多氨基改性蔗渣对水溶液中Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)吸附性能的研究

蔗渣经多氨基改性处理后,得到多氨基改性蔗渣吸附剂。考察了多氨基改性蔗渣吸附剂对模拟废水中Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附性能,主要包括吸附时间、溶液pH值和温度对吸附量的影响以及吸附等温式的研究。研究表明,在实验范围内,Pb2+的吸附平衡时间为12h,适宜吸附Pb2+的pH值范围在4～5,Pb2+的最大吸附量为34.96mg/g;Zn2+的吸附平衡时间为20h,适宜吸附Zn2+的pH值在6.2左右,Zn2+的最大吸附容量为2.24mg/g;Cd2+的吸附平衡时间为20h,适宜吸附Cd2+的pH值在5.0左右,Cd2+的最大吸附容量为10.40mg/g;Cu2+的吸附平衡时间为20h;适宜吸附Cu2+的pH值在5.0左右;Cu2+在不同温度下的最大吸附容量为2.60mg/g。多氨基改性蔗渣对Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附均可用Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程描述。     

聚乙烯亚胺-羧甲基纤维素的合成及对金属离子的吸附性能

以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为基质,用戊二醛(GA)做交联剂,将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)交联到羧甲基纤维素上制得聚乙烯亚胺-羧甲基纤维素吸附剂(PEI-CMC)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱对PEI-CMC的结构进行了表征,测定了其对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附性能,并研究了pH值、时间、金属离子的初始浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明,当CMC、PEI和GA的反应比为1 g∶5 mL∶20 mL,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为3 h时,合成的PEI-CMC的含氮量为13.23%。当CMC和PEI的反应比为1 g∶5 mL时,随着戊二醛(质量分数2.5%)的加入量增加,PEI-CMC的产率先增大后降低。在pH值1~14的范围内,溶液酸碱度的变化对PEI-CMC的交联度没有影响。PEI-CMC吸附剂对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附量在实验范围内随pH升高而增加。PEI-CMC对Pb2+和Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附在90 min和180 min后分别达到平衡,吸附动力学符合准二级反应动力学模型。随着Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+初始浓度的增加,PEI-CMC对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附量开始时快速增加,而后达到饱和,吸附等温数据符合Freundlich模型,最大吸附容量分别为Cu2+250.0mg/g、Pb2+635.9 mg/g、Cd2+142.8 mg/g。     

改性竹炭对水溶液中Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

采用不同方法对竹炭进行改性,寻求吸附效果最好的改性产品,并研究其对溶液中Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、吸附温度和溶液初始浓度对吸附效果的影响,同时与未改性竹炭的吸附性能进行了对比。实验结果表明:相同条件下,氧化改性竹炭对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附效果明显优于其他方法改性竹炭和未经改性的竹炭。吸附温度为15℃、25℃、45℃时,氧化竹炭对Cu2+的最大吸附量分别为6.653mg/g、6.702mg/g和7.897mg/g,而氧化竹炭对Cd2+的最大吸附量分别为1.700mg/g、1.826mg/g和2.282mg/g。氧化改性竹炭对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附均符合Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程。实验证明,氧化竹炭是一种应用前景广泛的重金属离子吸附剂。     

Pb2+离子印迹材料的制备及性能研究

以Pb2+作为模板,环氧氯丙烷作为交联剂,MWNTs-CO/PEI作为功能单体,制备Pb2+-IIP材料。采用红外光谱和TEM对产物进行了表征。探讨了初始浓度、溶液pH值、吸附剂质量对吸附容量的影响。通过静态吸附实验研究Pb2+-IIP和Pb2+-NIP材料吸附实验的影响因素。结果表明,当吸附溶液的pH=5.0,吸附剂质量为0.03g,Pb2+的初始质量浓度为45mg/L时,Pb2+-IIP的最大吸附量为37.50mg/g,是Pb2+-NIP的2.47倍,40min内即可达到吸附平衡,吸附速率较快,选择识别性好,重复使用率高。     

