Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Satureja montana L. extracts

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts (aqueous, ethanolic and essential oil) from Satureja montana and to characterise the chemical composition of its essential oil. RESULTS: Satureja montana L. essential oil had relatively high antimicrobial activities against the seven species of bacteria tested. In contrast, aqueous extracts did not reveal antibacterial activity, and the ethanol extract was not effective against Salmonella typhimurium. The major volatile constituents of the essential oil were carvacrol (306 g L^?1), thymol (141 g L^?1), and carvacrol methyl ether (63 g L^?1). The strongest antioxidant capacity was obtained with the hot water extracts of S. montana, whereas the plant essential oil revealed the highest phenolic content. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the bioactive extracts of S. montana have strong potential for use as natural antimicrobials and antioxidants in the preservation of processed food. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Polygonum cognatum Meissn extracts

The antioxidant activities, reducing powers, 2,2‐diphenyl‐l‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activities, total phenolic compound contents and antimicrobial activities of ether, ethanol and hot water extracts of Polygonum cognatum Meissn were studied in vitro. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the water extract. However, there were no statistically significant differences among 15 µg ml^?1 extract‐containing samples in linoleic acid emulsion (0.02 M , pH 7.0) during 120 h of incubation (P > 0.05). The reducing power of the water extract was the highest, but its reducing power was markedly lower than that of ascorbic acid. The highest DPPH radical‐scavenging activity was found in the water extract, with 50% DPPH radical scavenging at a concentration of 100 µg ml^?1 dried water extract, while at the same concentration of dried ethanol extract the value was 12%. Surprisingly, no DPPH radical‐scavenging activity was observed in the ether extract. The concentrations of phenolic compounds found were 0.48, 0.50 and 0.01 µg ml^?1 gallic acid equivalent in 10 µg ml^?1 water, ethanol and ether extracts respectively. The ether and ethanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The water extract did not show antimicrobial activity against the studied micro‐organisms. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antioxidant activity of Smilax excelsa L. leaf extracts

Smilax excelsa L. leaves are used widely in the Black Sea region of Turkey for consumption in the daily diet and in folk medicine for their medicinal properties. In the present study, different antioxidant tests were employed in order to evaluate the antioxidant activities of water, infusion, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of S. excelsa leaves. In addition, the results were compared with natural and synthetic antioxidants. The levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids and anthocyanins of the extracts were also determined. The extracts were found to have different levels of antioxidant properties in the test models used. All extracts had good total phenolic and flavonoid contents, inhibited lipid peroxidation, showed radical scavenging and iron-chelating activities. Therefore, the leaves of the plant could be considered as a significant natural antioxidant source.     

番木瓜叶不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化性能

以番木瓜叶为研究对象,用水、70%甲醇和70%乙醇对其中活性物质进行了提取。测定了三种试剂提取率、总酚以及总黄酮含量,还对提取物的自由基清除能力、金属离子螯合能力（MCC）和铁离子氧化还原能力（FRAP）进行了研究。结果表明提取得率和总酚含量的大小顺序是:水>70%甲醇>70%乙醇,而总黄酮的含量与此相反。三种提取物都具有良好的DPPH·、ABTS⁺·和·OH自由基清除能力、金属离子螯合能力（MCC）和铁离子氧化/还原能力（FRAP）。综合考虑提取率、活性物质含量和各种抗氧化指标,70%甲醇被选为最合适的番木瓜叶提取试剂。该研究为番木瓜叶在制备天然抗氧化剂方面的应用提供了实验基础,还提高了番木瓜的整体利用价值。      

Antioxidant activities of sea buckthorn leaf tea extracts compared with green tea extracts

The polyphenol, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid contents of sea buckthorn leaf tea extracts, along with antioxidant activities, were compared with green tea extracts under different extraction conditions. Sea buckthorn leaf tea and green tea were extracted using water (SW, GW) and ethanol at room temperature (SE, GE), respectively, and at 80°C (SWH, GWH, SEH, and GEH, respectively). GEH, GWH, SE, and SEH contained more antioxidant compounds and higher activities, and SWH, SEH, GWH, and GEH had elevated antioxidant enzyme activity levels in H₂O₂-treated RAW264.7 cells. Cells treated with SWH and SEH showed elevated expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and maintained the cell glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio at levels similar to H₂O₂-untreated controls.     

