duplex surface treated bearing steels

Duplex treatments by thermo reactive diffusion (TRD) chromizing and puls plasma nitriding were carried out on AISI 52100 and 8620 bearing steels. Tribological behaviors of TRD chromized and duplex treated bearing steels were investigated against Al₂O₃ ball in ball-on-disc system at room temperature and 500 °C. The samples were pack chromized in a furnace at temperature of 1000 °C for 5 h. After chromizing, the samples were puls plasma nitrided for 5 h at 500 °C. The coated steels were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scratch and microhardness testing. Plasma nitriding of chromized steels increased the total thickness of the compound layer. The subsequent plasma nitriding increased the surface hardness to 2135 HK_0.025 due to the formation of CrN and Cr₂N. The surface hardness and scratch resistance of coating can be increased with duplex treatment of chromizing followed by plasma nitriding, resulting in high wear resistance. Tribological tests indicated that puls plasma nitriding process decreased the coefficient of friction values and wear rate of the chromized steels at room temperature and 500 °C. Also, examination of the worn surface of the samples showed that particularly at high temperature, the oxidized compact layer occurs and tribo-oxidation played an important role in oxidation behaviour of the steels after the duplex treatment.     

奥氏体不锈钢的低温离子氮碳共渗研究

利用低压等离子体辉光放电技术对AISI 316奥氏体不锈钢进行低温离子氮碳共渗硬化处理，处理是在不降低奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性能的前提下进行的。处理后的奥氏体不锈钢属于一种无氮化铬或碳化铬析出的氮和碳的过饱和固溶体(S相结构)。这种渗入钢中的过饱和氮和碳元素引起奥氏体晶格发生畸变，使渗层的硬度和耐磨性都有较大幅度的提高。由于处理后的奥氏体不锈钢渗层内的最大含氮量和最大含碳量分别出现在不同的深度，因而使离子氮碳共渗处理后的奥氏体不锈钢既有离子渗氮处理的高硬度，又有离子渗碳处理后的高的渗层厚度和良好的硬度梯度等特点。     

Anodic plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising of VT22 titanium alloy in carbamide and ammonium chloride electrolyte

The structure of alpha- and beta-titanium alloy VT22, its microhardness, surface roughness, wear and corrosion resistance after anodic plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising in an electrolyte containing carbamide and ammonium chloride were investigated. An X-ray diffractometer and a scanning electron microscope were used to characterize the phase composition and structure of the modified surface. Tribological properties of the treated titanium alloy were evaluated using a ball-on-disc tribometer under lubricated testing conditions. The effect of processing temperature on corrosion resistance of the plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising samples was examined by means of potentiodynamic polarization in Ringer’s solution. It was shown that the anodic nitrocarburising provides saturation of the titanium alloy with oxygen, nitrogen and carbon and the formation of TiO₂ with a rutile structure and a nitrogen/carbon solid solution in titanium. The anodic plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising at all treatment temperatures diminishes the wear rate of the titanium alloy samples and the surface roughness. Friction coefficient of treated samples can be reduced by 4.7 times. The anodic nitrocarburising results in an enhanced corrosion resistance since the corrosion potential increases by an order of magnitude.     

离子渗氮对304L不锈钢组织及高温耐磨性能的影响

以焚烧炉用热电偶304L不锈钢套管为研究对象,开展了不同温度的离子渗氮试验研究。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计等分析了304L不锈钢离子渗氮前后的微观结构与力学性能,并研究了其在400 ℃的耐磨损性能。结果表明,304L不锈钢离子渗氮后,可形成硬度1300 HV以上的表面硬化层。随着渗氮温度的提高,表面硬度有所提升,同时硬化层厚度显著增加。离子渗氮可提高304L不锈钢的磨损性能及耐高温氧化性能。     

Investigations on the Corrosion Behaviour and Structural Characteristics of Low Temperature Nitrided and Carburised Austenitic Stainless Steel

The wear resistance of austenitic stainless steels can be improved by thermo-chemical surface treatment with nitrogen and carbon. However, it is possible that the corrosion resistance will be impaired by the precipitation of chromiumnitrid or -carbide. The present contribution deals with investigations of the corrosion behaviour and structural characteristics of a low temperature nitrided and carburised austenitic stainless steel.The material investigated was AISI 316L (X2CrNiMol7-12-2) austenitic stainless steel. A commercial plasma-nitriding unit (pulsed dc) was used for the nitriding and carburising process. Additional samples were treated by the gasoxinitriding process for a comparison between plasma- and gasoxinitriding. The nitrided and carburised layer of austenitic stainless steel consists of the nitrogen or carbon S-phase (expanded austenite), respectively. X-ray diffraction investigations show the typical shift of the peaks to lower angles, indicating expansion of the fcc lattice. Also the X-ray diffraction technique was employed to study the residual stresses in the nitrogen and carbon S-phase. The corrosion behaviour of surface engineered samples was investigated with electrochemical methods. Anodic potentiodynamic polarisation curves were recorded for testing the resistance against general corrosion (in H2SO4) and pitting corrosion (in NaCl).     

奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀渗氮工艺的研究

对AISI 321和AISI 304不锈钢进行了低温离子渗氮,其表面获得了均匀的渗氮层即白亮层。与未经渗氮的钢相比,经离子渗氮的钢表面硬度和耐磨性显著提高,而耐蚀性也并不降低;与经传统的盐浴氮碳共渗的钢相比,经离子渗氮的钢的耐磨性和耐蚀性也均有所提高。对经低温离子渗氮的AISI 321纲渗层进行了XRD分析,发现试样的谱峰明显向低角度偏移。     

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel by Plasma Nitriding at Low Temperature

A series of experiments were carried out to study the influence of low temperature plasma nitriding on the mechanical properties of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel. Plasma nitriding experiments were carried out for 15 h at 350℃ by means of DC- pulsed plasma in 25%N2＋ 75%H2 atmosphere. The microstructure, phase composition, and residual stresses profiles of the nitrided layers were determined by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The microhardness profiles of the nitridied surfaces were also studied. The fatigue life, sliding wear, and erosion wear loss of the untreated specimens and plasma nitriding specimens were determined on the basis of a rotating bending fatigue tester, a ball-on-disc wear tester, and a solid particle erosion tester. The results show that the 350℃ nitrided surface is dominated by c-Fe3N and ON, which is supersaturated nitrogen solid solution. They have high hardness and chemical stabilities. So the low temperature plasma nitriding not only increases the surface hardness values but also improves the wear and erosion resistance. In addition, the fatigue limit of AISI 420 steel can also be improved by plasma nitriding at 350℃ because plasma nitriding produces residual compressive stress inside the modified layer.