pH值对天然磁铁矿吸附水中Pb2+的影响及吸附机制研究

以天然磁铁矿作为吸附材料,通过静态批式实验考查了pH值对磁铁矿吸附Pb2+的影响,并研究了该吸附剂对Pb2+的等温吸附动力学特性,同时利用XRF和SEM对吸附前后的磁铁矿进行表征,探讨该吸附剂去除水中Pb2+的作用机制。研究结果表明,随着反应初始pH值的增加,磁铁矿对Pb2+的吸附作用不断增加,当pH值=6时,其最大吸附率为97.80%。磁铁矿对水中Pb2+的吸附热力学等温线符合Lang-muir方程。当吸附剂粒径为120~150μm、用量20g/L时,在温度30℃,pH值=5,160r/min振荡30min时其饱和吸附量达16.98mg/g。磁铁矿对Pb2+的吸附作用可以用准二级动力学模型Y=0.0986X+0.5435描述,其相关系数R2 为0.992,吸附速率常数 K2为0.018(g·mg-1)/min。研究结果还表明,磁铁矿所吸附的铅以氧化态形式(PbO和Pb2O3)存在,磁铁矿对Pb2+的去除机制包括表面沉积、离子交换、物理吸附和化学吸附等综合作用的结果。     

Cu~(2+)-IIP印迹材料的制备及性能研究

以Cu2+为模板,环氧氯丙烷(ECH)为交联剂,羧基碳纳米管(MWNTs-COOH)为载体,采用"Grafting onto"方法在羧基碳纳米管表面键连大分子链聚乙烯亚胺(PEI),制备了功能单体MWNTs-CO/PEI,获得铜离子印迹材料。利用FTIR、TEM对产物进行了表征,探讨了模板离子的初始浓度、溶液pH值、吸附时间对吸附容量的影响,以及印迹材料的吸附选择性和重复使用率。结果表明,PEI中的N-H键断裂,H原子被烷基取代,环氧氯丙烷发生开环反应,键连到PEI的N原子上;羧基碳纳米管表面包覆了一层厚度约为20nm的印迹层,呈蜂窝状;在Cu2+初始质量浓度为100mg/L、pH=6、吸附时间为1h时,Cu2+-IIP印迹材料和非印迹材料的最大吸附容量分别为43.68mg/g和21.85mg/g;在同时存在Cu2+、Zn2+的溶液中,印迹材料的选择性能较好;重复使用时,吸附性能稳定。     

氨基功能化大尺寸SiO2大孔材料的制备及其吸附性能

以具有三维骨架结构的环氧树脂大孔聚合物为整体型模板,利用硅酸酯原位水解和高温烧结制备出大尺寸SiO2大孔材料。在溶剂热条件下,用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷对SiO2大孔材料进行表面修饰,得到氨基功能化SiO2大孔材料(H2N-SiO2)。用SEM和FT-IR对制备的大孔材料进行了表征。以Cu2+和Pb2+为模拟污染物,研究了H2N-SiO2的吸附性能。结果表明,室温下,在pH值为6.5时能有效吸附Cu2+和Pb2+;吸附为放热自发过程;吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程;吸附等温线用Freundlich方程拟合的结果优于Langmuir方程,H2N-SiO2对Cu2+和Pb2+的理论最大吸附量分别为76.0和143mg/g;H2N-SiO2对50mg/L水溶液中Pb2+的去除率可达99.4%,重复使用3次后对Pb2+的去除率保持在87.8%。     

弱酸型酚醛树脂对重金属离子的吸附

研究了以苯酚、氯乙酸及甲醛等为原料合成的弱酸型酚醛树脂对重金属离子Ni2+,Cu2+,Zn2+,Pb2+的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、吸附温度、溶液浓度及pH值对该树脂吸附性能的影响。结果表明,在温度为25℃、pH值为4.5的条件下,该树脂对Ni2+,Cu2+,Zn2+,Pb2+的吸附容量可达到2.4×10-3mol/g,去除率均可达到97.5%以上。吸附了重金属离子的树脂可用5%的盐酸再生并回收重金属离子。     