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Nephelium lappaceum L. extracts

Ether, methanolic and aqueous extracts of lyophilized rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peels and seeds were evaluated for phenolic contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. High amounts of phenolic compounds were found in the peel extracts and the highest content was in the methanolic fraction (542.2 mg/g dry extract). Several potential antioxidant activities, including reducing power, β-carotene bleaching, linoleic peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity, were evaluated. The peel extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the seed extracts in all methods determined (P < 0.05). The methanolic fraction was found to be the most active antioxidant as shown by their 50% DPPH inhibition concentration, 4.94 μg/mL. The results indicated this fraction exhibited greater DPPH radical scavenging activity than BHT and ascorbic acid (0.32 g dry extract/g BHT or ascorbic acid). Antibacterial activity against eight bacterial strains was assessed by disc diffusion and broth macrodilution methods. All peel extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against five pathogenic bacteria. The most sensitive strain, Staphylococcus epidermidis, was inhibited by the methanolic extract (MIC 2.0 mg/mL).     

金刚藤白藜芦醇的纯化及抗氧化活性研究

采用超声波辅助提取金刚藤白藜芦醇,得到粗提物,再利用硅胶柱层析对粗提物进行纯化,然后通过白藜芦醇对油脂抗氧化及对羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除效果,研究金刚藤白藜芦醇的抗氧化活性。结果表明:从金刚藤中提取白藜芦醇的得率为2.36%;金刚藤白藜芦醇具有较强的抗油脂氧化和清除自由基的能力,当金刚藤白藜芦醇质量浓度为8 mg/mL时,对羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除率分别为71.91%和75.14%;提取物经过纯化后,抗氧化活性明显增强。     

菝葜根茎色素的提取及稳定性研究

该试验对菝葜根茎色素的最佳提取条件和色素的稳定性进行探究性试验。把单因素试验结果作为试验基础,以吸光度作为检测指标,通过采用L9(33)正交试验设计,验证试验对菝葜根茎色素的提取工艺条件进行最佳优化,同时探究其氧化还原剂、金属离子等因素对菝葜根茎色素稳定性的影响。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为提取温度70℃,提取液浓度50%乙醇,提取时间1.5 h,料液比为1∶10(g/mL)。稳定性试验结果表明加入氧化剂H2O2和还原剂Na2SO3对菝葜根茎色素的吸光值有上升趋势;金属离子检测时Fe3+对色素有显著影响,其他金属离子对菝葜根茎色素液的影响不明显。     

Antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from three cultivars of guava leaf

In order to obtain basic data required for utilization of guava leaf as a functional substance, the antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from 3 cultivars of guava leaf (‘Apple color’, ‘Ruby’, and ‘Safeda’) were examined. The total phenolic contents of the aqueous extracts ranged from 257.38 to 293.25 mg/g gallic acid equivalents. DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays indicated that the aqueous extract of the ‘Ruby’ cultivar was the most potent radicalscavenger and reducing agent compared to the other 2 cultivars. Therefore, this study verified that aqueous extract from the ‘Ruby’ cultivar possessed strong antioxidant activity that correlated to its high level of phenolics, particularly gallic acid. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of the ‘Ruby’ cultivar of guava leaf may be utilized as an effective source of functional food materials, including natural antioxidants.     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of various solvent extracts from Impatiens balsamina L. stems

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as the quantity of phenolic substances of Impatiens balsamina L. stem extracts obtained with various solvent were determined in this study. All of the extracts possessed moderate antioxidant potential in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and reducing power assays. Antimicrobial activity was estimated using the cylinder-plate and agar dilution methods against four bacterial and six fungal strains. The extracts showed good antimicrobial activity especially antifungal activity against all of the tested microorganisms. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 2.88 to 13.63 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dried extract and 0.98 to 7.87 mg quercetin equivalents/g dried extract, respectively. The results presented here indicate that the I. balsamina stem extracts have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and are therefore a potential source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our work indicates that the I. balsamina stem may be a good candidate as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. It can be applied in food industry for preservation.     

菝葜果实主要成分及氨基酸含量分析

对菝葜(Smilax china L.)果实不同部位的主要成分及氨基酸含量进行分析。结果表明：与种子、果皮相比,菝葜果肉的含水量、还原糖含量、总糖含量均最高,果肉的总酸含量与种子接近,色素物质主要集中在果皮内。种子的蛋白质、脂肪及淀粉含量均最高,果皮的蛋白质含量最低,果肉的淀粉含量最低。果肉和种子均含有 17 种氨基酸,其中包括7 种人体必需氨基酸,除了苏氨酸和亮氨酸外,其余几种必需氨基酸的比例均超过或接近WHO/FAO 标准模式。因此,菝葜果实具有较高的食用价值,还可以进行精深加工。     

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of polyphenol-enriched curry leaf (Murraya koenigii L.) extracts

The in vitro antioxidant properties of different extracts (water, alcohol, alcohol:water, hexane or chloroform extract) of curry leaves (Murraya koenigii L.) were evaluated using various assays. The alcohol:water (1:1) extract of curry leaves (AWEC) showed the highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. It inhibited membrane lipid peroxidation by 76%, at 50 μg/ml, scavenged 93% of superoxides at 200 μg/3 ml and scavenged approximately 90% of hydroxyl and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazayl radicals at 4–5-fold lower concentrations compared to the other tested extracts. In addition, the alcohol:water extract reduced cytochrome c and ferric ion levels, chelated ferrous ions and inhibited ferrous sulfate:ascorbate-induced fragmentation and sugar oxidation of DNA. These results establish the antioxidant potential of AWEC, which could be used as natural antioxidant source.     

金刚果皮色素的提取及抗氧化活性的研究

以金刚果皮为原料,通过单因素实验和正交实验,对金刚果皮色素提取条件进行研究。结果表明色素提取的最佳条件为:提取温度60℃,提取时间1h,提取液料比30:1（mL:g）。另外采用DPPH法、Marklund法、邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法及铁氰化钾还原法测定其抗氧化活性,同时与合成抗氧化剂BHT和VC对比。结果证明:该色素具有较强的抗氧化活性,在浓度为0.4μg/mL及2μg/mL时与同浓度的合成抗氧化剂抗氧化活性相当（p<0.05）。      

Antioxidant activities of the extracts from chestnut flower,leaf, skins and fruit

In this study, the antioxidant properties of chestnut (flowers, leaves, skins and fruits) extracts were evaluated through several biochemical assays: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching, inhibition of oxidative hemolysis in erythrocytes, induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in pig brain tissue through the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). These assays have been extensively studied as models for the peroxidative damage in biomembranes. The EC₅₀ values were calculated for all the methods in order to evaluate the antioxidant efficiency of each chestnut extract. The phenol and flavonoid contents were also obtained. Chestnut skins revealed the best antioxidant properties, presenting much lower EC₅₀ values, particularly for lipid peroxidation inhibition in the TBARS assay. Furthermore, the highest antioxidant contents (polyphenols and flavonoids) were found for these extracts.     

Antioxidant activities of buckwheat extracts

The antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Möench) extracts were evaluated and compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) using a β-carotene bleaching assay, a 2,2-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the Rancimat method. Buckwheat was extracted with solvents of different polarities. The methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity coefficient (AAC) of 627 ± 40.0 at 200 mg/l by the β-carotene bleaching method and longest induction time of 7.0 ± 0.2 h by the Rancimat method. The acetone extract showed the highest total phenolics of 3.4 ± 0.1 g catechin equivalents/100 g and the highest scavenging activity of 78.6 ± 6.2% at 0.1 mg/ml by the DPPH method. The properties of the extracting solvents significantly affected the yield, total phenolics and antioxidant activity of buckwheat extract.     