多官能团化棉花秸秆吸附剂的制备及其Cu2+、Ni2+的吸附研究

利用经酒石酸和三氯氧磷酯化改性的棉花秸秆吸附废水中的Cu2+和Ni 2+,研究了不同吸附条件(如:温度、pH值、吸附剂用量、吸附时间)对吸附效果的影响。改性棉花秸秆对Cu2+、Ni 2+的吸附受pH影响较大,受温度影响较小,在优化的吸附条件下,改性棉花秸秆对Cu2+、Ni 2+的吸附容量分别达9.78、1.65mg/g。棉花秸秆对Cu2+、Ni 2+的吸附过程均遵循拟二级反应动力学方程。     

P(AA/IA/MA)凝胶的制备及对铜离子吸附性能研究

通过以丙烯酸(AA),衣康酸(IA),马来酸酐(MA)为单体,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,采用水溶液聚合制备了三元共聚P(AA/IA/MA)水凝胶,并采用FTIR对凝胶结构进行表征。针对不同组成凝胶的溶胀动力学、平衡吸附能力及铜离子饱和吸附容量的研究,结果表明:最佳投料比为n(AA):n(IA):n(MA)=6:3:1,其最大饱和吸附容量可达到224.5mg/g,P(AA/IA/MA)凝胶材料的等温吸附动力学可归属为准二级动力学。考察了体系pH值及吸附材料用量对Cu2+吸附性能的影响,结果表明:P(AA/IA/MA)凝胶吸附材料的Cu2+饱和吸附容量强烈依赖于体系pH值和吸附材料用量。当P(AA/IA/MA)凝胶吸附材料添加量为0.5g/50mL时,体系内Cu2+去除率接近100%。     

Polysiloxane surface modified with bipyrazolic tripodal receptor for quantitative lead adsorption

A new silica gel compound modified N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl) amine (SiN(2)Pz) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, (13)C NMR of the solid state, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, BET surface area and BJH pore sizes. The new surface exhibits good chemical and thermal stability determined by thermogravimetry curves (TGA). The effect of pH and stirring time on the adsorption of Pb(II) were studied. The process of metal retention was followed by batch method and the optimum pH value for the quantitative adsorption of this toxic metal ion was 7. At this pH value, the new functionalized polysiloxane presents further improvements and shows higher affinity (123mg of Pb(2+)/g of silica) for the effective adsorption of Pb(II) compared to others described sorbents. The extracted amounts of Pb(II) were determined by atomic absorption measurements.     

改性没食子酸对Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)吸附沉淀性能的研究

以含单宁量98.50%的没食子酸为原料,通过磺化一胺甲基化反应制得改性没食子酸,研究了改性没食子酸对金属Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附沉淀,以及初始溶液pH值、金属溶液初始质量浓度、平衡吸附温度对Cu2+和pb2+吸附沉淀容量的影响及规律.结果表明,吸附沉淀剂对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附平衡符合Freundlich方程,pH值和初始质量浓度对吸附沉淀量的影响最显著.综合认为改性没食子酸对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附沉淀机理基本一致.     

Tris(2-aminoethyl) amine functionalized silica gel for solid-phase extraction and preconcentration of Cr(III), Cd(II) and Pb(II) from waters

A new tris(2-aminoethyl) amine (TREN) functionalized silica gel (SG-TREN) was prepared and investigated for selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of trace Cr(III), Cd(II) and Pb(II) prior to its determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Identification of the surface modification was characterized and performed on the basis of FT-IR. The separation/preconcentration conditions of analytes were investigated, including effects of pH, the shaking time, the sample flow rate and volume, the elution condition and the interfering ions. At pH 4, the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(III), Cd(II) and Pb(II) onto the SG-TREN were 32.72, 36.42 and 64.61 mg g(-1), respectively. The adsorbed metal ions were quantitatively eluted by 5 mL of 0.1 mol L(-1) HCl. Common coexisting ions did not interfere with the separation. According to the definition of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the detection limits (3sigma) of this method for Cr(III), Cd(II) and Pb(II) were 0.61, 0.14 and 0.55 ng mL(-1), respectively. The relative standard deviation under optimum conditions is less than 4.0% (n=11). The application of this modified silica gel to preconcentration trace Cr(III), Cd(II) and Pb(II) of two water samples gave high accurate and precise results.     

Characterization of carbonated tricalcium silicate and its sorption capacity for heavy metals: a micron-scale composite adsorbent of active silicate gel and calcite

Adsorption-based processes are widely used in the treatment of dilute metal-bearing wastewaters. The development of versatile, low-cost adsorbents is the subject of continuing interest. This paper examines the preparation, characterization and performance of a micro-scale composite adsorbent composed of silica gel (15.9 w/w%), calcium silicate hydrate gel (8.2 w/w%) and calcite (75.9 w/w%), produced by the accelerated carbonation of tricalcium silicate (C(3)S, Ca(3)SiO(5)). The Ca/Si ratio of calcium silicate hydrate gel (C-S-H) was determined at 0.12 (DTA/TG), 0.17 ((29)Si solid-state MAS/NMR) and 0.18 (SEM/EDS). The metals-retention capacity for selected Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and Cr(III) was determined by batch and column sorption experiments utilizing nitrate solutions. The effects of metal ion concentration, pH and contact time on binding ability was investigated by kinetic and equilibrium adsorption isotherm studies. The adsorption capacity for Pb(II), Cr(III), Zn(II) and Cu(II) was found to be 94.4 mg/g, 83.0 mg/g, 52.1 mg/g and 31.4 mg/g, respectively. It is concluded that the composite adsorbent has considerable potential for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals.     

Separation, preconcentration and determination of silver ion from water samples using silica gel modified with 2,4,6-trimorpholino-1,3,5-triazin

A new modified silica gel using 2,4,6-trimorpholino-1,3,5-triazin was used for separation, preconcentration and determination of silver ion in natural water by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). This new bonded silica gel was used as an effective sorbent for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of silver ion from aqueous solutions. Experimental conditions for effective adsorption of trace levels of silver ion were optimized with respect to different experimental parameters in column process. Common coexisting ions did not interfere with the separation and determination of silver at pH 3.5 so that silver ion completely adsorbed on the column. The preconcentration factor is 130 (1 mL elution volume for a 130 mL sample volume). The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) under optimum conditions is 3.03% (n=5). The accuracy of the method was estimated by using spring and tap water samples that were spiked with different amounts of silver ion. The adsorption isotherm of silver ion was obtained. The capacity of the sorbent at optimum conditions has been found to be 384 microg of silver per gram of sorbent.     

An ion-imprinted functionalized silica gel sorbent prepared by a surface imprinting technique combined with a sol-gel process for selective solid-phase extraction of cadmium(II)

A new ion-imprinted thiol-functionalized silica gel sorbent was synthesized by a surface imprinting technique in combination with a sol-gel process for selective on-line, solid-phase extraction of Cd(II). The Cd(II)-imprinted thiol-functionalized silica sorbent was characterized by FT-IR, the static adsorption-desorption experiment, and the dynamic adsorption-desorption method. The maximum static adsorption capacity of the ion-imprinted functionalized sorbent was 284 micromol g(-1). The largest selectivity coefficient for Cd(II) in the presence of Pb(II) was over 220. The static uptake capacity and selectivity coefficient of the ion-imprinted functionalized sorbent are higher than those of the nonimprinted sorbent. The breakthrough capacity and dynamic capacity of the imprinted functionalized silica gel sorbent for 4 mg L(-1) of Cd(II) at 5.2 mL min(-1) of sample flow rate were 11.7 and 64.3 micromol g(-1), respectively. No remarkable effect of sample flow rate on the dynamic capacity was observed as the sample flow rate increased from 1.7 to 6.8 mL min(-1). The imprinted functionalized silica gel sorbent offered a fast kinetics for the adsorption and desorption of Cd(II). The prepared ion-imprinted functionalized sorbent was shown to be promising for on-line, solid-phase extraction coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of trace cadmium in environmental and biological samples. All competitive ions studied did not interfere with the determination of Cd(II). With a sample loading flow rate of 8.8 mL min(-1) for 45-s preconcentration, an enhancement factor of 56, and a detection limit (3sigma) of 0.07 microg L(-1) were achieved at a sampling frequency of 55 h(-1). The precision (RSD) for 11 replicate on-line sorbent extractions of 8 mug L(-1) Cd(II) was 0.9%. The sorbent also offered good linearity (r = 0.9997) for on-line, solid-phase extraction of trace Cd(II).     