檀香叶提取物抗氧化及抗菌活性初步研究

研究檀香(Sandalwood)叶不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化及抗菌活性,为檀香叶资源开发利用提供依据。采用4种不同溶剂提取檀香叶中抗氧化、抗菌活性成分;采用清除DPPH自由基方法测定抗氧化活性,采用平板打孔法测定抗菌活性。结果表明:檀香叶80%乙醇、水、乙酸乙酯提取物可以清除DPPH自由基;80%乙醇提取物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌有抗菌作用,但对霉菌、啤酒酵母没有抑菌作用。乙醇提取物经不同温度、不同光照时间处理后,其抗氧化、抗菌活性较稳定。乙醇提取物经不同pH处理后,抗氧化物质在pH6～8范围内稳定,抗菌物质在pH3～7范围内稳定,碱性条件下不稳定。檀香叶乙醇提取物化学成分标识结果表明:檀香叶乙醇提取物中含有多糖、鞣质、黄酮类、酚类物、有机酸以及氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质等成分。结论:80%乙醇、水、乙酸乙酯提取物具有抗氧化活性,其中,80%乙醇提取物抗氧化活性最好。只有80%乙醇提取物具有抗菌活性。     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of guarana seed extracts

The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of guarana (Paullinia cupana) seed extracts were determined. The seeds were extracted with water, methanol, 35% acetone and 60% ethanol at room (T_R) and at boiling (T_B) temperature of solvent.     

9个品种番石榴果实提取物抗氧化活性比较研究

目的 分析比较9个品种番石榴果实的抗氧化活性,为筛选适合开发天然抗氧化产品的番石榴优良品种提供理论依据。方法 测定‘紫色’‘红宝石’‘粉红蜜’‘西瓜’‘珍珠’‘帝王’‘翠玉’‘水蜜’‘本土’9个品种番石榴醇提物和水提物的总酚、黄酮含量,研究其对2,2’-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2’-azino-bis（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid）ammonium salt, ABTS]、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH）自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力,利用抗氧化能力综合指数评价不同样品的抗氧化活性,并分析总酚、黄酮含量与抗氧化活性的相关性。结果 9个品种番石榴醇提物总酚和黄酮含量分别为1.363~2.394 g/100 g和0.607~1.875 g/100 g,对DPPH、ABTS自由基的半数清除浓度（medium inhibition concentration, IC50）分别为0.242~0.518 mg/mL和1.990~4.929 mg/mL,总抗氧化能力为0.113~0.206 mmol/g;水提物总酚和黄酮含量则为1.192~2.142 g/100 g和0.393~1.118 g/100 g,对DPPH、ABTS自由基的IC50分别为0.320~0.661 mg/mL和2.837~5.472 mg/mL,总抗氧化能力为0.105~0.181 mmol/g。水提物和醇提物的总酚、黄酮含量均以‘紫色’番石榴最高,抗氧化能力综合指数也以‘紫色’最高。除‘水蜜’外,其他品种醇提物的抗氧化活性均高于水提物。相关性分析结果显示,总酚、黄酮含量与DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力、总抗氧化能力和抗氧化能力综合指数呈正相关关系。结论 9个品种番石榴的提取物中,‘紫色’醇提物的总酚、黄酮含量和抗氧化活性最高,是开发天然抗氧化产品的最佳来源。     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tea infusions

Tea polyphenols, especially the catechins, are potent antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, with positive effects on human health. White tea is one of the less studied teas but the flavour is more accepted than that of green tea in Europe. The concentrations of various catechins in 13 different kinds of infusion were determined by capillary electrophoresis. The total polyphenol content (Folin–Ciocalteu method), the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC value determined with the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation) and the inhibitory effects of infusions on the growth of some microorganisms were determined. Five different infusions (black, white, green and red teas and rooibos infusion) were added to a model food system, comprising a sunflower oil-in-water emulsion containing 0% or 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the oxidative stability was studied during storage at 37 °C. Oxidation of the oil was monitored by determination of the peroxide value.