Adsorption of copper and lead in aqueous solution onto bentonite modified by 4'-methylbenzo-15-crown-5

The adsorption of heavy metal ions (Cu2+ and Pb2+) onto organobentonite modified by 4'-methylbenzo-15-crown-5 (MB15C5) from bentonite compared with natural bentonite (N-Bentonite) is described in this paper. The kinetic parameters of the models are calculated and discussed, and closely fitted a pseudo-second-order model in all cases. For bentonite modified with MB15C5 (MB15C5-Bentonite) and N-Bentonite, the equilibrium data closely fitted the Langmuir model and showed the following affinity order: Pb2+ > Cu2+, and the adsorption capacity of MB15C5-Bentonite is higher than that of N-Bentonite for Pb2+ and Cu2+. The effect of pH is examined over the range 1.5-6. The adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ increases with increasing pH and the adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ reaches a maximum at pH 3.5-6.     

Utilization of barley straws as biosorbents for Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions

The potential to remove Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion from aqueous solutions through biosorption using barley straw (BS) was investigated in batch experiments. The main parameters influencing Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion sorption on BS were: initial metal ion concentration, amount of adsorbent, contact time and pH value of solution. The influences of initial Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion concentration (0.1-1mM), pH (2-9), contact time (10-240 min) and adsorbent amount (0.1-1.0 g) have been reported. Equilibrium isotherms have been measured and modelled. The percent adsorption of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ions increased with an increase in pH and dosage of treated BS. The biosorptive capacity of the BS was dependent on the pH of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion solution. Adsorption of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion was in all cases pH dependent showing a maximum at equilibrium pH value at 6.0. The equilibrium sorption capacities of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) after 2h were 4.64 mg/g and 23.20mg/g for BS, respectively. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the experimental result inferred that complexation on surface, adsorption (chemisorption) and ion exchange is one of the major adsorption mechanisms for binding Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion to the sorbents.     

Preparation and use of chemically modified MCM-41 and silica gel as selective adsorbents for Hg(II) ions

Adsorbents for Hg(II) ion extraction were prepared using amorphous silica gel and ordered MCM-41. Grafting with 2-(3-(2-aminoethylthio)propylthio)ethanamine was used to functionalize the silica. The functionalized adsorbents were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The adsorption properties of the modified silica gel and MCM-41 were compared using batch method. The effect of pH, stirring time, ionic strength and foreign ions were studied. The extraction of Hg(II) ions occurred rapidly with the modified MCM-41 and the optimal pH range for the extraction by the modified materials was pH 4-7. Foreign ions, especially Cl- had some effect on the extraction efficiency of the modified silica gel and the modified MCM-41. The adsorption behavior of both adsorbents could be described by a Langmuir model at 298 K, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the modified silica gel and MCM-41 at pH 3 was 0.79 and 0.70 mmol g(-1), respectively. The modified MCM-41 showed a larger Langmuir constant than that of the modified silica gel, indicating a better ability for Hg(II) ion adsorption. The results indicate that the structure of the materials affects the adsorption behavior. These materials show a potential for the application as effective and selective adsorbents for Hg(II) removal from water.